GRAVES' ORBITOPATHY: AN UPDATED REVIEW OF PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES
Abstract
Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) otherwise known as thyroid ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease (TED) is an ocular disorder that involves autoimmune inflammation of the soft tissues of the orbit. This leads to exophthalmos of the eyeballs and a range of other associated ocular symptoms. It is a complication of the ongoing inflammatory process in the course of Graves-Basedow disease, which leads to temporary or permanent damage to the eye. Orbitopathy most often accompanies hyperthyroidism and is rarely the only symptom of Graves' disease.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Julia Lipiec, Alicja Bury, Konrad Kotte, Olaf Jadanowski, Kamil Łebek, Weronika Sobota, Przemysław Piskorz, Daria Litworska-Sójka, Bartosz Komsta, Wojciech Pabis
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