International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science

DEVELOPING A UNIVERSITY LEARNING QUALITY ASSESSMENT SCALE

Habiche Bachir — 2025-04-21

The current study aimed to attempt to construct a scale for evaluating and assessing the quality of education from the perspective of university professors. In the theoretical framework of the construction, we relied on Item Response Theory (IRT), which is considered the modern theory used in scale development. The study found the following:

The data fit the Rasch model.
The scale demonstrated acceptable validity.
The scale exhibited high reliability.

Based on the findings of the current study, it becomes evident that there is a necessity to employ modern measurement theory and its various models to achieve the highest possible level of objectivity in psychological and educational measurement.

ANALYSIS OF HOW LEARNING ENVIRONMENT PARAMETERS IMPACT CHILD SAFETY

Tsevelmaa Demberel — 2025-04-21

This study aimed to assess the current state of the learning environment for children in Mongolia and evaluate the impact of policy and legal frameworks. The study involved 1,025 school-age children from 12 aimags, 9 districts, and 5 districts in 21 provinces, and utilized primary and qualitative data analysis. The findings revealed that the overall environment surrounding children (including school, family, society, individual, and community) significantly influences the safety of the learning environment. However, the study identified weak social and community support at the local level, inadequate internal security within families, and insufficient safety measures in school environments. It also highlighted the inadequate implementation of policies aimed at ensuring child safety. The study emphasized the need for effective coordination of laws, budgets, and initiatives to enhance the internal environment of schools. This research provides essential baseline data for policymakers and researchers to enhance child safety, promote school and community involvement, and improve the learning environment.

THE ROLE OF VOLUNTEERING IN THE FORMATION OF STUDENTS’ HUMANISTIC VALUES

Arzu Qasımov — 2025-04-26

This article explores the role of volunteering in the formation of students' humanistic values. Volunteering positively influences the development of social responsibility, empathy, compassion, cooperation, and solidarity. By participating in volunteer activities, students learn to contribute to society, gain a deeper understanding of social issues, and develop a habit of helping others.
The article highlights that volunteering plays a significant role in students' personal development and increases their social engagement. These activities expand their worldview, enhance leadership, communication, and teamwork skills, and instill a sense of responsibility. Moreover, volunteering strengthens students' social integration and fosters a sense of belonging within the community.
The study concludes that volunteering is crucial in enriching students with humanistic values. Such activities have a significant impact not only on the education system but also on the overall development of society. Therefore, encouraging students to engage in volunteer work is essential for their personal growth and social progress.

THE MAZE OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER AND ARAB IDENTITIES BETWEEN EXTREMISM AND VIOLENCE

Wail Zaoui — 2025-04-27

This study explores the challenges faced by first-year English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students at El-Bayadh University in developing their oral communication skills. It identifies key obstacles such as limited vocabulary, lack of confidence, fear of making mistakes, and insufficient exposure to authentic language use. Additionally, cultural and educational factors, including traditional teaching methods and limited practical language use, contribute to these challenges. The study also examines strategies to overcome these barriers, such as increasing interactive classroom activities, promoting peer communication, and boosting self-confidence through positive reinforcement. By identifying these obstacles and suggesting effective strategies, the research aims to offer insights that could enhance the oral communication proficiency of EFL students, fostering more effective language learning in university settings.

THE ROLE OF THE TEXTBOOK IN PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION VALUES AMONG FIFTH-GRADE PRIMARY PUPILS IN ALGERIA

Elbouche Zina — 2025-05-15

This study aimed to explore the role of the Science and Technology textbook in fostering environmental education values among fifth-grade primary school pupils in Algeria. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach through a content analysis of the Science and Technology textbook used in the fifth grade. The findings revealed that the textbook contributes to the development of environmental education values to varying degrees, with percentages of 49.54%, 28.19%, and 22.25%, respectively. The cognitive domain ranked first in terms of emphasis, followed by the affective domain in second place, and finally the psychomotor domain, which ranked third.

THE IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHICAL THINKING SKILLS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Koussa Narimane — 2025-05-15

Through this research, we seek to raise one of the current issues, which deals with the importance of employing philosophical thinking skills in scientific research. We focus here on the skill of communication, especially since the communicative act in its various forms and perceptions contributes in one way or another to the activation of various research efforts in reality, and is a bridge between the theoretical visions and the applied results of many researches issued by university institutions, especially in the field of humanities and social sciences. With this in mind, we pose the following question: How can philosophical thinking skills contribute to achieving solid research results in various scientific disciplines?

THE SCIENTIFIC RUPTURE: ITS STAGES AND IMPORTANCE IN THE COURSE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Abdelkarim Belazzoug — 2025-05-23

The scientific rupture is the initial phase in scientific research, from which the researcher begins constructing their research project. It represents a preliminary stage through which the researcher acquires a clear understanding of the research subject and progressively eliminates previous judgments and misconceptions. It thus constitutes the initial formative action in the research trajectory, facilitating a practical starting point for the researcher's work. The scientific rupture comprises three essential steps: formulating the initial question, conducting exploratory work, and defining the research problem. After posing the research project as an initial question, the researcher proceeded to investigate and seek specific information related to the topic under study. On the basis of these findings, the researcher develops a theoretical approach to the research subject, constructing the research problem meticulously and systematically. This process follows a rigorous methodology, becoming progressively more detailed from one stage to the next, resembling a funnel that transitions from the general to the specific and then to the most specific.

CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS FOR LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND LEARNING: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

DreAroua Nedjar — 2025-04-27

The analysis carried out by contrastive linguistics helps to extract the similarities and differences between two languages, particularly in contact, and above all, in a learning environment of the target language in the presence of the mother tongue. This discipline endeavours to propose solutions to ensure good language acquisition. The aim is not only to deduce the convergences and divergences between two languages but also, and above all, to extract the difficulties encountered by language learners and find solutions to enrich this learning, i.e. to envisage appropriate teaching strategies.

A DIDACTIC SOLUTION FOR INTEGERS: A METHODOLOGICAL VARIANT WITH PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION

Munkhtaria Khayankhyarvaa — 2025-06-20

This study examines the effectiveness of using a symbol counter methodology to teach integer operations within a three-tiered didactic framework: concrete application, visual representation, and symbolic notation. The experimental approach was designed to address common student challenges, such as sign errors, incomplete understanding, and flawed reasoning in mathematical problem-solving. The pilot lesson incorporated student-centered teaching strategies, including hands-on activities, teamwork, discussion, and reflection.

The symbol counter, a tool utilizing physical symbols like paper circles with plus or minus signs, helped students grasp concepts such as positive and negative numbers, opposite numbers, and zero through tactile and visual experiences. This method facilitated a deeper understanding of integer properties and operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. By transitioning from physical manipulation to mental visualization and symbolic abstraction, students were able to internalize mathematical concepts more effectively.

To validate the hypotheses proposed in the study, we explored the feasibility of employing methodological approaches that encourage student engagement in the lesson, critical thinking, self-directed learning, and collaboration. To achieve the established objectives, the following tasks were undertaken:

- Identifying the experimental group

- Creating the experimental lesson plan

- Conducting the experiment

- Evaluating the experimental outcomes

In high school math classes, we learned the rules for performing operations with integers. The sign calculations were written and formulated as follows:

(+) × (+) = (+)
(+) × (-) = (-)
(-) × (+) = (-)
(-) × (-) = (-)

These notations can be found in various textbooks and educational materials.

THE STATUS OF THE INDUCTIVE METHOD IN EDUCATION AND ITS IMPACT ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ARABIC LANGUAGE AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

Salah Ouchen — 2025-06-28

This research aims to enhance teachers' pedagogical practices and improve their professional performance. To achieve this objective, the researcher employed multiple methods, particularly descriptive and comparative approaches, combining a survey study with a practical field study. The sample consisted of 20 teachers out of 100 and 24 students out of 500. Data were analyzed using statistical variance methods to examine the relationship between academic achievement and the effectiveness of teaching methods.

The findings indicate that teaching Arabic grammar and science education both rely on the inductive method. The use of induction was found to account for 14.89% - a statistically significant result, as it exceeds the critical values of 4.05 and 7.21 at the 5% and 1% confidence levels, respectively. Despite differences in subject matter and methodological approaches, both disciplines utilize induction - systematic induction in the case of Arabic grammar, and experimental induction in the case of scientific education - each tailored to the nature of the subject.

AN EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON LEGAL AWARENESS AMONG THE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN AZERBAIJAN

Khalilova Tayba Rauf — 2025-06-30

Legal concepts and legal awareness are one of the main components of social awareness. This research devoted to study the students’ legal awareness mainly focuses on their attitudes to laws and components of legal awareness. Although legal awareness is a big complex, each of the component can be evaluated individually.

The present study examines the students’ approach and their awareness about legal issues, and their rights. The methodology of the study was developed based on constructivist approach, and the main tool of the research - survey questions assess the cognitive component of legal awareness. The study was realized at Faculty of Social science and psychology, Baku State University in 2025. The results, and relation between dependent and independent variables were analyzed using SPSS program.

The verification of the research questions reveals statistically significant positive results. These findings enable us to assume that the more developed legal concepts are, the more correctly learners apply the knowledge of the relevant laws to recognize situations with unlawful behaviour.
The obtained results can be taken into account in developing training programs to increase the legal awareness of students at the university community.

RESEARCH ON THE IMPACT OF INVESTMENT ON GREEN ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY - BASED ON ANALYSIS OF 21 PROVINCES IN MONGOLIA

Baasandulam Mavidkhaan — 2025-04-28

With globalization and the rapid development of Mongolia’s economy, domestic and foreign investment has become an important force to promote Mongolia’s economic growth and structural optimization. At the same time, Mongolia is facing severe challenges from increasing environmental pollution and tightening resource constraints. Therefore, it is of great significance to research investment how affects the efficiency of Mongolia’s green economy in order to lead economic development and environmental protection in both directions. Based on the panel data of 21 province in Mongolia from 2010 to 2023, this study measured the green economic efficiency of each province, and constructs a panel threshold model to comprehensively test the relationship between investment and efficiency. The results show that investment, environmental investment, and technological development have a positive impact on green economic efficiency, while the employment population has a negative impact on green economic efficiency. This study not only enriches the theory of investment and green growth, but also provides a basis for local governments to formulate differentiated incentive policies.
The main conclusions and recommendations are: The characteristics of the relationship between investment and efficiency, with the increase of investment level, the level of technological innovation increases; provinces at different development stages need to adopt differentiated investment policies, and optimize the investment structure and environment, strengthen the guidance and support role of local governments in green development; strengthen the training and introduction of talents in the field of green technology, attract and retain high-tech talents by establishing talent introduction plans, and enhance technological innovation capabilities.

ENVIRONMENTAL DISPLACEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: BEYOND THE REFUGEE CONVENTION, WITHIN THE HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK

Nadia Moumou — 2025-05-09

The category of environmentally displaced persons does not fall within the scope of protection provided by the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention, as environmental factors are not recognised as grounds for asylum. Moreover, no specific international treaty protects this new category of refugees. Despite this legal gap, scholars have sought to define the concept of environmental refugees to find solutions to the issue of ecological displacement, relying on two fundamental principles: human dignity and the principle of non-discrimination. Some general provisions for protecting refugees in international human rights law are also invoked. In this context, certain United Nations bodies, particularly the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Human Rights Committee, have increasingly played a role in addressing environmental displacement.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY PREDICTION BASED ON THE INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR PANELS AS A DOUBLE SKIN FACADE IN EXISTING OFFICE BUILDINGS

Marouane Samir Guedouh — 2025-04-02

The objective of this research is to address issues related to the energy efficiency of administrative buildings. The energy renovation of buildings using photovoltaic systems as a second skin offers several advantages, including: The integration of solar PV systems into the building’s exterior envelope appears effective and promising for the future facades of existing administrative buildings, where these systems offer renewable energy production and improving the building’s interior comfort. To adjust the energy efficiency of office buildings, this study provides a step-by-step process for predicting the energy efficiency of integrating these PV systems. The main steps of the approach are: (1) studying the environment and thermal potential of buildings using a "Testo 865" thermal camera and a "Testo 830-T2" infrared thermometer; (2) proposing the double-skin facade (DSF) system; (3) calculating the efficiency of these PV systems by applying a calculation formula for PV system production. The results demonstrated that the maximum efficiency of the PV systems, depending on the cases of the studied buildings, can reach up to 32% of the total annual electrical consumption. The PV system can become a second skin for the existing facade, helping to minimize energy consumption while improving the thermal performance and appearance of existing administrative buildings.

CRIMINAL EVIDENCE THROUGH DNA FINGERPRINTING AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY

Laskri Ahcene — 2025-05-07

DNA fingerprinting has become one of the most significant pieces of evidence in criminal law today, prompting many countries to adopt it as a solution to various criminal cases. However, the rigid application of this technology may lead to significant difficulties, particularly concerning protecting individuals from potential violations of their right to privacy. Consequently, criminal legislation has worked to establish a set of guarantees that can effectively safeguard the right to privacy, as exemplified by the Algerian legislature.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE HIGH AUTHORITY FOR TRANSPARENCY, PREVENTION AND COMBATING CORRUPTION THROUGH THE 2022 ANNUAL REPORT

Kezadri Zhira — 2025-05-15

This study aims to shed light on the High Authority for Transparency, Prevention and Combating Corruption as an independent constitutional institution established to promote the principles of transparency, integrity and accountability in the management of public funds, and to reduce the phenomenon of corruption, which is one of the pillars upon which the rule of law is built. The establishment of this institution came in response by the constitutional founder to the international and regional conventions ratified by Algeria, which urge in their content the necessity of reducing the phenomenon of corruption. This was reinforced by the constitutional amendment of 2020, which included many provisions that enshrine the principles of transparency, integrity and accountability in the management of public funds and property. The High Authority for Transparency, Prevention and Combating Corruption was established pursuant to Articles (204-205), granting it broader powers than those previously granted to the National Authority for the Prevention of Corruption. Within the framework of the powers granted to the High Authority, the annual report for the year 2022 was issued, which included many of the Authority’s achievements in combating corruption, which warrant citing it.

THE LEGAL REGULATION OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES AND ITS IMPACT ON COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ALGERIA, EGYPT, TUNISIA, AND SAUDI ARABIA

Walid Terki — 2025-05-15

This study presents a comparative legal analysis of digital currency regulations and their implications for commercial activities in Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia. By examining the distinct regulatory approaches adopted by these nations, the research aims to elucidate how legal frameworks influence the integration of digital currencies into commercial sectors such as e-commerce, investment, and financial transactions. Employing a doctrinal legal methodology complemented by comparative analysis, the study scrutinizes pertinent legislation, regulatory policies, and economic data to assess the effectiveness of existing legal structures in balancing innovation, consumer protection, and financial stability. The findings reveal significant disparities in regulatory stances, ranging from outright prohibitions to cautious endorsement, each bearing unique impacts on commercial operations. By synthesizing these diverse experiences, the study offers insights and policy recommendations aimed at guiding legislators and stakeholders in formulating balanced regulatory frameworks that foster economic development while mitigating associated risks.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – THE RISK OF MISUSE AND THE PATH TO CRIME

Mohamed Djemaa — 2025-05-23

This study examines the transformations that societies have undergone as a result of technological advancement, with a particular focus on artificial intelligence as one of the most prominent aspects of this progress. It clarifies the concept of artificial intelligence and its historical development, and highlights its benefits in various fields such as education, medicine, and industry, thanks to its ability to learn and adapt rapidly. However, the study also draws attention to its increasing dangers, especially when misused, as it can be exploited in committing cybercrimes such as forgery, fraud, and media falsification. The study emphasizes the need for strict legislation to limit these risks, particularly given its potential impact on the job market and on social and economic balances.

THE IMPACT OF DIGITIZATION ON ADMINISTRATIVE CREATIVITY: A FIELD STUDY IN AN ALGERIAN PUBLIC INSTITUTION

Zedira Khammar — 2025-05-30

This study aims to explore the impact of digitalization on administrative creativity, approaching the topic from two integrated perspectives: theoretical and applied. Theoretical in nature, it addresses the concepts of digitalization, its types, and challenges, in addition to providing a detailed presentation of the concept of administrative creativity, its characteristics, and basic theories. The field study is based on a case study of Mohamed Boudiaf Hospital in the province of Oum El Bouaghi, where the impact of digitalization components (such as digital transformation, cloud storage, and electronic applications) on the dimensions of administrative creativity (efficiency, cooperation, and adaptation) was analyzed.
The study aims to assess the organization's capacity to adopt digitalization, diagnose the reality of administrative creativity within the organization, and identify the most significant challenges and difficulties associated with both. The researchers used a structural-functional approach in their methodological framework, utilizing data collection tools such as questionnaires and interviews with a sample of administrative staff and physicians working at the facility.

NATURAL RESOURCE PRESERVATION IN SUBSURFACE BORDER AREAS: SECURITY CHALLENGES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Erdenetsogt Gochoosuren — 2025-06-16

Preserving natural resources in subsurface border territories faces challenges like the need for robust legal frameworks, coordinated security measures, and international cooperation. Additionally, addressing resource scarcity and balancing economic growth with environmental protection is crucial. Community-based approaches and inclusive decision-making are also important for effective resource management in these areas.
Given Mongolia's extensive territory and low population density, safeguarding borders and border regions is crucial for national security. Protecting subsoil resources and enforcing border regulations remain key priorities.
The primary concern is that mining operations in border areas have adverse environmental and social consequences, posing significant threats to border security. This research systematically examines both surface and subsurface border protection systems, with special emphasis on preserving natural resources in border territories.
Mining and mineral extraction activities in border regions disrupt the ecological balance and negatively affect the livelihoods of herders. To uphold Mongolia's border security, it is essential to establish stringent legal frameworks and government policies governing mining and mineral extraction in border areas.
Furthermore, developing effective mechanisms to coordinate the utilization of cross-boundary natural resources with neighboring countries will significantly enhance Mongolia's border security posture.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL AND MONGOLIAN APPROACHES TO QUANTIFYING AND ADDRESSING PSYCHOLOGICAL DAMAGES

Otgonsuren Chuluun — 2025-06-16

In our country, Article 16, Paragraph 14 of the Constitution of Mongolia states that if a person considers their rights and freedoms guaranteed by Mongolian law and international treaties to have been violated, they have the right to appeal to the court and seek compensation for damages illegally caused by others. This provision establishes the legal foundation for filing complaints and seeking remedies for psychological harm caused by criminal acts. However, despite legal reforms improving regulations on compensation for tangible damages to a person's body and property in the Civil Code, Civil Procedure Code, Criminal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, and Forensic Examination Law, the legal framework for remedying and determining compensation amounts for non-material damages, particularly psychological harm, remained undefined until recently.
The Civil Code, Civil Procedure Code, Criminal Code, and Criminal Procedure Code lack provisions defining psychological harm, specifying which crimes warrant compensation for such harm, what requirements should be met for calculation, and what criteria should be applied.
Due to this inadequate legal regulation, victims of crimes are unable to fully exercise their rights to receive complete and fair compensation for their damages.
On one hand, when calculating damages for loss of life, health, emotional distress, or psychological harm caused by criminal acts in Mongolia, courts have only been considering evidence-based costs such as medical treatment, funeral expenses, and transportation costs. In other words, courts have only been calculating actual material damages, while non-material damages such as emotional distress or psychological harm have remained undefined and consequently uncompensated.
On the other hand, victims of crimes who have suffered emotional distress or psychological harm have not been claiming compensation for their psychological damages, and the few claims filed in court have been dismissed, failing to provide genuine protection of human rights. However, the current situation has improved with the final approval of the revised Forensic Examination Law, which regulates the forensic examination process in detail and incorporates provisions for determining the severity of psychological harm (commonly referred to as emotional distress) through forensic examination, allowing courts to assess monetary compensation and settle damages. Amendments have been made to criminal and civil legislation accordingly.

SOME METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO PATRIOTIC NATIONAL EDUCATION, CULTURE AND ARTS WORK AMONG CITIZENS OF MONGOLIA

Ichinnorov Oyun — 2025-06-16

Mongolian patriotism is a complex idea that is shaped by the country's history, nomadic roots, and interactions with the global community. It is demonstrated through cultural preservation, artistic endeavors, and a deep sense of national pride, often showcased through traditional practices and customs. This blend of tradition and modernity creates a unique patriotic spirit in Mongolian society.
This study explores the complex nature of patriotic ideology among Mongolian citizens and its manifestation through cultural and artistic endeavors. Patriotism in Mongolia is defined as a strong attachment to one's homeland, influenced by traditional values and historical and contemporary social factors. The research investigates how patriotic education functions as a means of safeguarding national security and cultural heritage in the face of globalization and socio-economic changes.
Various strategies for promoting patriotic values are examined, including reforms in governance, education, and financial support systems. The study emphasizes the important roles of families, schools, cultural institutions, media, and the Armed Forces in nurturing patriotic sentiment. It also addresses the challenges posed by market forces, declining morals, and external influences that threaten national identity.
The study suggests that effective patriotic education should blend traditional Mongolian values with modern democratic principles, drawing on the country's unique cultural heritage and nomadic traditions. It concludes that enhancing patriotic ideology requires collaborative efforts across society, guided by strong leadership and a commitment to justice, to safeguard Mongolia's independence, security, and cultural richness.

ASSESSMENT AND COMPENSATION OF HEALTH, LIFE AND EMOTIONAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM CRIMINAL ACTS IN MONGOLIA

Otgonsuren Chuluun — 2025-06-16

This study explores the existing legal framework for assessing compensation for human life, health, and emotional harm, highlighting key obstacles and proposing recommendations for enhancing compliance with global norms.
Changes in the political, socio-economic, and economic aspects of any country are ultimately reflected in laws and other legal acts. Law serves as the driving force of society. However, the control and management of this driving force depend on the individual, who is an integral part of society. Therefore, the essence of a state governed by the rule of law largely hinges on the guarantee and protection of human rights and freedoms.
According to international norms, Article 2.27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stipulates that “Everyone has the right to compensation for material and psychological damage.” Similarly, Article 16, Part 1 of the Mongolian Constitution asserts that “everyone has the right to life,” and Article 14 grants individuals the right to seek protection of their rights through the court system if they believe their rights have been violated. Personal life, health, honor, and reputation are recognized and safeguarded as fundamental human rights and freedoms.
Therefore, it is essential to comprehensively address non-economic harm to human life, health, and mental well-being, as well as issues such as defamation and slander, and the legal mechanisms for their resolution and compensation.

THE CURRENT RISK ANALYSIS OF BORDER PORTS IN MONGOLIA

Gansukh Bat-Erdene — 2025-06-17

Mongolia, a country with a low population density and an area of 1.56 million square kilometers, shares borders with Russia to the north and China to the south. Mongolia's border crossings play a crucial role in an economy heavily reliant on mining exports and constrained by limited land area.
The fast-paced growth of the global economy, shifts in border management at the state border and border regions from foreign countries, the rise in operations and output of private businesses in border regions and zones domestically, the swift increase in the transportation of raw materials and products across state borders, and the movement of individuals, all have a direct impact on the country's economic performance. These factors have influenced Mongolia's economic security, which is fundamental to its existence, as well as border security, particularly border control activities carried out by organizations.
Despite the Port Revitalization Policy's anticipated role in addressing the growing burden of border checkpoints and associated risks at ports, Mongolia's border checkpoints continue to operate with the same staffing levels and structure as in the 1980s and 1990s, resulting in unchanged throughput capacity. During that period, the number of passengers and vehicles crossing the Mongolian border was significantly lower, and the infrastructure and capacity were sufficient. However, the current workplace capacity is inadequate, leading to high workloads for border control agency employees. Additionally, there is no differentiation between vehicles entering and exiting customs, complicating the duties of border checkpoint employees and creating conditions for disorder.

A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO SECURITY IS BECOMING THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Turbold Tumendemberel — 2025-06-17

In order to effectively address any issue, it is essential to have a strong and scientifically grounded conceptual foundation. This requirement is crucial not only for scientific advancements, but also for the development of security and development strategies that are rooted in fundamental principles and concepts. Therefore, this article seeks to explore the interplay between system security and development through a systems approach in conjunction with risk analysis, aiming to contribute to fostering mutual understanding and a cohesive approach to sustainable development. The article covers two main areas: firstly, the theory and methodology of security studies, the patterns associated with its evolution, and the global community's focus on this issue; and secondly, methodological recommendations for ensuring the sustainable development of systems.

THE MAIN FORMATS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF MULTELATERAL DIPLOMACY

Kunina Irina — 2025-06-30

A comprehensive study of the formation and development of the institute of multilateral diplomacy, as well as the mechanisms and methods of its implementation, is becoming particularly relevant at the present stage. Due to the increasing complexity of global political processes and the formation of a new world order, many scientists, public figures and politicians today dispute the value of multilateralism, which negatively affects the development of its institutions. The purpose of this article is to study multilateral diplomacy in the context of revealing the main formats of international interaction within the framework of this type of diplomacy. In theory, multilateral diplomacy is guided by some key principles of international order. In practice, multilateral diplomacy is the main instrument of cooperation in the search for agreed solutions, as well as the implementation of the political goals of certain participating States. This kind of diplomacy requires a serious modernization of diplomatic structures, tools and methods.

WASTE MANAGEMENT AS A KEY FACTOR IN ENSURING THE RIGHT TO A HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT IN MONGOLIA

Maral Bold — 2025-06-30

Waste management is a crucial aspect of ensuring the right to live in a healthy and safe environment as outlined in the Mongolian Constitution. The Law on Waste governs waste-related matters in the country. The effectiveness of any social development is determined by the legal framework and its implementation. The volume of waste in Ulaanbaatar city is growing annually, and any discrepancies in laws, regulations, or management practices can impact Mongolians' right to a healthy and safe environment.
There are numerous factors contributing to the continuous increase in waste in Ulaanbaatar city each year, but the legal framework is crucial from a systemic viewpoint. Effective enforcement of the Waste Law would ensure that all citizens understand their obligations, comply with the law, and have the privilege of residing in a clean and secure environment. As per legislative regulations, the enforcement of the ratified law should be assessed every five years; however, the implementation of the Waste Law has not been reviewed since its inception to date.
According to the 23rd report of the National Human Rights Commission on human rights and freedoms in Mongolia, the country scored 29.6 on the index measuring global implementation of sustainable environmental policies, placing it 155th out of 180 countries worldwide and 19th out of 25 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The report evaluates the enforcement of 8 laws to assess citizens' right to live in a healthy and safe environment. This study highlights potential areas for enhancing the enforcement of the Waste Law and the waste management system in Ulaanbaatar, addressing factors that impact the ability to live in a healthy and safe environment.

THE VIRTUAL PUBLIC SPHERE: QUESTIONING THE STANDARDS OF FORMATION ACCORDING TO THE TRILOGY OF RECOGNITION BY AXEL HONNETH

Bouchenafa Talia — 2025-04-21

This study aims to investigate the extent to which cyber space is able to host public sphere discussions based on public deliberation of issues of public affairs, communicative equality between social subjects. The study attempted to search for the trilogy of recognition (love, solidarity, right) by Axel Honeth and search for it within the cyber platforms that It is relied upon as an incubating environment for public affairs discussions and the formation of a virtual public sphere that seeks to achieve mutual recognition between interacting subjects.

THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE CAUSES AND MOTIVATIONS OF WORKPLACE BULLYING

Fadila Gheraibia — 2025-05-19

The phenomenon of bullying has seen a notable increase in recent times, becoming one of the key challenges individuals face, which hinders their ability to achieve their goals and meet their needs in life. Bullying is a negative behavior perpetrated by an individual or group against another individual or group, and it is most commonly observed in workplace environments. Due to the rising interest of researchers and academics in the phenomenon of workplace bullying, it is important to coordinate efforts to identify the real causes of this phenomenon, understand the factors that drive it, and seek prompt solutions to limit its spread. This is vital to reduce its impact on the achievement of both organizational objectives and human resources goals. The growing prevalence of workplace bullying has significant consequences on individual well-being and organizational efficiency, making it crucial to address this issue to foster a healthier, more productive work environment for all employees.

THE ROLE OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) IN SUPPORTING DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

Sara Abdelli — 2025-05-23

This study investigates the pivotal role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in driving and accelerating digital transformation across multiple sectors. Employing a qualitative analytical methodology, the research draws upon an extensive review of recent scholarly literature and real-world industry case studies. The analysis delves into the fundamental components of IoT systems, their architectural design, and their practical applications in areas such as healthcare, manufacturing, transportation, agriculture, and smart urban environments. Additionally, the study identifies key barriers to widespread IoT adoption, including cybersecurity threats, interoperability challenges, and regulatory ambiguities. The findings underscore IoT’s substantial impact on enhancing operational performance and decision-making through real-time data processing and automated processes. While notable obstacles remain, the research concludes that the strategic deployment of IoT technologies yields significant advantages-ranging from cost savings and process optimization to increased organizational competitiveness. To unlock the full transformative capacity of IoT, the study highlights the necessity of implementing robust cybersecurity frameworks, coherent regulatory policies, and standardized integration protocols.

HOW DOES ISLAMIC ART CONTRIBUTE TO ENRICHING ARAB-EUROPEAN CULTURAL DIVERSITY?

Mebarek Fadhila — 2025-04-21

Islamic art promotes understanding and cross-cultural exchange, which greatly enriches the cultural diversity of Arabs and Europeans. From the Middle Ages onward, its complex geometric patterns, calligraphy, and arabesques have impacted European art, architecture, and design, as evidenced by the Gothic and Renaissance eras. During the 12th-century Renaissance, Islamic scientific and philosophical texts were translated into Latin, which promoted intellectual exchanges and helped incorporate Islamic artistic ideas into European philosophy. Islamic art museums and exhibitions in Europe help to close cultural gaps and foster a sense of shared heritage. This artistic exchange promotes a greater understanding of diversity and commonality in modern multicultural societies by highlighting historical connections between Arab and European civilisations in addition to celebrating aesthetic beauty.

INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE: CONCEPTUAL DILEMMAS BETWEEN THE IMMATERIAL AND THE CULTURAL

Khaled Benfafa — 2025-04-21

Intangible Cultural Heritage is a fundamental pillar of collective identity, encompassing traditions, oral expressions, performing arts, and traditional craftsmanship transmitted across generations. However, its dual nature—both "intangible" and "cultural"—poses significant conceptual and policy challenges, making This paper explores the interplay between the symbolic dimension of ICH and its role in shaping collective identity while examining the impact of globalization and digitalization on its transmission and sustainability. It also analyzes international and local strategies for its preservation, highlighting the challenges faced by developing countries in documenting and protecting ICH within evolving cultural contexts. By offering a comprehensive perspective on contemporary approaches to ICH conservation, this study aims to propose innovative mechanisms to ensure its continuity amid rapid social and cultural transformations.

CIVILIZED COEXISTENCE IN THE HEAVENLY RELIGIONS: A HISTORICAL APPROACH AND A SOCIAL VISION IN THE REALITY OF THE TIMES

Bensefia Mohamed — 2025-04-21

The true and pure monotheistic religions of distortions and positive texts emphasized the need for understanding, acquaintance and cooperation between people, but while recognizing the principle of difference between these races, and that is in the service of humanity and its interests, and the basis of that justice and equality, and we as Muslims ordered Islam and the Holy Quran, which God has saved from any distortion or falsification, to preserve that coexistence, and to set the ideals in coexistence with others and preserve their rights, and history is a testament to that and history. This framework includes the objectives of this article entitled: The message of civilized coexistence in the heavenly religions: a historical approach and a social vision in the reality of the times, the first part of which we try to focus on that noble message in all the heavenly religions and approach them through models witnessed by history; The strong dominated the weak and violated his sanctities and ate his rights, and the grinding wars and seditions that are prevalent nowadays are only the result of the interruption of the rope of coexistence and civilized communication, which was and still is The Pure Source Islam through the verses of the Holy Quran and the Prophet's Sunnah.

NEW KHALDUNISM IN THE THOUGHT OF ‘ABD AL-MAJĪD MIZIYĀN

Djebella Mohamed — 2025-05-15

This article examines the foundations of the “New Khaldunism” according to Dr. ‘Abd al-Majīd Miziyān. It aims to clarify his stance toward the inherited Khaldunian legacy and his vision for the methodology followed by social researchers—whom he regards as adherents of the New Khaldunism—should adopt when studying contemporary social phenomena, using the epistemological and methodological tools Ibn Khaldūn employed in his analysis of medieval Arab and Berber societies.

CIVILIZATION AND UNIVERSAL VALUES

Dekkar Mohammed Amine — 2025-05-23

Morality is no longer a single, unified concept. Instead, it has evolved into a diverse set of ethics that are influenced by various cognitive domains. These dimensions collectively aim to establish a universal moral framework in contemporary civilization. This shift is particularly important given the moral crises of the past century, as well as the challenges faced at the beginning of this one. The crises stemming from the two World Wars, independence movements, and advancements in technology, medicine, and biology have all contributed to the resurgence of the moral question in its original foundational context. In addition, the ongoing events in Palestinian territories further highlight the relevance of revisiting ethical discussions.
Thus, there is a pressing need for the human mind to reconstruct a new understanding of ethics that aligns with these urgent and rapid changes in society. Today's challenge lies in determining how ethics can move beyond traditional, classical frameworks. It is crucial to rethink and revitalize these perceptions in a way that fosters a more humane and self-aware practice. The real test, then, is how ethics can adapt to a dynamic and unpredictable civilization, maintaining its effectiveness and tangible impact amidst these shifts.

THE PROBLEMATIC OF INTERPRETING RELIGIOUS TEXTS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF JÜRGEN HABERMAS AND ITS REPRESENTATIONS IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE

Latroche Ahmed — 2025-05-23

This paper explores the philosophical approach of Jürgen Habermas to the interpretation of religious texts, focusing on how communicative rationality can serve as a tool for meaningful dialogue within the modern public sphere. It addresses the epistemological and hermeneutic challenges posed by the reinterpretation of religious traditions in contemporary societies, where secular and pluralistic values often clash with inherited religious meanings. On the basis of Habermas's communicative action theory and his engagement with modern hermeneutics, this study examines how rational discourse can foster mutual understanding and uncover the deeper layers of meaning embedded in religious language. Particular attention is given to the distinction between discursive and nondiscursive validity claims, the role of language in shaping public reasoning, and the potential of interpretation as a means of cultural integration and ethical reflection. By connecting Habermas's ideas with broader hermeneutic traditions and thinkers such as Mohammed Arkoun and Paul Ricœur, the paper highlights the critical function of interpretation in negotiating the boundaries between faith and reason, tradition and modernity. Ultimately, the study affirms that the rational reinterpretation of religious texts is essential to fostering inclusive dialogue and sustaining democratic coexistence in pluralistic societies.

THE DUAL NATURE OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS: CHALLENGES OF ADAPTATION AMONG MONGOLIAN MILITARY PERSONNEL

Nergui Bayartogtokh — 2025-06-27

The United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the UN) has continuously deployed over 90,000 military personnel from multiple nations-collectively known as the “Blue Helmets”-to participate in peacekeeping operations with high levels of organization and coordination. These operations have become one of the UN's most effective tools in assisting host nations through the difficult transition from conflict to peace. For Mongolia, participation in peace support operations holds growing importance, and various measures have been taken to expand cooperation and engagement in the defense sector. This study employed quantitative survey methodology and consolidates findings from questionnaires distributed to peacekeeping personnel, their families, and the general public. Results show that participation in peace operations leads to increased income and helps resolve certain social issues for the personnel; however, adverse effects on physical and mental health are also evident. This research contributes to understanding the socio-economic and health-related challenges faced by military personnel in peacekeeping operations and identifies the influencing factors behind them.

CAFFEINE – A POPULAR STIMULANT AS A CAUSE OF INSOMNIA AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS – A REVIEW OF THE LATEST LITERATURE

Emilia Majewska — 2025-05-08

Introduction and Objective
Caffeine is a common stimulant frequently used by young people, particularly medical students. Despite its numerous beneficial properties, it also causes various adverse effects, including addiction. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between insomnia among medical students and their caffeine consumption.

Materials and Methods
This review paper uses resources available in the Google Scholar databases. All the studies included in the review were published in 2024. The phrase "caffeine insomnia medical student" was used to search for relevant studies. These articles are available online and free-full text.

Results
Many medical students regularly consume caffeinated drinks. The reasons of using include combating fatigue, improving cognitive functions and concentration. However, its consumption is associated with negative health effects such as insomnia. Results of studies included in this review show that sleep disorders were reported by approximately 30% to nearly 50% of surveyed medical students consuming caffeinated drinks. Medical students suffering from insomnia showed worse test results. Sleep plays a crucial role in memory retention and information processing. Most of them lacked sufficient knowledge about the side effects of caffeine and the determination of a safe daily dose.

Conclusions
Insomnia is a common health issue among medical students. Regular caffeine consumption increases the risk of its occurrence. The surveyed students have limited knowledge about the side effects associated with caffeine use. To raise awareness among future doctors about the serious health consequences of excessive caffeine consumption, appropriate health education should be introduced during medical studies.

ROLE OF MEDICAL STAFF IN THE ONCOLOGY DEPARTMENT IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CARE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH CANCER

Guellil Mohammed Réda — 2025-05-19

This study aimed to identify Role of medical staff in the oncology department in the psychological care of children and adolescents with cancer, as well as to know the position taken by medicine in the treatment of psychological aspects of cancer in children. This is an exploratory qualitative study and was conducted at the Pediatric Oncology Department of Oran. Clinical interviews were used, because it is a methodological tool that allows direct and personal contact with a source of information from a versatile conversation to obtain clear answers to our question. The observation grid was also used as a research tool which lists a set of criteria. The results of this study confirmed the validity of the previously proposed hypothesis and indicate that the participation of medical staff in the psychological support of children with cancer during treatment is crucial for the quality of care provided to these children.

CAN DARK CHOCOLATE IMPROVE OUR COGNITIVE SKILLS? EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF COCOA FLAVANOLS ON FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN – A REVIEW ARTICLE

Wojciech Ługowski — 2025-05-19

This review evaluates the impact of cocoa consumption, particularly flavanol-rich dark chocolate, on cognitive function based on evidence from 25 human studies. A structured literature search was conducted in the PubMed database using predefined keywords, and relevant studies were selected according to methodological quality and relevance. Cognitive domains assessed included memory, processing speed, executive function, and visual cognition. Findings from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses indicate modest cognitive benefits, especially in long-term memory and processing speed, primarily among middle-aged and older adults following chronic flavanol intake. Functional neuroimaging studies support underlying mechanisms such as enhanced cerebral perfusion, increased neuronal efficiency, and modulation of hippocampal function. Short-term improvements were observed in episodic and spatial memory, reaction time, and visual sensitivity. However, results across studies are inconsistent. Large-scale trials, notably the COSMOS project, reported no significant cognitive benefits from daily cocoa flavanol supplementation in the general population, though limited improvements were noted in individuals with poor dietary quality. Some trials reported null or adverse outcomes, particularly in younger adults and when cocoa was combined with omega-3 fatty acids. In conclusion, cocoa flavanol intake may confer cognitive benefits in specific populations and contexts. However, variation in study design, dosing, and baseline characteristics limits generalizability. Further research is warranted to establish optimal intake regimens, identify responsive subgroups, and determine long-term safety.

NARCISSISTIC FUNCTIONING IN DRUG ADDICTS: A PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY USING THE RORSCHACH TEST

Amel Ghezal — 2025-05-23

The fragility of narcissistic functioning observed in individuals with drug addiction was highlighted in a compulsive and urgent manner through a projective psychopathological study. The results were analyzed using a psychoanalytic framework focused on chronic addiction cases of various types. This analysis was based on three Rorschach test protocols and an examination of the "mental status" Data were gathered through a qualitative projective psychoanalytic method, which revealed a profoundly disturbed psychological state. This condition was marked by severe difficulties in self-representing and an inability to integrate the body image, largely due to intense anxiety linked to feelings of disintegration and annihilation. Furthermore, identity instability emerged as a core disturbance, significantly impairing the individual's capacity to maintain a stable narcissistic foundation.

PREDICTING AFFECTIVE EPISODES THROUGH DIGITAL MONITORING OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DISTURBANCES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS

Piotr Łapiński — 2025-05-30

Introduction: Affective disorders are serious, long-lasting, and often relapsing conditions that strike an individual unpredictably. The ideal psychiatric monitoring mechanism would predict coming episodes before their full-blown clinical symptoms develop. This would be a tremendous advance and may be possible using our current understanding of the nature of affective disorders, portable device-based data collection capabilities, and remote data analysis. There are numerous reviews of the literature that cover the symptom recognition of affective disorders using mobile devices, but there are no reviews on the actual prediction of affective episodes. This review aims to cover that gap.
Methods: A systematic review of five databases (2016-2025) was conducted and included 10 observational studies, mostly designed as prospective cohorts, that concentrated on the prognosis of affective disorders and utilized wearable devices. The variables under study were circadian parameters, sleep metrics, amounts and intensity of physical activity, and light exposure. Although the methodological diversity among the studies made direct comparisons problematic, the studies allowed for the identification of certain findings that appear promising for predicting the occurrence of affective episodes.
Results: The review encompassed 10 observational studies (1416 subjects). Our synthesis showed that it is possible, even feasible, to predict affective episodes using mathematical models. These models assess the types of characteristic disturbances that individuals with affective disorders have in their circadian rhythms. When we applied some standard methods for doing this kind of analysis (Accuracy Metrics and AUC Values), the results gave us AUC values that ranged from about 0.67 to 0.98, depending on several factors.
Conclusions: Predicting affective episodes is possible using wearable technology or smartphone app, which can detect disturbances in a person's circadian rhythm. Currently, the best methods for doing this merit a look because they could indeed allow for early intervention before the onset of manic or depressive symptoms.

EMERGENCE AGITATION IN PATIENTS WITH POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER - LITERATURE REVIEW

Julia Kaszucka — 2025-06-01

Emergence agitation (EA) is an acute condition, characterised by confusion, and restlessness, occurring in the early recovery phase from general anaesthesia. EA can have significant clinical impact, including patient distress, injury, increased morbidity, and increased healthcare costs, as well as possible long-term consequences. Though the pathophysiology of emergence agitation remains unknown, it is believed to involve a multifactorial mechanism, including heightened sympathetic nervous system activation, and psychological factors such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD, a psychiatric disorder resulting from exposure to trauma, may predispose individuals to emergence agitation. This literature review aims to examine the relationship between EA and PTSD, highlighting possible mechanisms, prevalence and risk factors involved, as well as discuss possible prevention methods and pharmacological interventions. A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology and risk factors of emergence agitation in PTSD patients is critical for developing suitable prevention and anaesthesia management strategies.

HYPERVITAMINOSIS B12 – IS IT A SIGNIFICANT PARAMETER IN THE CONTEXT OF CANCER? – REVIEW PAPER

Emilia Majewska — 2025-06-09

Introduction and Objective
Vitamin B₁₂ plays an important role in hematopoiesis, the synthesis of myelin sheaths and the DNA methylation process. Food products rich in vitamin B₁₂ include meat, offal, eggs, fish, and fermented plants. Hypervitaminosis B₁₂ is serum level of this vitamin exceeding the reference range. Causes of this condition include liver or kidney failure, autoimmune diseases, infections, excessive supplementation, improper diet and malignant neoplasms.

Materials and Methods
The aim of our paper is analyzing studies about relationship between hypervitaminosis B₁₂and cancer disease. All articles are available in Google Scholar database in English, full-text online and free of charge. The phrase used for the search was ‘Vitamin B12 cancer’.

Results
Conclusions drawn by analyzed studies. Oncologic patients exhibit higher average levels of vitamin B₁₂. Hypervitaminosis B₁₂ adversely impacts survival time in patients with diagnosed cancer. Prolonged hypervitaminosis is more frequently associated with the future occurrence of malignant neoplasms compared to temporarily elevated levels. During cancer regression, vitamin B₁₂ levels normalize. Increased mortality among patients with hypervitaminosis B₁₂ is observed both in oncologic and internal medicine patients.

Conclusions
The diagnosis of hypervitaminosis B₁₂ should not be marginalized. Detailed diagnostics should be implemented to find its cause. In the future, monitoring the level of vitamin B₁₂ may prove helpful in cancer prevention and in assessing the effectiveness of anticancer treatment. The detailed connections between vitamin B₁₂ and the occurrence of malignant tumors are still unclear and require further scientific research.

THE IMPACT OF FOAM ROLLING ON MUSCLE RECOVERY AND PAIN RELIEF – A REVIEW ARTICLE

Julia Samek — 2025-06-16

The present review evaluates the impact of foam rolling on muscle recovery, with a particular focus on muscle strength, lactate clearance, range of motion, and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The analysis synthesizes findings from multiple studies, indicating that foam rolling may preserve muscle strength, reduce lactate accumulation, and alleviate DOMS following intense physical exertion. Evidence from various athletic populations suggests that foam rolling effectively minimizes the decline in isometric and explosive strength post-exercise, particularly in the lower limbs, while also decreasing subjective fatigue and improving proprioception. The application of vibration during foam rolling may further enhance perfusion, promoting metabolic clearance, though these effects are transient. Additionally, foam rolling appears to reduce muscle soreness at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise, with some studies suggesting comparable efficacy to active recovery methods. However, inconsistencies in study design, intervention duration, and roller type limit the generalization of findings. Consequently, while foam rolling shows promise as a supplementary recovery tool, further research is warranted to standardize protocols and elucidate its long-term efficacy.

THE IMPACT OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON HUMAN HEALTH: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF RENAL, HEPATIC, CARDIOVASCULAR AND GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS

Bartłomiej Czerwiec — 2025-06-19

Introduction and purpose
Protein is a key nutrient, especially for physically active individuals. The growing popularity of whey protein (WP) supplementation among athletes and fitness enthusiasts is driven by its benefits for muscle regeneration and metabolism. However, concerns arise regarding excessive and unmonitored intake, particularly its effects on kidney and liver function, gut microbiota, and cardiovascular health. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the health impacts of WP, highlighting both benefits and risks.

Methods
A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with terms such as “whey protein”, “adverse effects”, “liver toxicity”, “kidney function”, “gut microbiota”, and “cardiovascular health”. Priority was given to studies from the last decade, including clinical trials and systematic reviews.

Brief description of the state of knowledge
WP supports muscle growth, insulin sensitivity, and satiety. It may positively affect cardiovascular health by increasing GLP-1 levels, which help reduce blood glucose, blood pressure, and body weight. Nonetheless, excessive intake may strain liver and kidney function, particularly in those with pre-existing conditions. Effects on gut microbiota are mixed while some studies show anti-inflammatory benefits, others suggest dysbiosis. A key issue is the lack of dosage standardization and individual consultation, increasing misuse risk.

Summary
WP supplementation can offer health and performance benefits when used responsibly. Risks, especially for liver and kidneys, must be considered. Individualized guidance and more standardized research are essential to ensure safe and effective use.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE KETOGENIC DIET IN TREATING SYMPTOMS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER – A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Marta Danuta Cendrowska — 2025-06-27

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder is a multifactorial condition characterised by challenges in interpersonal engagement, communication deficits and distinct behavioural patterns that deviate from typical developmental norms. While this condition is estimated to affect about 1 in 100 children worldwide, its treatment options are still limited. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the potential of ketogenic diet - high-fat, low-carbohydrate regimen valued primarily for anticonvulsant qualities - in alleviating autism spectrum disorder clinical signs.

Materials and methods: An extensive review of the literature was performed focusing on publications published since 2017.

Results: Evidence suggests that the ketogenic diet influences metabolic activity of cells, display anti-inflammatory benefits, alter gut microbiota composition, positively influence mitochondrial activity and modulate brain function and behavioural phenotypes via epigenetic pathways. Therefore, ketogenic diet has emerged as a potentially effective therapeutic option in ameliorating ASD symptoms. Additionally, combining ketogenic diet with other therapeutic diets and their beneficial effects seems reasonable and justifiable.

Conclusions: While these initial findings appear encouraging, extended research on larger and more diverse populations is required. Current evidence on the efficacy of ketogenic diet in treating symptoms of autism spectrum disorder is limited by variable study designs, small sample sizes, and frequently suboptimal adherence.

ORTHODONTIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERSECTIONS: ASSESSING THE PSYCHIATRIC RELEVANCE OF MALOCCLUSION – A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Karolina Stępień — 2025-06-27

Introduction. Currently, mental health is one of the major social concerns. The etiology of psychiatric disorders is complex and multifactorial. Reduced self-esteem can be considered one of the contributing factors.

The aim of this review is to analyze available literature in order to identify a potential relationship between malocclusion and psychological disorders. It is postulated that dentofacial deformities may contribute to a reduced quality of life and, consequently, to the development of depression and other psychiatric conditions.

Materials and methods. A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and „Google Scholar” databases was conducted. The search was performed using the following keywords: malocclusion, or-thognathic surgery, mental health, depression, anxiety, eating disorder

Results. According to most authors in available literature, malocclusion has an impact on mental health. It may increase the risk of depression or anxiety disorders and significantly reduce quality of life. Any delays in initiating treatment may also affect mental well-being, particularly in adolescents. A correlation was also found between malocclusion and poorer academic performance in children. Furthermore, attempts were made to examine the relationship between eating disorders (ED) and malocclusion. However, the findings remained unconclusive - study groups were to small and lacked diversity. Nevertheless, it can be noted that oral health issues, both orthodontic and carious, may increase discomfort during eating and in consequence negatively influence dietary habits.

Conclusions. Based on findings from available literature, a correlation between malocclusion and mental health can be inferred. However, the data remain inconsistent; therefore, more research is necessary to clarify this correlation.

THE IMPACT OF ACTIVE OR PAST MATERNAL ANOREXIA NERVOSA ON FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Julia Procyk — 2025-06-27

Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric eating disorder that disrupts the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, often causing amenorrhea and delaying conception. Although remission can restore fertility, both active and past AN are linked to obstetric and neonatal complications.

Aim of the Study: We aimed to systematically review the current knowledge about the effect of maternal anorexia nervosa on fetal growth and development.

Methodology: PubMed was searched (2005–2025) for original English clinical studies on maternal AN and fetal outcomes; reviews, case reports, and non‐clinical articles were excluded, resulting in 17 eligible full‐text studies.

Results: The most consistently reported finding was a significantly lower birth weight in infants born to mothers with a history of past or active AN. The main cause of low birth weight was low maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and insufficient weight gain during pregnancy. Other common adverse neonatal outcomes included small-for-gestational-age, preterm birth, and reduced head circumference, the latter being associated with potential neurocognitive developmental delays. The risk of complications was markedly higher for women with active AN during pregnancy.

Conclusions: Maternal AN increases the risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Multidisciplinary care with careful monitoring of maternal weight, nutritional status, and mental health is essential to minimize risks and optimize perinatal outcomes.

FOOD ALLERGY AND BIRCH POLLEN: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND IMMUNOTHERAPY POSSIBILITIES

Weronika Duda — 2025-06-27

Introduction and Aim of the Study: During the birch pollen season, cross-reactions between the allergen Bet v 1 and the Mal d 1 allergen from apples can induce pollen-related food allergy (prFA), particularly after apple consumption. The aim of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanisms of this allergy and present effective treatment and prevention methods, which could significantly improve the quality of life for allergy sufferers.

Review Methods: The PubMed database was used for the literature review. English search terms included: “allergy,” “apple varieties,” “birch pollinosis,” “allergen-specific immunotherapy,” “birch pollen-associated food allergy syndrome,” and “Mal d 1.”

Overview of Current Knowledge: Birch pollen allergy is one of the most common pollen allergies, with the Bet v 1 protein responsible for cross-reactive allergic responses following apple consumption. In apples, the Mal d 1 allergen triggers these reactions, which is particularly significant in Central and Northern Europe. Apples with red flesh are considered hypoallergenic due to their low Mal d 1 content and are a beneficial choice for allergic individuals. Various immunotherapy approaches, including sublingual immunotherapy, are utilized effectively to alleviate symptoms and support allergen tolerance.

Conclusion: Pollen-related food allergy associated with birch pollen significantly affects the daily lives of allergy sufferers, especially during the birch pollen season. Advances in molecular mechanism research have allowed the identification of apple varieties with lower allergenic potential, enabling their use in immunotherapy and offering hope for improving patients' quality of life.

THE ROLE OF THERAPY IN MODULATING THE SKIN MICROBIOME IN CHILDREN WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS

Małgorzata Piśkiewicz — 2025-06-27

Objectives. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic dermatological condition characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction, intensified pruritus, and the coexistence of other atopic diseases, most often beginning in early childhood. The disease has a multifactorial etiology involving genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, and is associated with reduced quality of life, particularly in children.

Methods. A literature review was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate for studies in Polish and English using the keywords “atopic dermatitis,” “dysbiosis,” “microbiota,” “skin microbiota,” and “S. aureus.” Incomplete, off-topic, methodologically insufficient, unreliable, or outdated studies were excluded.

Key findings. In children with atopic dermatitis, skin microbiota dysbiosis has been observed, manifested as reduced microbial diversity and a predominance of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, healthy skin exhibits a more diverse microbiome, with commensal bacteria like Staphylococcus epidermidis playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Dysbiosis in atopic dermatitis disrupts epidermal barrier function, exacerbates inflammatory symptoms, and facilitates colonization by pathogens. Skin microbiome fluctuations can vary depending on the therapy employed, including glucocorticosteroids, emollients, or biological treatments, which restore microbial balance.

Conclusions. Microbiome-modulating therapies show potential in alleviating clinical symptoms and supporting beneficial bacteria, yet research on the impact of microbiota on the progression of atopic dermatitis, especially in children, remains limited. Further studies are necessary to better understand the disease mechanisms, develop more targeted therapeutic approaches, and evaluate the long-term efficacy of microbiome-focused treatments.

EXAMINING EFFECT OF EXAMS STRESS ON STUDENTS’ PERSONALITY TRAITS. AZERBAIJAN CASE

Vusala Karam Musayeva — 2025-06-30

The exam, and quiz assessment is one of the part of modern educational system. This assessment effect academic results of the students, and also their emotional state. These factors can be observed in their personality traits, too. This research devoted to study the students’ personality traits before and after the exams. The present study examines the students’ personality traits, and their emotional states. The methodology of the study was developed based on constructivist approach, and the main tool of the research - survey questions assess the personality traits. The study was realized at Faculty of Social science and psychology, Baku State University in 2025. The results, and relation between dependent and independent variables were analyzed using SPSS program.

The verification of the research questions reveals statistically significant positive results. These findings enable us to assume that the exam stress can decrease the students’ effective communication skills, their interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, and self-regulation abilities. The obtained results can be taken into account in developing training programs to increase the coping strategies of the students at the university community.

HOW DOES THE WORK SHIFT AFFECT THE EMOTIONAL STATE AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS OF POLICE OFFICERS?

Shahrizad Rafil Imanova — 2025-06-30

Law enforcement is a demanding profession, characterized by high levels of occupational stress, unpredictable environments, and non-standard work schedules. Among the various occupational stressors, irregular and extended work schedules have emerged as significant contributors to police officers’ emotional strain and deteriorating interpersonal relationships. This study explores how work schedules affect the psychological well-being and personal lives of police officers, drawing from studies in occupational health, psychology, and criminal justice.

Methods: The quantitative research methods as survey, and measurement scale were used based on constructive approach. 100 police members participated in the study during 2024-2025 years. The positive statistical correlation was mentioned between work shift and emotional issues of the police members (officers, and sergeants). More longer work hours were observed more emotional problems, and burnout syndrome in their mental and physical states. These findings highlight the need for law enforcement agencies to consider the human cost of scheduling practices and to implement systemic changes that promote both officer well-being and public safety.

ELECTRONIC BANKING: THE NEW FACE OF MODERNIZING THE ALGERIAN SERVICES SECTOR - REALITY AND PROSPECTS

Rahali Seifeddine — 2025-04-21

The banking sector is the engine of the economic fabric of countries, so Algeria has worked on successive reforms, the latest of which was the issuance of the Monetary and Banking Law of 2023, as a strategy to diversify the banking operations of banks and financial institutions.
The world of banking has witnessed a scientific transformation in terms of the dimensions and objectives of banks’ strategies in the last few decades. This was a logical result of the revolution of new technologies in media and communication and the globalization of the financial and banking markets. Perhaps this is what led banking institutions in particular and financial institutions in general to move towards providing a new type of services in line with what has become characteristic of the banking market. Hence, some believe that banks must develop their performance in line with the surrounding conditions, embodying this development in electronic banking. This study aims to understand the reality of electronic banking in Algeria and the mechanisms for its implementation.

WHAT IS SMART ABOUT CONTROLLING ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEMS? VIRTUAL POWER PLANTS AND THE DIGITIZATION OF THE GRID

Katja Müller — 2025-05-19

Energy systems are said to be subject to a twin transition of decarbonisation and digitization. Virtual power plants are one part of creating the much proclaimed smart grid, situated at the intersection of electricity production and the electricity transmission. This paper investigates how virtual power plants work by showing their interrelation with the electricity market and the grid. With a focus on the German and European electricity system, the research shows that the market comes first and physic electricity feed-in second. Based on a market ideal, virtual power plants act as an aggregating tool for decentralized energy production and as a regulatory device reacting to supply and demand, albeit the programmes cannot rule out the risk of working against grid stability.

DIGITAL MARKETING THROUGH CONTENT CREATORS: A PREREQUISITE FOR REVITALISING TOURISM LOCALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY - THE CASE OF “KHOUBAI”

Kerrouche Nawal — 2025-05-15

Compared with its traditional counterpart, digital marketing represents a novel and distinct approach, operating within the digital sphere where interactions and practices unfold. Thus, it has become a vital outlet for institutions, particularly those active in the tourism and cultural sectors, regardless of their domain. Digital marketing offers a platform that saves time and enables broader outreach to local and international audiences. This is especially relevant given the presence of numerous pillars of tourism marketing, such as influencers and content creators, whose extensive follower bases have attracted the attention of institutions incorporating them into their marketing strategies. Given its significance, digital marketing has become an urgent necessity in our increasingly interconnected era, where economic development is often locally and globally driven by tourism.
This research explores the key dimensions that digital marketing, through the inclusion of content creators, brings to the tourism sector. This study focuses on the Algerian content creator Khoubaib Kouas, known as "Khoubai”.

COGNITIVE CONTEXTUAL MODEL IN AMERICAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

Ramila Huseynova Farman kyzy — 2025-05-08

This article explores the cognitive contextual model within American political discourse, focusing on its role in shaping public perceptions, constructing societal ideologies, and facilitating effective communication between political figures and the public. Employing cognitive-discursive analysis, the study investigates how linguistic strategies, such as framing, metaphorical constructs, emotional appeals, and repetition, are utilized in political speeches to influence public opinion and advance political agendas. The research is grounded in an interdisciplinary approach, integrating insights from cognitive linguistics, discourse analysis, and political science. The analysis of public speeches by U.S. presidents highlights the interplay between language, cognition, and context, emphasizing the importance of shared knowledge and cognitive structures in understanding political messaging. By developing a cognitive contextual model, the study identifies key elements such as macro-level goals, micro-level linguistic features, and the implicit and explicit mechanisms that underpin political discourse. This research contributes to the fields of discourse studies and political communication, providing a comprehensive framework for analyzing the cognitive and contextual dimensions of political language and offering practical applications for enhancing communication strategies in political contexts.

THE PROBLEMATIC OF PUBLIC DISCOURSE AND COMMUNICATIVE ETHICS WITHIN SOCIETY

Noureddine Anani — 2025-05-15

Interest in language continues to grow daily, as its users increasingly recognise its importance in communication on the one hand and its ability to dissolve ideological distances and bridge geographical separations on the other hand. This attention stems from a desire to transform language from mere words, signals, and gestures into a vital medium for exchange, deliberation, and coexistence. The concept of the public sphere is no less significant than language; it constitutes the centre of communicative action where mechanisms of dialogue and discussion are formed around the goal of common interest. This shared objective, in turn, weaves a fabric of civic values such as tolerance, social cohesion, and respect for diversity and difference. Communicative reasons were established politically, socially, and ethically in response to the qualitative crisis experienced by Western countries due to modernity. The centrality of the individual in Western thought gave rise to a self-referential crisis that acknowledged only itself and entirely negated the notion of the other. This individualism and class division ultimately stripped humans of their freedom. Amid this turmoil, pragmatics emerged as a linguistic revolution that overturned contemporary concepts, shifting language from its formal role to the core of the communicative process. A consensus emerged that language and understanding are interconnected concepts clarified through mutual exchange. Accordingly, a set of questions arises: Is communicative ethics truly capable of breaking away from instrumental rationality, or is it merely another form of instrumentalism and ideology, albeit in a new guise? If not, can communicative ethics and dialogue resolve the crisis of coexistence within the public sphere?

METAPHORICAL SEMIOTICS AND THE CRIME SCENE: READING “THE NAME OF THE ROSE” THROUGH THE LENS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

Ziadi Abdelaaziz — 2025-05-15

This research explores the integration of metaphor within semiotic frameworks for criminal investigations, mainly as represented in Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose. Physical traces, viewed as signs, are crucial for solving crimes, and according to Charles Peirce's concept, these indices are causally linked signs. However, this study highlights how metaphor also plays an essential role in the interpretive structure of the narrative. The metaphorical dimension enables a richer understanding of the plot and its philosophical implications. Through a mixed-method approach combining semiotic analysis and literary interpretation, this paper examines crime scenes in the novel, demonstrating how metaphors alongside indices, icons, and symbols enhance investigative reasoning. Ultimately, it argues that metaphors serve as rhetorical devices and epistemological tools that deepen the interpretive process in literature and forensic practice.

APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE FIELD OF MEDIA IN LIGHT OF COMMUNICATION THEORIES

Baghdad Bendida — 2025-05-23

This study explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the media sector through the lens of contemporary communication theories. Amid rapid technological advancements, particularly in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the media landscape is undergoing profound transformations. The research addresses the epistemological gap between classical theoretical paradigms and the dynamic reality imposed by AI-driven automation, data processing, and content generation. Adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology, this study highlights the limitations of existing media institutions, the underdeveloped infrastructure in the Arab world, and the insufficient training of journalists in AI tools. It also evaluates sociological implications through functionalist, neo-Marxist, and symbolic interactionist theories. The findings highlight the urgency of theoretical innovation, technological investment, and a unified digital culture responsive to ethical and communicative challenges.

ASSEMBLING AND TESTING AN AMATEUR RADIO RECEIVER

Odmaa Luvsan — 2025-06-16

American artist Samuel Morse (Samuel Finley Breese Morse, 1791.04.27-1872.04.02) conceived and documented his concept for a communication device that could transmit information over long distances based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, which was discovered by the renowned physicist M. Faraday in 1832 during his voyage back to the United States from England aboard the ship "Sally".
In 1837, he constructed his first telegraph and created the Morse code the following year. On September 4, 1837, Morse showcased his invention at New York University, where he met his future assistant Alfred Weil, from a distance of 1,700 feet.
The inaugural telegraph message was sent by S. Morse from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore, D.C. on May 24, 1844, at 8:45 a.m. The message, "What Hath God Wrought," traveled over a 37-mile (60 km) wire between the two cities and was received by A. Weil. The message was transcribed as dots and dashes on a paper strip at the receiving end using an ink pen connected to an electromagnet. Morse code was later transmitted audibly using a sound generator.
Therefore, Morse code is utilized globally, including by the Armed Forces and military organizations of various countries, as the primary method of communication, information exchange, and transmission.
In recent times, amateur radio and radio sports have emerged as a competitive activity, with its origins traced back to Northern and Eastern Europe in the late 1950s. The inception of radio sports in Mongolia dates back to April 15, 1958, with the formation of the Radio Central Club.

COVERAGE OF YOUTH ISSUES BY LOCAL PRINT MEDIA OF POST-SOVIET COUNTRIES (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LITHUANIAN, GEORGIAN AND POLISH PRESS)

Mariam Marghia — 2025-06-21

The Soviet Union kept its citizens in an information vacuum. Media worked under strict censorship conditions.
Today, information about news happening in the world in the post-Soviet space is disseminated on a daily. Although the media environment in the post-Soviet space has changed significantly since the official abolition of Soviet censorship and the gaining of independence, it is interesting to examine how this development has unfolded in different countries.
This paper provides a comparative analysis of how youth issues are covered in the local print media of Lithuania, Georgia, and Poland. The results of the study will allow us to assess the quality of media development in three countries with a shared past but different opportunities.
The study will offer insights into the similarities and differences in the press's treatment of this specific direction in the three countries and highlight the challenges and needs that exist in youth-focused local media in the post-Soviet space.