International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science

MOTION DESIGN AS A TOOL OF EMOTIONAL IMPACT IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT

Assembek Saniya — 2025-08-18

Objective: The integration of animated elements into digital environments has transformed motion design into a core tool for emotional communication. This study investigates how specific motion parameters influence emotional perception and user engagement across platforms.

Methods: A mixed-method design was employed, combining content analysis of 20 motion-based digital products, semi-structured interviews with six professional motion designers, and an evaluative user study involving 20 participants. Visual rhythm, transition timing, pacing, and animation types were analyzed alongside self-reported emotional responses and expert commentary.

Key findings: Smooth transitions and fade-in effects were strongly associated with calmness and trust, while sharp cuts and pulsing animations evoked urgency and tension. Designers emphasized rhythm and timing as key emotional drivers, though cited challenges in standardizing affective outcomes across platforms. User testing showed 70% alignment between intended and perceived emotions. Engagement was highest for synchronized animations on social media platforms, with content reveal sequences receiving the strongest positive response.

Conclusions: Motion design functions as an affective layer of digital interaction, capable of modulating user emotion when calibrated effectively. Combining designer intent with real-time user feedback and platform specificity is critical for emotionally intelligent digital communication. Further development of standardized affective frameworks may enhance consistency and design precision.

MUSEUM LIGHTING: STRATEGIES, TECHNOLOGIES, AND IMPACT ON EXHIBITS

Radi Ivanov Zahariev — 2025-08-29

Museum lighting plays a critical role in shaping the visitor experience while ensuring the preservation of sensitive artifacts. Unlike standard lighting systems, museum lighting must balance aesthetics, functionality, and conservation. This paper explores the fundamental principles, lighting strategies, and advanced technologies used in museum environments. It examines case studies from major museums, evaluates the benefits of LED technology, and highlights the role of intelligent lighting systems. The findings underscore the importance of integrated lighting design in safeguarding cultural heritage while enhancing curatorial expression. In addition, the paper contextualizes lighting as an architectural and phenomenological tool that bridges perception, emotional resonance, and conservation ethics.

SMART CARE FOR DIABETES: INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGY AND LIFESTYLE FOR BETTER OUTCOMES

Aleksandra Maciejczyk — 2025-08-08

Diabetes mellitus remains a global health challenge, with increasing prevalence and significant complications, particularly in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, and stress are critical in both the prevention and management of the disease. Simultaneously, medical technologies are transforming diabetes care by enabling more precise glycemic control.

This review synthesizes findings from 26 studies published between 2010 and 2025, selected via structured searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Four independent reviewers screened the titles. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines.

Evidence supports that dietary approaches (like low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, and personalized nutrition) are effective in improving glycemic outcomes. Structured aerobic and resistance exercise programs are associated with significant reductions in HbA1c and improved insulin sensitivity. Stress management techniques, such as mindfulness-based interventions, offer additional psychological and metabolic benefits. CGM and insulin pump therapies, especially in hybrid closed-loop systems, significantly improve glycemic metrics and patient-reported outcomes. AI applications show promise in insulin titration and risk prediction, though integration into clinical practice requires further research.

In conclusion, integrating lifestyle modifications with medical technologies offers the greatest potential for optimizing diabetes care. Future efforts should focus on personalized approaches and equitable access to advanced therapies.

FROM SYMPTOMS TO SOLUTIONS: THE BIOCHEMICAL POWER OF LIFESTYLE IN PCOS

Aleksandra Maciejczyk — 2025-08-11

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting up to 20% of women of reproductive age. Characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology, PCOS is frequently accompanied by insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases.

Objective: This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the role of dietary patterns, specific nutrients, and physical activity in the management of PCOS. The aim is to highlight lifestyle strategies that target the underlying metabolic and hormonal disturbances and to support their use as first-line therapeutic interventions.

Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2010–2025) using terms related to PCOS, nutrition, exercise, insulin resistance, and supplementation. Articles were selected based on relevance, methodological quality, and adherence to PRISMA 2020 guidelines.

Results: Evidence supports the efficacy of low glycemic index, Mediterranean, and DASH diets in improving insulin sensitivity, reducing hyperandrogenism, and restoring menstrual regularity. Specific nutrients such as inositols, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D show additional benefits, particularly in improving metabolic and reproductive outcomes. Physical activity—including aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training—enhances insulin action, reduces visceral adiposity, and improves ovulatory function. Lifestyle interventions also lower long-term risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in PCOS.

Conclusion: Diet and exercise are powerful, evidence-based tools in the management of PCOS. Integrating nutritional biochemistry and exercise physiology into clinical care offers a non-pharmacological, multifaceted approach that improves both short- and long-term outcomes.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS

Piotr Rzyczniok — 2025-08-12

Introduction and Objective: The increasing global burden of mental health disorders, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the limitations of traditional mental health systems, has accelerated interest in digital health solutions. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in mental health care, offering tools for diagnosis, intervention, and patient monitoring. This review aims to explore current applications, opportunities, and ethical challenges of AI-based tools in mental health, with an emphasis on responsible and equitable deployment.

Review Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2014 and 2022 were considered, with a focus on interdisciplinary sources covering clinical psychology, digital health technologies, AI development, and medical ethics. Key themes were synthesized across domains to provide a holistic understanding.

State of Knowledge: AI technologies, including chatbots, machine learning algorithms, and predictive analytics, are increasingly integrated into mental health services. They offer scalable solutions for screening, personalized intervention, and early risk detection. However, concerns remain about algorithmic bias, privacy, transparency, and the digital divide. The current body of evidence supports AI’s potential to complement—rather than replace—human care, particularly when integrated responsibly within clinical frameworks.

Conclusion: AI holds significant promise in improving access, personalization, and efficiency in mental health care. To harness its benefits, interdisciplinary collaboration, robust ethical oversight, and patient-centered design are essential. Further research is needed to evaluate long-term outcomes and ensure AI systems uphold clinical integrity, equity, and trust.

MORE THAN JUST A RACING HEART: PALPITATIONS UNCOVER HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IN ATHLETES

Sebastian Rurka — 2025-08-12

Heart palpitations are a common symptom reported by athletes presenting to sports medicine clinics and cardiology departments. While often benign, palpitations in this population can indicate underlying structural heart disease, notably hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.

Methods: This narrative review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2016 and 2024. Standard textbooks in cardiology and internal medicine were also consulted to ensure comprehensive coverage of current knowledge.

Results: The analysis showed that palpitations can result from both mild and severe arrhythmias and structural heart disease. The importance of differential diagnosis and the role of imaging studies and ECGs in identifying the cause was emphasized. Special attention was paid to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as a common genetic cause of symptoms. The need for an individualized therapeutic approach and patient education was also pointed out.

Conclusions: Palpitations in athletes should never be overlooked, as they may be the first sign of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a potentially life-threatening condition.. Special attention should be paid to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is a common genetic cause of cardiac arrhythmias. Diagnosis should be based on careful differentiation of causes and the use of imaging studies and ECGs. Successful management requires an individualized therapeutic approach and patient education in recognizing and responding to symptoms.

DIGITAL HEALTH SOLUTIONS IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION MANAGEMENT: ENHANCING DETECTION, MONITORING, AND PATIENT OUTCOMES

Piotr Rzyczniok — 2025-08-12

Introduction and Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac arrhythmia associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI), wearable devices, and mobile health (mHealth) technologies hold promise to improve AF risk prediction, diagnosis, and patient management. This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on the integration of these innovative tools in AF care, with a focus on technological capabilities, patient engagement, and public health implications.

Review Methods: A narrative review was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and authoritative reports published between 2014 and 2023. Sources were identified through comprehensive database searches using keywords related to AF, AI, digital health, and health equity. The review integrates interdisciplinary insights from cardiology, digital technology, and public health literature.

State of Knowledge: Recent studies demonstrate that AI algorithms applied to electrocardiograms (ECGs) and wearable sensor data can enhance early detection and risk stratification of AF. Mobile health tools foster patient engagement and improve self-management through real-time monitoring and education. However, challenges remain related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and equitable access to these technologies. Public health strategies must consider social determinants of health to maximize benefits and reduce disparities in AF outcomes.

Conclusion: Innovative digital technologies offer transformative potential in AF management and public health. Future research should address existing gaps, focusing on validation in diverse populations, ethical implementation, and strategies to ensure health equity. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to harness these tools effectively and improve cardiovascular health outcomes globally.

WHEN SARCOIDOSIS CHALLENGES PERFORMANCE: PULMONARY AND SPLENIC DISEASE IN A YOUNG ATHLETE

Jan Kamiński — 2025-08-12

Sarcoidosis, also known as Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, is a granulomatous disease of unknown etiology, with multisystemic manifestations that can affect performance and physical capacity in athletes. In most early-stage cases (stage I and II), the disease may resolve spontaneously without treatment. However, when sarcoidosis presents with atypical features such as splenomegaly, especially in physically active individuals or athletes, the prognosis may be more severe, potentially affecting exercise tolerance, recovery time, and return to training. A comprehensive diagnostic approach, combining clinical evaluation with radiological and histopathological confirmation, is essential. Splenomegaly has been associated with poorer outcomes in pulmonary sarcoidosis compared to favorable signs like erythema nodosum or arthritis. This article presents the case of a 22-year-old female patient, whose pulmonary sarcoidosis was complicated by splenomegaly. The case underlines the importance of early recognition in active individuals and timely intervention to improve prognosis and preserve physical performance.

Methods: The authors reviewed literature from ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, and UpToDate, focusing on sarcoidosis. The review emphasized the importance of combining clinical, radiological, and histopathological data for diagnosis, and noted that splenomegaly worsens prognosis in pulmonary sarcoidosis, while erythema nodosum and arthritis are linked to better outcomes.

Conclusions: In physically active patients, especially athletes, atypical manifestations such as splenomegaly in pulmonary sarcoidosis may lead to significant performance decline and delay in returning to training. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial not only for controlling disease progression but also for minimizing long-term impact on aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and recovery time. Clinicians should consider sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of unexplained fatigue, dyspnea, or decreased performance in young athletes.

DIAGNOSIS OF FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME

Michał Ciołkosz — 2025-08-13

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome is a frequent source of hip and groin pain in young and active populations. It arises from abnormal contact between the femoral head–neck junction and the acetabular rim, often due to cam, pincer, or mixed morphologies. Over time, this mechanical conflict can cause labral and cartilage damage, potentially leading to early osteoarthritis. Diagnosis requires a combination of patient history, physical examination, and imaging. While clinical impingement tests offer initial insights, they lack specificity and must be interpreted alongside radiographs and, when necessary, MRI. Parameters such as the alpha angle and acetabular coverage are key radiographic markers, but thresholds remain debated. Intra-articular anesthetic injections can help differentiate joint-related symptoms from other sources. Treatment options include conservative physiotherapy—focused on education, targeted exercise, and activity modification—as well as arthroscopic surgery, which aims to correct bony abnormalities and repair damaged tissue. Although surgical outcomes often show greater symptom improvement in the short and medium term, non-surgical care remains effective for many and avoids procedural risks.

ANXIETY DISORDERS IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE PATIENTS: NARRATIVE REVIEW

Anna Leśniewska — 2025-08-13

Objective: Psychiatric comorbidities, particularly anxiety and depressive disorders, are highly prevalent among patients with cardiovascular disease and represent significant contributors to adverse clinical outcomes and healthcare resource utilization. This investigation examined the association between evidence-based mental health interventions and subsequent healthcare utilization patterns in patients with heart failure (HF) and coronary artery disease.

Methods: We evaluated the impact of psychiatric treatment modalities, including pharmacological therapy and psychotherapeutic interventions, on hospital readmission rates and emergency department (ED) utilization among cardiovascular patients with comorbid anxiety or depressive disorders.

Key Findings: Mental health treatment demonstrated substantial protective effects against adverse healthcare utilization outcomes. Patients receiving combination therapy (both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy) exhibited the most pronounced benefit, with a 75% reduction in hospital readmission risk and a 74% decrease in ED visits compared to untreated controls. Monotherapy approaches also yielded significant improvements: psychotherapy alone was associated with a 49% reduction in readmission risk and 53% decrease in ED utilization, while pharmacological intervention alone resulted in 58% and 49% risk reductions for readmissions and ED visits, respectively. These findings remained statistically significant across all treatment modalities examined.

Conclusions: The implementation of appropriate mental health interventions, whether through pharmacological management, psychotherapeutic approaches, or combined treatment strategies, represents a critical component in the comprehensive care of cardiovascular patients with psychiatric comorbidities. These data provide compelling evidence that addressing psychological comorbidities is not merely adjunctive but essential for optimizing clinical outcomes, reducing healthcare burden, and improving the overall prognosis of patients with HF and coronary disease. Integration of psychiatric care into standard cardiovascular management protocols should be considered a clinical imperative.

QUERCETIN, LACTOBACILLUS, VITAMIN D3 – THE GOLDEN THREE THAT WILL HELP YOU WITH YOUR ALLERGY PROBLEMS

Barbara Pękowska — 2025-08-13

Objective: Allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic rhinitis (AR), are increasingly prevalent and significantly impact quality of life. These conditions are driven by an overactive Th2 immune response, leading to chronic inflammation. There is growing interest in novel therapies, such as quercetin, Lactobacillus species and vitamin D₃, which exhibit immunomodulatory properties and could offer new therapeutic strategies for managing allergic diseases.

Methods: This review explores the role of quercetin, Lactobacillus spp. and vitamin D₃ in modulating immune responses associated with asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis. We examined current literature on their mechanisms of action, effects on immune modulation and clinical evidence supporting their use in allergic conditions.

Key findings: Quercetin demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects, reducing Th2 cytokine production and mitigating inflammation in asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis. Lactobacillus species, especially L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum, promoted immune tolerance by enhancing regulatory T cell activity and improving gut barrier integrity. Vitamin D₃, through its active form calcitriol, attenuated Th2-driven inflammation, strengthened epithelial barriers, and improved clinical outcomes in asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis.

Conclusions: Quercetin, Lactobacillus spp. and vitamin D₃ show promising potential as adjunctive therapies in allergic diseases. These interventions modulate key immune pathways, reduce inflammation and restore immune balance. However, further research is needed to establish optimal dosages and treatment regimens.

TYPES OF MOTOR AND MENTAL TRAINING AND THEIR IMPACT ON IMPROVING SKIERS' SKILLS – A REVIEW ARTICLE

Karol Marcyś — 2025-08-13

This review article consolidates current evidence on the role of motor and mental training in enhancing skiing performance across alpine, cross-country, and ski jumping disciplines. Analysis of 21 original research studies revealed that simulation-based and imitative motor training significantly improve interlimb coordination, postural control, and technical precision—especially during ski turns and take-off phases. In ski jumping, biomechanical refinement and repetition-based imitation enhance energy transfer and movement stability.

Mental and perceptual training components—including psychological resilience, low anxiety, and predictive cognitive strategies—are associated with improved skill acquisition, faster reaction times, and more consistent performance under competitive stress. Balance training, particularly when sport-specific, was shown to predict technical proficiency and reduce fall-related injuries by improving neuromuscular control.

Injury prevention strategies focused on understanding key trauma mechanisms such as ACL-related slip-catch and improper landings, with emphasis placed on correcting technique and adapting equipment to skill level. Furthermore, strength and endurance training support fatigue resistance and biomechanical control, with special relevance to upper-body output in cross-country skiing and load management in alpine disciplines.

Youth-specific training strategies should be guided by biological maturity rather than chronological age to support safe and effective athletic development. Collectively, the findings support a multidisciplinary, individualized, and periodized approach to skier development. This synthesis provides evidence-based guidance for training program design and identifies areas for future longitudinal research.

MICROBES IN YOUR MOUTH: THE HIDDEN PLAYERS IN HEALTH, SICKNESS, AND TOMORROW'S CURES

Gabriela Łocik — 2025-08-13

Background: The oral microbiome holds a unique position among human microbial communities, featuring over 700 bacterial species along with fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa distributed across distinct ecological niches. Development begins prenatally and undergoes significant childhood transitions as tooth eruption creates new colonization sites. Multiple factors shape oral microbial communities, including host genetics, delivery mode, diet, smoking, oral hygiene, alcohol consumption, and antibiotic use.

Aim: This study aimed to comprehensively review the oral microbiome's complexity, development patterns, influencing factors, and associations with oral and systemic diseases.

Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review examined current evidence on oral microbiome composition, development, influencing factors, and disease associations.

Results: Oral microbiome dysbiosis manifests through reduced microbial diversity, depletion of beneficial organisms, and pathogenic species proliferation, contributing to dental caries, periodontal disease, and oropharyngeal cancers. Growing evidence links dysbiosis to systemic conditions including Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and colorectal cancers through bacterial translocation and inflammatory pathways. The oral cavity's accessibility enables non-invasive sampling and development of microbial biomarkers for early disease detection.

Conclusions: This review highlights microbiome-focused interventions' potential to address disease at microbial roots rather than treating symptoms, creating cascading positive effects throughout the body. As the gateway to human health, the oral microbiome represents a critical frontier in modern medicine deserving increased research attention and investment.

SUPPLEMENTING BOTH MUSCLES AND THE BRAIN: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE POTENTIAL OF CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION IN COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC SUBGROUPS

Alicja Bury — 2025-08-13

Creatin is one of the most common supplements for athletes and has been well-studied for its safety and efficiency. It has a documented impact on enhanced performance and recovery among sportsmen. Considering, many researchers have decided to study its impact on cognitive performance in different patient demographics. The positive impact of creatin on cognition observed in studies on athletes sparked interest in its usefulness in different demographic groups. Its favorable price and nearly adverse effect-free profile would make it a great nutraceutical for large-scale use. This study aimed to review the currently published clinical trials on the effect of creatin on cognitive performance in specific subgroups, i.e. healthy adult participants, healthy elderly participants as well as patients suffering from certain psychiatric conditions. The analysis of the published trials showed weak to moderate evidence on creatin’s role in cognitive performance improvement. More large-scale randomized studies are warranted to establish the therapeutic value of creatin supplementation on mental processes.

ZINC AND HUMAN HEALTH: A REVIEW

Monika Klimczak — 2025-08-13

Zinc is one of the micronutrients necessary for the proper functioning of the body. It plays a significant role in many physiological processes. Its concentration should be closely monitored in the body, as both excess and deficiency have health consequences. It occurs in all tissues. Due to its properties, it is currently being used more and more frequently in cosmetology and dermatology.

Aim of study and materials: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed and GoogleScholar databases, focusing on articles published since 2020. The search included the keywords: zinc, health, zinc oxide, skin, cosmetology.

Conclusion: After analyzing the current literature, it can be seen how important it is for health to have the right amount of zinc in the body. Zinc is one of the micronutrients necessary for the proper functioning of the body. It is essential for proper metabolism at the cellular level, and it is also a part of many enzyme systems, affecting the digestive, hormonal, and immune systems. However, too much zinc in the body is not neutral for our health. Zinc is also increasingly used in dermatology, cosmetology, and wound treatment. Further research should be conducted to allow for even greater use of zinc properties.

VIRAL WARTS IN ATHLETES: A COMMON DERMATOLOGICAL CHALLENGE WITH EVOLVING DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES

Magdalena Domisiewicz — 2025-08-14

Aim of the Study: This review aims to analyze the prevalence, risk factors, diagnostic strategies and treatment modalities of viral warts in athletes, a population predisposed to cutaneous HPV infections. The paper focuses on dermoscopic features, therapeutic approaches, and return-to-play recommendations, aiming to provide clinicians with practical guidance for managing HPV-related skin lesions in physically active individuals.

Study methods: A narrative review was conducted based on a selection of 22 peer-reviewed articles obtained from PubMed and Scopus, including randomized controlled trials, clinical guidelines, dermoscopic case series, and epidemiological studies. Additional reference materials included dermatological textbooks and online resources for healthcare professionals. Emphasis was placed on athlete-specific data, non-invasive diagnostic methods and evidence-based management strategies.

Results: Athletes are especially vulnerable to HPV due to frequent skin trauma, occlusion, moisture exposure, and shared environments. Verruca vulgaris, verruca plantaris, and verruca plana are the most common manifestations. Dermoscopy improves diagnostic accuracy by identifying patterns such as red or black dots, papilliform projections, and disrupted skin lines. Treatments vary by wart type and severity; while cryotherapy and salicylic acid remain first-line, newer therapies such as immunomodulators and photodynamic therapy show promising outcomes. Preventive measures, such as protective gloves and lesion coverage, are critical to control transmission in athletic settings.

Conclusions: Cutaneous warts significantly impact athletes’ health, performance, and participation. Effective management relies on early diagnosis, targeted treatment, and education on preventive practices. A multidisciplinary approach involving dermatologists, sports physicians, and trainers is essential to reduce transmission risk and ensure safe return to sport.

STROKES - ASSOCIATION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND COVID -19. REHABILITATION AFTER STROKE SUCH AS MUSICGLOVES THERAPY

Aleksandra Woskowska — 2025-08-14

This article is a systematic review of strokes, their classification, diagnosis and the influence of physical activity on the incidence, taking into account training intensity.

In addition, this publication addresses the aspect of the relationship between strokes and COVID-19. Also included is information on an innovative method of upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients - Music Glove.

Aim of study and materials: In order to describe the impact of physical activity on the risk of stroke, taking into account all the above-mentioned aspects, a review of the PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Elsevier and ViaMedica databases was conducted. Finally, 24 review articles, meta-analyses, case reports, clinical and comparative studies were included, and WHO guidelines and other scientific literature were used as support.

Conclusion: Strokes are the second most common cause of death worldwide, as well as the most common cause of disability. One of the important, modifiable, and often overlooked risk factors for a stroke incident is a lack of or low physical activity. It is worth emphasizing that a positive effect is attributed to regular, moderate physical activity. High-performance, high-intensity sports can be dangerous in terms of the risk of stroke.

TREATMENT OF FACIAL WARTS IN YOUNG ADULTS: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTIVENESS” – LITERATURE REVIEW

Kamil Nieroda — 2025-08-14

Introduction and Aim: HPV inducted facial warts are a common disease among children, adolescents and frequently persist beyond adolescence into early adulthood. What distinguishes from other warts different region of body is high risk of spreading due to pubertal acne phase and excoriation or manipulation of acneiform eruptions.Occurrence of lesions at facial region often cause considerable psychological distress, contributing to social anxiety and feelings of shame linked to social exclusion. When establishing a treatment plan, it is essential to select a minimally invasive modality that avoids scarring or permanent tissue alteration, thereby excluding several therapies that may be effective in other anatomical regions. The aim of this work is comparison of minimally invasive therapeutic modalities in the treatment of HPV-induced facial warts in young adults.

Results: Phototherapy (Nd: YAG laser) offers the highest efficacy with minimal recurrence and excellent cosmetic safety in the treatment of facial warts. Systemic and topical retinoids, immunomodulatory agents (imiquimod, Candida antigen, HPV vaccine), and intralesional bleomycin also offer effective, minimally invasive treatment options and should be dose-adjusted to individual response.

Materials and Methods: reviewing recent literature published up to 10 years ago based of PubMED , Google scholar reaserch based of following key words: Facial Warts, young adult facial warts , facial plane warts, recalcitrant facial warts.

NORADRENALINE OR DOPAMINE IN SEPTIC SHOCK - A LITERATURE REVIEW

Antoni Liebert — 2025-08-18

Introduction and purpose: Septic shock is a common cause of death that is hard to treat and choosing the most effective medication remains a major clinical challenge. The aim of this study is to provide key information about this clinical condition and to compare the drugs most frequently used in the treatment process: noradrenaline and dopamine.

Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted using the medical database PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles were retrieved using the keywords: ,,Noradrenaline” ,,Dopamine” ,,Sepsis” ,,Septic shock” ,,Hipotension” in appropriate configuration.

Results: 8 studies were found with relevant topics. For of these studies were excluded due to lack of information in the articles or discrepancies in their topics. Finally, 4 meta-analyses were systematically analyzed in our work.

Conclusions: According to the available medical literature, recommendations and guidelines, the use of Noradrenaline in patients with septic shock is usually the most appropriate choice. However, the choice of Dopamine is also available, especially in patients with bradycardia, but its use can be linked with a higher risk of cardiac complications.

POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT IN DENTISTRY: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE USE OF NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS

Dominika Domanowska — 2025-08-19

Background. Postoperative pain is a frequent consequence of dental procedures and significantly affects patient comfort and recovery. The severity and duration of pain vary depending on the type of procedure and individual patient factors. Although it usually resolves within a few days, in some cases it may become chronic. Effective pain management is therefore essential.

Aim. This review presents contemporary strategies for managing postoperative dental pain, with particular emphasis on the use and efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Material and methods. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Relevant peer-reviewed original articles, systematic reviews, and clinical trials published in English were selected. The inclusion criteria focused on studies concerning the use of NSAIDs in various dental disciplines, including conservative dentistry, pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, periodontology, prosthetics, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Articles not related to dental postoperative pain or NSAID use, case reports, and expert opinions were excluded.

Results. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and selective COX-2 inhibitors have proven effective in reducing postoperative dental pain across a broad range of procedures. Their mechanism involves cyclooxygenase inhibition and modulation of inflammatory pathways. In many clinical scenarios, NSAIDs surpass opioids and paracetamol alone in efficacy. Preoperative administration is often beneficial, especially in pediatric and orthodontic cases. Additional non-pharmacological methods, such as cryotherapy and laser therapy, further enhance outcomes. However, gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular risks must be considered.

Conclusions. NSAIDs are fundamental in managing postoperative dental pain due to their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The best outcomes are achieved through a personalized, multimodal approach combining NSAIDs with non-pharmacological strategies, ensuring effective pain relief while minimizing adverse effects.

THE IMPACT OF PLANT-BASED AND PLANT-RICH DIETS ON MACRONUTRIENT AND MICRONUTRIENT DEMAND AND FETAL HEALTH: A REVIEW

Agata Białek — 2025-08-19

Introduction and purpose: Vegetarian and vegan diets are increasingly adopted by women of reproductive age due to their potential health and environmental benefits. However, pregnancy places higher nutritional demands on the body, and plant-based diets may increase the risk of certain nutrient deficiencies if not properly managed. This review explores the impact of vegetarian diets on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Evidence suggests that strict vegetarian diets are associated with lower birthweights and a higher incidence of small for gestational age (SGA) infants, although results vary between studies. Vegetarian mothers generally gain less weight during pregnancy and may be more likely to initiate and maintain breastfeeding. No consistent differences were observed in the rates of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or preterm birth across dietary groups. Nutrients of concern include vitamin B12, iron, vitamin D, calcium, DHA, zinc, and iodine. With appropriate dietary planning and supplementation, vegetarian and vegan diets can support healthy pregnancies and positive maternal and infant outcomes.

Material and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed and GoogleScholar databases, focusing on articles published since 2020. The search included the keywords: “vegetarian diet”, “pregnancy”, “pregnancy and diet” in various combination.

Results: Strict vegetarian diets in pregnancy are often linked to lower birthweights and a higher risk of small for gestational age (SGA) infants, though results varied across studies. Vegetarian mothers generally gained less weight during pregnancy, with some showing a risk of inadequate weight gain. Strict vegetarians also showed higher breastfeeding initiation and longer duration. Nutrient deficiencies, particularly in vitamin B12, iron, vitamin D, calcium, DHA, zinc, and iodine were more common in vegetarian women, underlining the need for proper supplementation.

Conclusions: Vegetarian and vegan diets can be safely followed during pregnancy, but they require careful nutritional planning and appropriate supplementation. While these diets may offer certain benefits such as healthier weight gain and better breastfeeding outcomes—they are also associated with potential risks, including lower birthweights and nutrient deficiencies. Key nutrients like vitamin B12, iron, vitamin D, calcium, DHA, and zinc must be closely monitored to support both maternal health and optimal fetal development.

COMBINATION OF FOLINIC ACID AND PSYCHOTHERAPY AS A MODERN METHOD OF TREATMENT OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER – A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Bartosz Skorupski — 2025-08-19

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex disorder of the development and functioning of the central nervous system. The onset of the disorder is usually in early childhood. It is characterized by difficulty in reading and communicating feelings, disturbances in the ability to build interpersonal relationships, as well as impoverishment and stereotypical behavior.

Materials and methods: This article, based on a PubMed review of available research, examines the impact of folinic acid and Picture Exchange Communication System therapy on improving communication in children with ASD.

Results: In the first of the reported studies, a double-blind study was conducted - 48 children with an autism spectrum disorder and language impairment were randomized to receive 12 weeks of high dose folinic acid or placebo. The improvement in verbal communication, as measured by a standardized ability-appropriate tool, was significantly greater in participants receiving folinic acid compared to those receiving placebo.

In the second test, 20 children were qualified for the study. The program consisted of 24 sessions of individual speech therapy and followed the six phases proposed in the PECS training manual. All children were clinically assessed by a team of child psychiatrists, neuropsychologists and speech therapists. After the study was completed, there was a clear increase in children's understanding of all instructions compared to the initial phase of the program.

Conclusions: The therapies described above improve the communication skills of patients on the autism spectrum. Not only does it provide an augmentative or alternative communication tool for children to express their needs, it also significantly improves understanding of contextual information.

OBESITY DISEASE - NON-SURGICAL TREATMENT METHODS - A LITERATURE REVIEW

Zuzanna Rabczak — 2025-08-20

Introduction: Obesity, a global health crisis, is a leading risk factor for chronic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Its prevalence has more than doubled since 1990, straining healthcare systems. Management involves primary prevention (lifestyle interventions), secondary prevention (early detection and treatment), and tertiary prevention (managing established obesity via lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, or bariatric surgery). This review focuses on non-invasive treatment methods for obesity.

Materials and methods: This review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing on recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original research on non-surgical obesity treatments. Keywords included obesity, diet, exercise, pharmacotherapy, and education.

Results: Recent findings suggest that combining reduced calorie intake with limited carbohydrate consumption can lead to more effective weight loss. Diets high in protein, particularly those containing whey, are beneficial for maintaining muscle mass during weight reduction. Medications such as GLP-1 receptor agonists support weight loss and metabolic health. Regular physical activity enhances fat loss and cardiovascular performance. Additionally, patient-focused strategies are essential for improving adherence and ensuring long-term success in obesity treatment.

Conclusions: Effective obesity treatment requires combining personalized nutrition plan, physical activity, and medications. Prioritizing muscle preservation, protein intake, patient education, and stigma reduction enhances adherence and supports long-term weight and metabolic health outcomes.

THE ROLE OF BACTERIAL BIOFILM IN REFRACTORY CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Oliwia Sójkowska-Sławińska — 2025-08-20

Objectives: Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease impacting 5-12% of the population, leading to substantial morbidity and healthcare expenses. Bacterial biofilms on the sinonasal mucosa are a key factor in CRS's development, persistence, and resistance to treatment. This review explores their role in refractory CRS, focusing on structure, formation, impact on severity, and diagnostic/therapeutic approaches.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, searching for keywords related to CRS, bacterial biofilms, antibiotic resistance, and therapies. We prioritized studies from the last decade examining biofilms' impact on CRS pathogenesis, resistance, and novel treatments.

Key findings: Biofilms, organized microbial communities within an extracellular polymeric matrix, are significantly more resistant to antibiotics and host immune responses than free-floating bacteria. They form through stages: initial attachment, proliferation, and complex 3D structure development, with quorum sensing vital for maturation. Common CRS biofilm pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus influenzae. Biofilms correlate with more severe disease, poorer surgical outcomes, and higher recurrence. Diagnostics include electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and molecular methods. Treatment involves surgical removal, topical antibiotics, and novel strategies like phage therapy, quorum sensing inhibitors, and micro-biome-based interventions.

Conclusions: Biofilms are critical in refractory CRS, causing persistence, treatment resistance, and worse outcomes. A deep understanding of biofilm mechanisms is crucial for effective diagnostics and therapies. Future research should standardize diagnostics, clarify biofilm-host interactions, and conduct trials on new, personalized biofilm-targeting treatments.

THE IMPACT OF VITAMIN D3 LEVELS ON RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION FOLLOWING SURGICAL TREATMENT OF FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Piotr Komasara — 2025-08-20

Introduction and purpose: Femoral neck fractures are a major source of morbidity and mortality among older adults, frequently leading to prolonged hospitalization, disability, and loss of independence. Vitamin D3 plays a central role in bone metabolism, muscle function, and immune modulation- all crucial for postoperative recovery. However, the clinical relevance of vitamin D3 status in patients undergoing surgery for femoral neck fractures remains incompletely understood. This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on the relationship between vitamin D3 levels and key outcomes including functional recovery, complication rates, and mortality in this population.

Material and method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase using Boolean operators and relevant medical subject terms. Filters limited the search to full-text, English-language studies published between 2020 and 2025 involving human subjects. In Embase, only randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews were included. A total of 98 non-duplicate studies were screened; 34 were selected for full-text analysis and thematic synthesis.

Results: Most studies demonstrate a positive association between sufficient 25(OH)D levels and faster mobility recovery, improved functional scores (e.g., Harris Hip Score, Barthel Index), and better postoperative quality of life. Vitamin D3 deficiency is consistently linked to higher rates of infectious complications, delayed fracture healing, and increased fall risk. Several studies also associate low 25(OH)D levels with elevated short-term mortality. Supplementation strategies appear beneficial, although optimal dosing and timing remain under debate.

Conclusions: Vitamin D3 status is a potentially modifiable factor influencing outcomes after femoral neck fracture surgery. Routine screening and appropriate supplementation should be considered as part of multidisciplinary perioperative care. Further randomized trials are needed to define causal relationships and refine clinical protocols.

DIFFERENCES IN GUT MICROBIOTA MODULATION BY SEMAGLUTIDE, LIRAGLUTIDE AND TIRZEPATIDE

Julia Nowakowska — 2025-08-20

Introduction and purpose: Gut microbiota has emerged as a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Incretin-based therapies such as semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide not only improve glycemic control and promote weight loss, but may also exert systemic effects through microbiota modulation. This narrative review aims to compare the gut microbiota-related effects of these agents based on current preclinical and clinical evidence.

Material and method: A systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted for full-text studies published between 2020 and 2025. Inclusion criteria encompassed original research in humans and animals evaluating the impact of semaglutide, liraglutide or tirzepatide on gut microbiota. From 136 initial results, 30 eligible studies were included after removing duplicates and applying inclusion criteria.

Results: All three agents promoted increases in beneficial taxa such as Akkermansia muciniphila and SCFA-producing bacteria, and reduced pro-inflammatory genera. Semaglutide was associated with neuroimmune modulation, liraglutide with renal and hepatic benefits, while tirzepatide induced broader taxonomic shifts and diversity restoration, likely due to dual receptor agonism. Most findings derive from animal models, with limited human data available.

Conclusions: Semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide demonstrate both shared and distinct microbiota-modulating properties, which may partly mediate their therapeutic effects. Further clinical studies integrating microbiota profiling and metabolic outcomes are needed to validate these findings and support microbiota-informed treatment strategies.

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF MATCHA IN DRY EYE DISEASE PREVENTION: CAN MATCHA POLYPHENOLS IMPROVE OCULAR HYDRATION?

Maja Ćwiek — 2025-08-20

Dry eye disease (DED), characterized by unstable tear film and damage to the eye's surface, is becoming more common because of environmental and lifestyle factors. Conventional treatments often don’t fix the problems of oxidative stress and inflammation that cause it. This has led to interest in natural antioxidants like matcha, a type of green tea powder grown in the shade. Unlike conventional green tea, matcha contains higher concentrations of polyphenols, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). These polyphenols have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This review explores matcha’s potential in preventing DED by analyzing its mechanisms of action, such as by removing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing endogenous antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase). It also looks at how matcha reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. The discussion also covers matcha’s effects on tear film stability through enhanced mucin secretion and meibomian gland function.

Studies show that green tea polyphenols can improve tear production and reduce corneal staining, though matcha-specific studies remain limited. New research shows that it has systemic benefits, including modulation of gut microbiota, which may indirectly support ocular health.

Challenges include optimizing dosage and delivery methods, but matcha’s bioavailability and ability to act on many targets make it a potentially helpful additional treatment. More clinical trials are needed to prove its efficacy. However, current information suggests it could help with the many factors that cause DED by balancing redox and reducing inflammation.

INJURY RISK IN KITESURFING: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE MOST COMMON TRAUMA PATTERNS AND SAFETY IMPLICATIONS

Bartosz Żegleń — 2025-08-22

Objective: This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the injury epidemiology of kitesurfing, focusing on common trauma patterns, underlying risk factors, and the effectiveness of safety strategies.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and SPORTDiscus for articles published between 2000 and 2024. Studies were included if they reported original quantitative data on kitesurfing-related injuries, including incidence, anatomical distribution, severity, or safety practices. A narrative synthesis was applied due to methodological heterogeneity.

Results: Injury incidence rates ranged from 4.3 to 10.5 per 1, 000 hours of kitesurfing exposure. The most frequently injured areas were the lower extremities, particularly the foot, ankle, and knee. Common injury types included abrasions, sprains, and soft-tissue trauma, with serious injuries such as spinal fractures and head trauma occurring less frequently but with notable severity. Experience level was inversely correlated with injury risk, while environmental factors—such as wind instability and shallow water—significantly contributed to accidents. Although quick-release harness systems are now widely adopted (97%), their real-time use during injury events remains low (7.3%). Helmet (4%) and impact vest (19.5%) usage remains limited despite recommendations.

Conclusion: Kitesurfing presents a distinct injury profile influenced by biomechanical demands, environmental variables, and user behavior. While most injuries are mild and permit rapid return to sport, severe cases still occur, underscoring the need for improved safety education, structured training, and increased protective gear compliance. Future research should emphasize standardized reporting and long-term outcome tracking to better inform injury prevention strategies.

NUTRITIONAL AND LIFESTYLE DETERMINANTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION

Piotr Kupidłowski — 2025-08-25

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss among the elderly, with its global prevalence expected to rise substantially in the coming decades. Given its multifactorial pathogenesis—driven by oxidative stress, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction, and chronic inflammation—identifying modifiable nutritional and lifestyle risk factors has become a central focus in developing preventive strategies. This review article synthesizes current literature retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar to examine the influence of dietary fatty acids, antioxidants, smoking, and alcohol consumption on the onset and progression of AMD. Key sources include large-scale observational cohorts and randomized controlled trials, notably AREDS and AREDS2. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), primarily obtained from fish, show consistent protective effects against both early and late AMD. In contrast, excessive omega-6 intake and an unfavorable omega-6 to omega-3 ratio may promote retinal inflammation. Antioxidants and zinc significantly reduce the risk of disease progression, particularly in individuals with intermediate AMD. Lutein and zeaxanthin offer additional benefits. Smoking is one of the strongest modifiable risk factors, with persistent effects even after cessation. Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption correlates with early-stage AMD. Robust evidence supports the implementation of public health strategies focused on smoking cessation, reducing alcohol intake, and promoting nutrient-rich diets to lower AMD incidence and progression. Integrating nutritional counseling into routine ophthalmologic care represents a biologically plausible and cost-effective approach to preserving vision and improving long-term outcomes in at-risk populations.

TRANEXAMIC ACID IN PEDIATRIC CARDIAC SURGERY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES

Michał Bereza — 2025-08-25

Pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery, particularly with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), are at high risk for significant bleeding and allogeneic blood transfusions due to their unique hemostatic profile. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is the primary antifibrinolytic agent used to mitigate this risk, but its efficacy, safety, and optimal administration in this population remain topics of debate. This article provides a comprehensive review and to synthesize the available evidence and identify critical knowledge gaps. Our analysis confirms that TXA significantly reduces postoperative blood loss and the need for allogeneic red blood cell and fresh frozen plasma transfusions. This effect was particularly notable in high-risk subgroups such as infants and cyanotic patients. Substantial heterogeneity was found across studies, primarily related to varying TXA dosing regimens and differing transfusion protocols, which limited the ability to define a single optimal dose. TXA is an effective agent for reducing bleeding and transfusion needs in pediatric cardiac surgery, but its use is associated with a potential, dose-dependent risk of seizures. The wide variability in dosing regimens and the lack of robust data on long-term neurological outcomes highlight a critical need for future large-scale, prospective trials. These studies should aim to standardize dosing protocols and definitively assess the true benefit-to-risk ratio of TXA in specific pediatric subgroups.

DIGITALIZATION AS A NEW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE FACTOR: THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION OVERLOAD ON HUMAN NERVOUS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

Monika Czekalska — 2025-08-25

The increasing digitization of everyday life is associated with the increasing exposure of the population to informational, sensory, and social stimuli originating from screen devices and digital media. The digital environment is not a classically understood environmental factor; its impact on the body exhibits characteristics of a chronic stressor, affecting the functions of the neuroimmunoendocrine axis, neuroplasticity processes, and the regulation of the immune response. The aim of this study was to review current data on the impact of information overload and digital overstimulation on the human nervous and immune systems, as well as to assess the validity of considering the digital environment as a new form of environmental exposure in the context of public health. Research published between 2018 and 2025 in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was analyzed. This included: population based correlation studies between screen time and markers of stress and inflammation, fMRI studies illustrating changes in brain structure and function during digital overload, animal models examining the effects of sensory overstimulation on the HPA axis and immunity, and randomized intervention trials on reducing screen time. The review found consistent evidence of chronic activation of the HPA axis under digital stress, leading to elevated cortisol levels, impaired neurogenesis, and decreased parasympathetic activity. Brain changes are also observed that correlate with symptoms of depression, insomnia, and attention deficits. Reduced immunity and increased inflammatory markers were demonstrated. Interventions limiting digital exposure resulted in significant reductions in cortisol and CRP levels. The digital environment meets the criteria for an environmental stressor with a real impact on the nervous and immune systems. Digital hygiene should become an integral component of public health strategies, prevention, and the design of work and learning environments.

THE IMPACT OF SLEEP ON ENDURANCE ADAPTATIONS AND WEIGHT LOSS DURING RUNNING TRAINING IN OVERWEIGHT ADULTS: REVIEW

Jan Kamiński — 2025-08-25

Sleep rarely receives as much attention as training or diet, yet it significantly influences how effective running programs are for weight loss, especially in adults with overweight or obesity. Poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep duration, common in this population, consistently limit improvements in aerobic fitness, reduce the effectiveness of fat loss, and slow down recovery after exercise. In contrast, better sleep habits support quicker endurance gains, more efficient recovery, and healthier body composition changes. Even simple interventions, such as maintaining regular sleep schedules, limiting screen use before bedtime, and improving overall sleep hygiene, can substantially improve training outcomes. This review highlights sleep as an essential component of successful running-based weight-loss interventions. Trainers and healthcare professionals should prioritize sleep improvement strategies to maximize exercise benefits. However, future research with larger groups and longer follow-up periods is necessary to confirm these findings and clarify optimal sleep interventions.

Methods: This narrative review was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 2010 and 2025. The search used combinations of the terms sleep, running, endurance training, obesity, and weight loss. Studies were eligible if they included adults with overweight or obesity participating in running programs and reported outcomes related to endurance, recovery, or body composition. Randomized trials, observational research, and review articles were considered.

Results: The reviewed studies consistently show that poor or insufficient sleep limits the benefits of running‑based programs in adults with overweight and obesity. Participants sleeping less than 7–8 hours often achieved smaller gains in aerobic fitness, recovered more slowly, and experienced less favorable body composition changes, including greater loss of lean mass.

In contrast, good sleep habits were linked to better endurance improvements, more efficient recovery, and greater fat loss. Even simple steps like keeping a regular bedtime appeared to improve training adherence and outcomes. Still, most studies were small and short‑term, underlining the need for larger, long‑term research.

Conclusions: Sleep clearly matters for adults with overweight or obesity who take up running to lose weight. When sleep quality or duration is compromised, the benefits of training are noticeably reduced, improvements in endurance come more slowly, recovery takes longer, and fat loss is less efficient. Conversely, maintaining good sleep habits appears to amplify the positive effects of running programs, making progress faster and more sustainable. From a practical standpoint, trainers and clinicians should consider sleep not just as a passive recovery process, but as an active part of effective weight-management strategies. Simple recommendations like regular sleep schedules or better sleep hygiene may lead to substantial improvements in training outcomes. Future studies should further clarify how targeted sleep interventions can enhance exercise-based programs in this population.

EVOLVING CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING GUIDELINES AND HPV VACCINATION STATUS. A LITERATURE REVIEW

Zuzanna Tomaszewska — 2025-08-27

Background: Persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus is the primary cause of cervical cancer globally. Recent decades have witnessed significant advances in prevention, with the introduction of effective prophylactic HPV vaccines and highly sensitive molecular screening methods transforming how cervical cancer is detected and managed.

Aim of this review is to explore the impact of HPV vaccination programs on cervical cancer prevention strategies, focusing on how vaccination coverage influences the global shift from traditional cytology-based screening to HPV DNA testing in selected high-income countries.

Methodology: A comprehensive search was conducted across scientific databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and WHO reports, focusing on recent peer-reviewed studies.

Results: The diagnostic performance of cytology has declined in vaccinated populations due to fewer abnormal findings, prompting a shift toward primary HPV DNA testing. This method offers sensitivity rates exceeding 90% and supports longer screening intervals of five years or more. Countries like Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK have adopted nationwide HPV-based screening, while Poland initiated pilot HPV testing programs in 2024.

However, several barriers persist, including disparities in vaccine distribution, the high cost of molecular diagnostics, and persistent public hesitancy toward vaccination.

Conclusions: Combining widespread HPV vaccination with HPV DNA-based screening offers the most promising strategy for reducing cervical cancer incidence and achieving the WHO's 2030 elimination targets. Those recommendations include expanding gender-neutral vaccination, supporting transitions to HPV testing in lagging regions, and incorporating innovations like self-sampling to improve outreach and screening participation.

DRY EYE DISEASE – RISK FACTORS, PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTIC METHODS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT – NEW LITERATURE REPORTS

Bartłomiej Trzciński — 2025-08-27

Dry eye syndrome (DED) is a prevalent condition, affecting millions of people worldwide. The condition is characterised by a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface, resulting in the loss of the natural protective barrier of the eyes, known as the tear film, and accompanied by more or less characteristic symptoms. The objective of this article is to present a thorough review of the extant scientific literature, incorporating an exhaustive analysis of the pathogenesis, identification of risk factors, and discussion of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, with consideration given to both conventional approaches and the most recent research findings. Despite ongoing research, the etiology of dry eye syndrome remains unclear. However, various factors have been identified as potential risk elements, including age, gender, environmental influences, ethnics origin, and comorbidities, particularly autoimmune diseases. Tear substitutes remain the primary and most commonly used treatment method, but recent scientific research has focused on drugs that are capable of modifying inflammatory processes to a much greater extent. Lifestyle modifications or the use of increasingly available specialised medications have enabled patients to recover. The condition of dry eye syndrome poses significant challenges in the domains of both ophthalmology and numerous other medical specialties. The effective control of the disease will only be possible with a coordinated approach to the following: symptoms, pathogenesis and patient capabilities. Further research into mechanisms and diagnostic methods is imperative, with the potential to significantly improve the quality of life for millions of patients.

INSTAGRAM VS REALITY: INFLUENCE OF INSTAGRAM ON DEPRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS - A LITERATURE REVIEW

Oliwia Gugała — 2025-08-27

Introduction and purpose: The vast majority of the global population has access to the internet and consequently to social networking services (SNSs). These are online social media platforms that facilitate interaction between users and enable the sharing of information. One of the most popular SNSs is Instagram. However, the utilisation of this application does exert an influence on the mental health of users, yielding both favourable and unfavourable outcomes. This study aims to review the literature on the correlation between Instagram use and depression among the largest group of users – adolescents and young adults.

Stage of knowledge: Instagram is a free application for sharing photos and videos which has rapidly become an integral part of life for many people around the world. Due to the visual nature of its content, this social networking platform possesses characteristics that differentiate it from other such services, making it worthwhile to investigate the effects of this medium on mental health. Given its popularity, particularly among young users, studying the correlation between Instagram and a range of psychological well-being variables can provide valuable insights into its impact on the mental health of adolescents and young adults, such as depression.

Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted utilising the Google Scholar and PubMed databases, employing the following keywords: Instagram, Social Networking Services, Depression, Mental Health, Adolescents, Young Adults.

Results: Unlimited access to social networking services has an impact on the mental health of users. Specifically Instagram use can lead to unfavorable results on mental well-being, such as depression. The group most vulnerable to these negative consequences is also the largest group of users – adolescents and young adults.

Conclusions: Further research on the influence of Instagram on depression among adolescents and young adults is essential to gain a more profound understanding of their mental health and to identify effective methods of preventing the adverse outcomes associated with social media use, such as depression. Furthermore, the potential of Instagram as a medium for promoting mental health should be given due consideration.

FIGHTING THE CLOCK: A LITERATURE-BASED ANALYSIS OF MELATONIN’S THERAPEUTIC ROLE IN SHIFT WORK-RELATED SLEEP DISTURBANCES

Kacper Jankowski — 2025-08-27

Shift Work Sleep Disorder (SWSD) arises from misalignment between endogenous circadian rhythms and irregular work schedules, frequently resulting in poor sleep quality, increased fatigue, and heightened risk for cardiometabolic complications. Melatonin, a hormone produced in the pineal gland during darkness, is increasingly investigated for its role in addressing sleep difficulties among shift workers. This review synthesizes recent clinical evidence on the effectiveness of melatonin supplementation in improving sleep outcomes in night and rotating shift populations. The literature indicates potential benefits such as shorter sleep onset latency, increased total sleep time, and improved subjective sleep quality, alongside a strong safety record. Furthermore, melatonin’s influence on circadian rhythm regulation may provide additional metabolic and cardiovascular advantages. Nevertheless, inconsistencies in dosing, formulations, and trial designs limit the generalizability of current findings. Additional well-controlled clinical trials are needed to refine guidelines for melatonin use in occupational settings.

EMOTIONAL PERCEPTION DISTURBANCES IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA

Aleksandra Nowińska — 2025-08-27

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe and debilitating disorder with the highest standardized mortality rate among all mental health conditions. It is associated with cognitive impairments and difficulties in emotional regulation. Individuals with AN often exhibit a reduced ability to recognize emotions (Emotion Recognition Ability – ERA), particularly when it comes to negative emotions. The efficiency of emotion recognition has been found to correlate with Body Mass Index (BMI) and the duration of the illness, which may suggest a decline in socio-emotional functioning and neurobiological changes caused by prolonged starvation.

Impaired emotion recognition is linked to poorer treatment outcomes, making it crucial to focus on enhancing this skill during AN therapy. Since ERA plays a fundamental role in nonverbal communication – and, by extension, in social interactions – further research in this area is warranted. Available training programs aimed at improving emotion recognition abilities have the potential to significantly enhance communication between patients and healthcare providers as well as close relatives, thereby positively influencing the therapeutic process.

DIETETARY MODULATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS: AN EVIDENCE-BASED REVIEW

Patryk Kowalczyk — 2025-08-28

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, idiopathic inflammatory disease of the large intestine, limited to the mucous membrane. The manifestation of the condition is characterised by periods of exacerbation and remission. The onset of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is most often due to a combination of genetic susceptibility, immune system hyperactivity, microbiota disorders, epithelial barrier defects and environmental factors, including diet. In addition to conventional pharmacological interventions, there is an increasing focus on the importance of a nutritionally balanced diet as a supportive component of the treatment process. A review of the extant preclinical and clinical studies indicates the beneficial effects of fibre, especially the soluble fraction, vitamin D3, curcumin and zinc. These substances have been demonstrated to alleviate the symptoms of the disease and promote remission by supporting the gut microbiota and inhibiting inflammatory processes. The effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids remains to be fully confirmed, necessitating further research, but the preliminary results are encouraging. A balanced diet is an integral component of the therapeutic management of patients diagnosed with UC. However, further research is required to standardise clinical recommendations.

BOTULINUM TOXIN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BRUXISM: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Joanna Węgrzecka — 2025-08-30

Bruxism, characterized by involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth, can lead to significant dental, muscular, and psychosocial consequences. Traditional management strategies, including occlusal splints and behavioral therapies, often show variable efficacy. Recently, botulinum toxin (BTX) has emerged as a promising alternative for controlling masticatory muscle hyperactivity. This review examines current evidence on the mechanisms, clinical efficacy, safety, and protocols associated with botulinum toxin use in bruxism treatment. The findings suggest that botulinum toxin offers a minimally invasive, effective, and safe approach, particularly in cases refractory to conventional therapies. Nonetheless, standardization of treatment protocols and long-term safety data remain areas for further research.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ADHD PATIENTS: SIGNIFICANCE, ADVANTAGES, AND EFFECTS OF DIGITAL INTERVENTIONS PROMOTING EXERCISE

Patrycja Jędrzejewska-Rzezak — 2025-08-30

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders in children, frequently continuing into adulthood. Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in the importance of physical activity as an adjunctive therapy for controlling ADHD symptoms, including impulsivity, focus difficulties, and hyperactivity. This article aims to review the existing evidence about the effects of physical activity on individuals with ADHD, focusing specifically on contemporary digital methods, including mobile applications, exergaming, virtual reality (VR) technologies, wearable fitness trackers and artificial intelligence (AI) programs. Studies confirm that physical activity improves executive functions, attention, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. The article presents the neurobiological mechanisms that elucidate the advantageous effects of exercise on executive functions, together with a review of empirical data validating the efficacy of these interventions. The essay additionally explores the possibility for customizing digital physical activity programs. The findings suggest that physical activity, augmented by digital technologies, can serve as a significant component of a comprehensive ADHD treatment framework, particularly in terms of personalizing therapy and enhancing patient involvement.

Materials and methods: A review of the literature available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was performed, using the key words: “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder”, “ADHD”, “physical activity”, “digital interventions”, “exergaming”, “virtual reality”, “VR”.

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS IN FEMALE FERTILITY

Anna Blazhkova — 2025-09-01

Introduction: Nowadays, the world is facing a global issue of infertility. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) influence homeostasis and contribute to the development of various diseases. The endocrine system plays a crucial role in maintaining proper body functions, including metabolism regulation, fluid and electrolyte balance, and, importantly, the regulation of reproductive functions. The EDCs analyzed in this study (pesticides, BPA, phthalates, parabens and phenols, and dioxins) are commonly found in everyday items such as food containers, personal care products, and even children's articles. Recent studies show that their impact on the endocrine system contributes to female infertility.

Purpose of the study: This study aims to investigate the relationship between EDCs found in everyday-use products and the female reproductive system, with an emphasis on their mode of action, substance-specific effects, and duration of exposure.

Materials and methods: An overview of 31 articles sourced from PubMed and open-access databases was conducted. The reviewed literature focused on the disruption of follicular development, prolonged time to pregnancy, and reduced ovarian function. Most of the studies were conducted on women of reproductive age.

Conclusions: EDCs have a negative impact on the female reproductive system on many levels, including hormonal regulation, cellular function, and gene expression.

PSYCHEDELICS IN PSYCHIATRY - OVERVIEW OF PSILOCYBIN RESEARCH

Anna Blazhkova — 2025-09-02

Introduction: Recently, there has been a significant increase in interest in the use of psychedelics for various psychiatric conditions. Psilocybin is receiving particular attention as a psychoactive substance with significant therapeutic potential. Recent research focuses on its possible benefits in the treatment of major depressive disorders (MDD) and anorexia nervosa (AN).

Purpose of the study: This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in treating MDD and AN by analyzing its mechanism of action, clinical trials results and further implications of PAT.

Materials and methods: An overview of 26 articles sourced from PubMed and open-access databases was conducted, with a focus on randomized controlled trials, neurobiological mechanisms and also exploratory research.

Conclusions: Psilocybin and PAT demonstrated significant antidepressant effects, enhancing neuroplasticity, connectivity and cognitive flexibility. While evidence in MDD is significantly more established, preliminary findings in AN are promising, but still require further controlled clinical trials. Psilocybin represents a novel approach to treatment of MDD and AN.

FROM PREDICTION TO PREVENTION: THE ROLE OF AI IN TRANSFORMING CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE RISK ASSESSMENT

Natalia Kulicka — 2025-09-01

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping the landscape of coronary artery disease (CAD) prevention through its ability to enhance risk prediction, early detection, and individualized interventions.

Objective: This narrative review examines the current role of AI-based models in CAD prevention, evaluating their predictive accuracy, clinical applications, and implementation challenges.

Methods: We synthesized evidence from recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original studies on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques using multimodal data such as electronic health records (EHR), electrocardiograms (ECG), and imaging.

Key Findings: AI models consistently outperform traditional risk scores like Framingham and ASCVD in predictive performance, especially when multimodal data integration is applied. These models show particular promise in high-risk and complex populations. Additionally, AI tools contribute to clinical decision-making, including revascularization planning and precision phenotyping. However, critical limitations remain—most notably limited external validation, opacity in model explainability, and bias stemming from non-representative datasets.

Conclusions: While AI offers transformative potential in CAD prevention, responsible deployment requires addressing ethical, technical, and systemic challenges. Key strategies include improving model transparency, ensuring fairness across populations, and embedding AI tools seamlessly into clinical workflows. The success of future systems will depend on explainability, human-AI collaboration, and meaningful stakeholder engagement.

THE CRITICAL ROLE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS IN EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Patrycja Rzeźnik — 2025-09-03

Introduction and purpose: Ehlers- Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of genetic connective tissue disorders with 13 distinguished subtypes. Approximately, 1 in 5000 people receive a diagnosis; however, this number is likely underestimated due to frequent misdiagnosis and delayed identification. The aim of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive overview of EDS, with focus on diagnostic process, common comorbidities and consequences of delayed diagnosis.

State of knowledge: Among the 13 recognized EDS subtypes hypermobile EDS (hEDS), classical EDS (cEDS), and vascular EDS (vEDS) are the most prevalent. Most subtypes can be confirmed through genetic testing, however hEDS lacks a known genetic marker and is diagnosed solely on clinical criteria. This prolongs the diagnostic process-frequently exceeding a decade- leading to psychological distress and increased risk of complications in surgery or pregnancy. Comorbidities such as POTS, MCAS, and gastrointestinal dysmotility are prevalent and further complicate clinical management.

Conclusion: Early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. It reduces the risk of complications, enables tailored treatment plans and helps with psychological distress of medical uncertainty. Healthcare professionals must have higher awareness about EDS in order to provide integrated, comprehensive care.

CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION IN TREATMENT OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Julia Guzowska — 2025-09-03

Introduction and aim: Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), including its non-invasive form transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS), has emerged as a promising treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), particularly treatment-resistant cases. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of VNS and taVNS, with a focus on their mechanisms, efficacy, and immunomodulatory effects in depression.

Methods: A systematic review of PubMed literature (2020-2025) was conducted using the terms "Depresion," and either "Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation" or "taVNS" or "Vagus Nerve Stimulation" or "VNS" and “depression” or “Major Depressive Disorder” with studies manually screened for relevance and credibility.

Results: VNS modulates the brain’s monoaminergic systems by enhancing serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission via afferent vagal projections. It also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways that reduce systemic and central neuroinflammation- which has been suggest as an underlying mechanism for the pathophysiology of depression. VNS also influences the microbiota–gut–brain axis, improving intestinal barrier integrity and restoring gut microbial balance. Dysbiosis may be one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of depression. TaVNS, targeting the auricular branch of the vagus nerve, activates similar neural circuits and shows comparable antidepressant effects with fewer risks. Clinical trials and meta-analyses support its efficacy, especially when combined with pharmacotherapy.

Conclusion: VNS and taVNS represent effective adjunctive treatments for MDD by modulating neurochemical, immunological, and microbiota-related pathways. Further large-scale, controlled trials are needed to clarify optimal stimulation parameters and long-term outcomes.

SUGAR-FREE, BUT NOT SYMPTOM-FREE: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL AND POLYOL-BASED SWEETENERS ON IBS AND GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH

Weronika Stachera — 2025-09-03

Introduction and Objective: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder significantly influenced by diet. In recent years, sugar-free products containing artificial sweeteners and polyols have become increasingly popular, especially among people with IBS. This article reviews the impact of these sweeteners on IBS symptoms and gut microbiota.

Methods: This is a literature review based on articles from the PubMed database published between 2020 and 2025. Studies focusing on artificial sweeteners, polyols, and their effects on IBS and gut health were included.

Results: The reviewed studies show that some artificial sweeteners and polyols can worsen IBS symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea. Additionally, they may negatively affect the gut microbiota, contributing to dysbiosis.

Conclusion: Although promoted as healthier sugar substitutes, many sweeteners may be problematic for IBS patients. Their consumption should be individualized and approached with caution.

BIOMARKERS IN VASCULAR SURGERY: PREDICTING GRAFT FAILURE AND RESTENOSIS

Mateusz Dembiński — 2025-09-03

Vascular diseases are a major source of global morbidity and mortality, often requiring surgical intervention, but the long-term outcomes are frequently compromised by complications like graft failure and restenosis. Since traditional imaging methods often detect these issues only at an advanced stage, there is a critical need for more precise and earlier risk prediction tools. This comprehensive narrative review synthesizes existing literature on the predictive value of circulating and tissue-based biomarkers for these adverse outcomes.

The study systematically examined major electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, utilizing keywords related to vascular surgery, outcomes (e.g., graft failure, restenosis), and biomarkers. The identified biomarkers were categorized into four principal groups: inflammatory, lipid-related, genetic, and novel/emerging markers.

The review found that elevated levels of inflammatory markers—such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and various interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18, IL-33)—are strongly associated with an increased risk of graft failure and restenosis. Conversely, anti-inflammatory interleukins like IL-10 and IL-19 were found to correlate with a reduced risk. Furthermore, an unfavorable lipid profile (high LDL, low HDL, or an elevated LDL/HDL ratio) was consistently linked to a higher incidence of these complications. The review also highlights the promising potential of genetic markers, such as specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and novel biomarkers like non-coding RNAs in developing personalized treatment strategies.

The findings suggest that incorporating biomarker panels into routine clinical practice could significantly enhance preoperative risk stratification, enabling tailored perioperative therapy and more effective postoperative surveillance. By allowing for the early detection of biological evidence of graft compromise, this precision-medicine model has the potential to substantially improve long-term patient outcomes in vascular surgery.

VULVAR LICHEN SCLEROSUS IN WOMEN - THE IMPACT ON QUALITY OF LIFE, SEXUAL AND MENTAL HEALTH

Agata Nowacka — 2025-09-03

Objective: Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic, inflammatory dermatosis that affects women. Physical symptoms and their treatment are well-documented, while the psychological impact requires further research. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge about quality of life, sexual health, and mental health amongst women with VLS.

Methods: PubMed and ScienceDirect were systematically searched for studies published between 2014 and 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on original research assessing quality of life, sexual function, depression, or anxiety in women diagnosed with VLS. Studies not in English or Polish, lacking full-text availability, or without original data were excluded. Data was extracted and synthesized narratively.

Key Findings: Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) significantly affects women’s quality of life, particularly in domains related to sexual and psychological well-being. Common challenges include diminished self-worth, decreased relationship satisfaction, and a higher presence of depressive symptoms. Anxiety is also frequently reported. In the most advanced cases, patients declared suicidal ideation. Women with VLS experience feelings of isolation and shame, often turning to online forums for information and emotional support.

Conclusion: VLS has an impact on psychological and sexual function, mental health, and quality of life. This review emphasizes the importance of recognizing and addressing psychological impairments in conjunction with physical symptoms and the need for a multidisciplinary strategy in the management of VLS. Further research needs to focus on the psychological and sexual aspects of lichen sclerosus in women.

DIPHTHERIA AS A SYSTEMIC DISEASE: ANALYSIS OF COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIPHTHERIA TOXIN

Patrycja Jędrzejewska-Rzezak — 2025-09-03

Diphtheria is a contagious disease caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This disease, although morbidity has significantly decreased in developed nations thanks to immunizations, continues to provide a substantial health risk in areas with low immunization rates. Diphtheria, with the acute inflammatory phase of the upper respiratory tract, can result in severe organ problems, mainly due to the effects of diphtheria toxin. Cardiac involvement, manifested as myocarditis, constitutes the most severe consequence of diphtheria and is the primary cause of mortality in affected persons. Diphtheritic polyneuropathy represents a considerable portion of post-diphtheritic sequelae and has a positive prognosis; therefore, timely diagnosis is crucial for efficient treatment. Renal impairment in diphtheria is less commonly reported than cardiac and neurological sequelae, necessitating greater investigation in this domain. This article reviews the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of diphtheria toxin, the epidemiology of complications, their clinical manifestations, and possible diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The significance of prophylaxis and the increasing danger of illness recurrence due to diminishing vaccination rates in some communities was also emphasized.

Aim of the study: This article aims to elucidate the current state of knowledge on organ complications of diphtheria, focusing on the mechanisms of diphtheria toxin, prevalent clinical manifestations, and potential implications in the cardiovascular, neurological, and renal systems. The paper seeks to highlight the significance of early diagnosis and underscore the need for a multidisciplinary approach in the management of respiratory diphtheria.

Materials and methods: A review of the literature available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was performed, using the key words: „diphtheria”, „cardiac complications”, „neurological complications”, „myocarditis”, „polyneuropathy”, „Corynebacterium diphtheriae”.

THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DEPRESSION - CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE

Agnieszka Zaleszczyk — 2025-09-04

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of the gut microbiome in modulating brain function and its potential impact on mental disorders, including depression. The gut-brain axis, a complex communication network between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system, is crucial for comprehending the relationship between gut microbiota and mental health. Communication along this pathway takes place through various pathways: neuronal, hormonal, and immunological. Multiple preclinical and clinical investigations demonstrate that alterations in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota can influence neuroinflammatory mechanisms, neurotransmitter metabolism, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, potentially facilitating the emergence of depressive symptoms. This article aims to examine contemporary findings about the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome affects mood and to evaluate potential treatment strategies, including psychobiotics, dietary modifications, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Comprehending the function of the microbiome in the etiology of depression could provide novel avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of affective disorders. Although the current state of knowledge does not yet allow the formulation of concrete conclusions and diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations, it certainly encourages further research.

PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION IN NEONATAL JAUNDICE: CURRENT PERSPECTIVES AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL

Anna Zielińska — 2025-09-04

Objective: The objective of this paper is to review the adjunctive role of probiotics in the treatment of neonatal jaundice (NJ), focusing on mechanisms, clinical trial evidence, and synergy with phototherapy.

Methods: Narrative synthesis of randomized controlled trials, mechanistic studies, and meta-analyses of probiotic interventions in term and preterm infants with hyperbilirubinemia.

Results: Probiotics, especially Saccharomyces boulardii and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CP 9 enhance bilirubin clearance via gut modulation, decreased β glucuronidase activity, improved motility, and strengthened barrier integrity. Clinical trials report faster bilirubin decline, shorter phototherapy time, and better feeding tolerance. Multi-strain products also show positive outcomes, though variability in strains and dosing persists.

Conclusions: Probiotics are safe and effective adjuncts to phototherapy in treating NJ. Future standardized large RCTs with long-term follow-up are necessary to define precise clinical guidelines.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SPORT-BASED EXERCISE MODALITIES FOR REDUCING ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Sylwia Boczek — 2025-09-04

Background: Hypertension is the principal modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide and the leading preventable cause of mortality. Over the past 30 years prevalence has doubled to ≈1.3 billion people. Each 20-mmHg increase in systolic or 10-mmHg rise in diastolic blood pressure approximately doubles cardiovascular and stroke mortality; even modest BP reductions substantially lower cardiovascular events, reducing premature mortality globally.

Aim: The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of different types of physical exercise and to compare their effectiveness in reducing arterial blood pressure.

Materials and Methods: Between May-July 2025 we searched PubMed, PMC and Google Scholar (MeSH and free-text). Human studies only; included RCTs, non-randomized, cohort, cross-sectional studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Two reviewers screened; heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis; findings narratively synthesized per PRISMA.

Research results: Different exercise modalities-including aerobic, resistance, isometric, interval, and mind-body practices-consistently reduce blood pressure, with magnitude varying by modality, intensity and duration. Evidence suggests a dose-response for aerobic training and robust SBP reductions for isometric protocols, while resistance, interval and mind-body interventions provide moderate benefits. Heterogeneity in study designs, populations and quality limits direct comparisons and highlights the need for standardized, high-quality trials.

Conclusions: Various exercise types-including aerobic, resistance, isometric, interval, and mind-body practices-consistently reduce blood pressure. Isometric training strongly lowers systolic BP, aerobic exercise shows dose-response benefits up to 150 min/week, and other modalities offer moderate effects. Regular physical activity is a safe, effective nonpharmacological strategy, supporting integration into comprehensive hypertension management.

UNCONVENTIONAL WOUND-HEALING STRATEGIES: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, EMPHASIZING AESTHETIC MEDICINE MODALITIES

Mikołaj Herba — 2025-09-04

Background. In 2019, the United States devoted $126 billion to wound care—constituting 16.3 % of all patient-borne healthcare expenditures—an increase from 14.5 % in 2014, representing a 1.8-percentage-point rise. In Poland, expenditures on wound management reached $1.45 billion in the same year, accounting for 5.6 % of the national healthcare budget. These figures underscore wound care as a critical, interdisciplinary challenge for healthcare systems worldwide.

Aim. Synthesize current approaches to wound management and to elucidate the adjunctive potential of aesthetic medicine techniques in promoting tissue regeneration.

Material and methods. Between April and June 2025, we conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, PMC and Google Scholar using the following keywords: “aesthetic medicine,” “wound healing,” “chronic wounds,” “mesotherapy,” “laser therapy,” and “stem cells in aesthetic medicine.”.

Results. Mesotherapy enhanced burn closure in rat models (glutathione reduced residual wounds to 22.7 cm² versus 46.4 cm² controls). Laser therapies (CO₂, Er:YAG, fractional) improved hypertrophic scar remodeling and chronic wound re‐epithelialization, reduced inflammation, and increased collagen and angiogenesis. Microneedling and ASC-based mesotherapy accelerated hypertrophic and venous ulcer healing metrics.

Conclusions. The studies cited above have demonstrated that procedures employed in aesthetic medicine may offer significant benefits as an adjuvant therapy in the wound-healing process. In particular, emphasis has been placed on the use of high-energy sources—namely, lasers—which markedly enhance the healing of chronic wounds, especially in patients burdened by multiple comorbidities.

THE ROLE OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND GENOMICS IN CARDIAC SURGERY

Michał Bereza — 2025-09-04

Background: Precision medicine, driven by advances in genomics, is reshaping the approach to diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment planning in cardiac surgery. By analyzing genetic variation and molecular pathways, clinicians can move beyond standardized protocols toward individualized surgical care.

Methods: This review synthesizes recent literature on the integration of genomic technologies - such as whole genome sequencing, gene expression profiling, and pharmacogenomics - into the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of cardiac surgery. Sources include peer-reviewed articles, clinical trial data, and translational research reports published over the past 20 years.

Results: Genomic profiling enables improved risk stratification, early detection of hereditary cardiovascular diseases, and identification of genetic biomarkers predictive of surgical outcomes. Pharmacogenomic insights allow optimization of perioperative drug therapy, reducing complications and enhancing recovery. Emerging applications include bioinformatics-driven surgical planning and integration of multi-omic data for real-time decision support. However, challenges remain regarding data interpretation, ethical considerations, and integration into clinical workflows.

Conclusion: Precision medicine and genomics hold significant promise for improving patient-specific outcomes in cardiac surgery. Their successful implementation will require robust clinical evidence, interdisciplinary collaboration, and infrastructure to manage and interpret complex genomic data. Ongoing research is likely to expand their role from risk prediction to fully individualized surgical strategies.

POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF BOVINE COLOSTRUM IN PREVENTION OF NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS: A REVIEW

Aleksandra Przybylska — 2025-09-05

Objectives: Necrotizing enterocolitis is a critical gastrointestinal disorder predominantly affecting neonates. Bovine colostrum is a nutrient-dense first secretion from cows postpartum. Bovine colostrum is abundant in immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides as well as growth factors, making it a promising candidate for nutritional intervention for necrotizing enterocolitis. This review aims to critically assess the existing preclinical and clinical evidence on the efficacy of bovine colostrum supplementation in reducing the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal populations.

Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases. Relevant animal trials and human randomized controlled trials evaluating the impact of bovine colostrum on necrotizing enterocolitis incidence and severity were analysed.

Key findings: Preclinical studies in neonatal piglet models consistently demonstrate that bovine colostrum reduced the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis compared to infant formula, with mechanisms involving enhanced gut barrier integrity, microbiota modulation and reduction in inflammation. Bovine colostrum outcomes were often comparable or superior to human donor milk. However, recent randomised controlled trials in preterm human infants have not shown a statistically significant reductions in necrotizing enterocolitis incidences with bovine colostrum supplementation, possibly due to differences in product processing, dosage and open-label study designs.

Conclusions: Despite promising outcomes in zootechnical models, current clinical evidence does not confirm efficacy of bovine colostrum in necrotizing enterocolitis prevention in human neonates. Further high-quality, standardized, double-blinded clinical trials are needed to clarify its potential in infant care.

AUTOIMMUNITY AS A COMPLICATION OF VIRAL INFECTIONS: SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE AND ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES

Monika Czekalska — 2025-09-05

Viral infections play a key role in the initiation of autoimmune processes and the development of virus-associated cancers. This review presents current knowledge on the mechanisms leading to autoimmunity following viral infections, such as molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, activation of the bystander phenomenon, and deregulation of regulatory T cells. Examples of infection-related autoimmune diseases (SLE, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis) and the impact of COVID-19 as a trigger for new disease entities are also discussed. Particular attention is paid to the role of oncogenic viruses (HPV, HBV, HCV, EBV, HTLV-1) and chronic immunosuppression in the initiation of malignant transformation, as well as the mechanisms of tumor microenvironment formation. The intersection of autoimmunity and immuno-oncology is presented, including the relationship between the occurrence of adverse effects of immunotherapy and treatment efficacy. The importance of biomarkers (ANA, ENA antibodies, cytokine profile) in diagnosis and the challenges in differentiating autoimmunity from early-stage cancers are also discussed. The final section presents therapeutic and preventive strategies, including the role of vaccination, patient monitoring, and immunomodulation. The need for multicenter prospective studies and the development of personalized treatment methods is emphasized. This topic has significant clinical and health implications, particularly in the post-pandemic era, where the incidence of autoimmune disorders and cancers associated with viral infections is increasing.

LUSPATERCEPT – AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF ANEMIA IN BETA-THALASSEMIA AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES

Dominik Domoń — 2025-09-05

Ineffective erythropoiesis (IE) is a hallmark of several hematologic disorders, including β-thalassemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), leading to chronic anemia and transfusion dependence. IE is often driven by disrupted late-stage erythroid maturation, mediated by overactivation of the Smad2/3 signaling pathway within the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. This review summarizes current evidence on the mechanism of action and clinical efficacy of luspatercept, a novel activin receptor ligand trap that enhances erythroid maturation by inhibiting Smad2/3 signaling. A literature search was conducted using PubMed through February 2025, focusing on clinical trials and mechanistic studies of luspatercept in β-thalassemia and MDS. In β-thalassemia, luspatercept significantly reduced transfusion burden in phase I–III trials. The pivotal BELIEVE study demonstrated that ≥33% transfusion reduction was achieved in a significantly higher proportion of patients receiving luspatercept compared to placebo. In low-risk MDS (LR-MDS), phase II PACE-MDS and phase III COMMANDS trials showed that luspatercept induced erythroid response (HI-E) and transfusion independence (RBC-TI) in a substantial proportion of patients. COMMANDS further revealed that luspatercept outperformed epoetin alfa in achieving ≥12-week RBC-TI and ≥1.5 g/dL hemoglobin increase, regardless of SF3B1 mutation status or baseline erythropoietin levels. Luspatercept presents a promising treatment strategy for IE in β-thalassemia and LR-MDS. Its ability to promote erythropoiesis, reduce transfusion needs, and maintain a favorable safety profile supports its potential as a new standard of care. Ongoing research will help define its role across broader patient populations.

AN INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH OF FINANCIAL LITERACY AMONG SMALL SCALE TRADERS IN THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT OF LUSAKA

Vincent Kayangula — 2025-08-18

The study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the growth of financial literacy among the small-scale traders in the Central Business District in Lusaka. The study’s main objective was to determine the factors that influence the growth of financial literacy offered by financial institutions to the small-scale traders; and to assess effects of financial literacy among small scale traders (CBD) in Lusaka; to establish measures that can be used to address factors that influence growth of financial literacy among small scale traders in the Central Business District in Lusaka. The study adopted a mixed methodology approach because it resides in the middle of both qualitative and quantitative continuum and because it also incorporates elements of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 137 respondents from the Central Business District (CBD) of Lusaka to be included in the study. Data collection involved both secondary and primary data; the primary data was collected from respondents such as business owners, managers and workers. Questionnaires, face-to-face interviews and literature review methods were used for data collection. The findings of the study show that factors of financial literacy include financial knowledge, financial attitude and financial awareness. The study shows that financial literacy positively contributes to the growth of business organizations for the small-scale traders in the Central Business District of Lusaka. The study recommends that training of small small-scale traders should be effected since majority of the traders are in the informal sector and their businesses survive for many years but with minimal growth, due to lack of financial knowledge. Finally, the study recommends that government work towards streamlining the coordination of institutions implementing SMEs activities and further research can be carried out to find out the challenges faced by financial literacy providers while undertaking financial education to small-scale traders.