International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science

DEBUNKING THE MYTH OF COUNTERREVOLUTIONARIES: ANALYSING THE IMPACT OF THE BELA ACT ON SCHOOL GOVERNANCE AND LEADERSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA

Ngogi Emmanuel Mahaye — 2025-01-16

This study critically examines the impact of the Basic Education Laws Amendment (BELA) Act on school governance and leadership in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The BELA Act, which centralizes authority by shifting certain power from School Governing Bodies (SGBs) to provincial education departments, has generated considerable debate regarding its effects on local school autonomy and leadership. While proponents argue that the Act promotes equity and simplifies governance, opponents fear it may diminish the responsiveness of school leadership to unique local needs. Using the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM) and Transformational Leadership Theory, this research explores how school leaders and SGBs perceive and implement the BELA Act, considering socio-economic challenges and community involvement. The findings suggest that while the Act may foster some degree of standardization, its centralizing effects pose challenges for schools in resource-poor areas, potentially undermining the adaptive leadership needed to address local disparities. The study contributes to the discourse on policy implementation and educational governance, offering insights into the implications for school leadership and community engagement in KwaZulu-Natal. The BELA Act marks a pivotal step in the transformation of South Africa’s education system. Its full implementation reflects the country’s commitment to providing equal educational opportunities for all children, in line with constitutional principles. The extensive consultations and subsequent consensus reached have paved the way for a more inclusive and equitable education system.

USE OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN TEACHING LYRIC WORKS IN CLASS VII-VIII OF AZERBAIJAN GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS

Sahib Gojayev — 2025-01-17

The general picture of education reform in Azerbaijan gives rise to an optimistic mood. The main goal here is to provide the growing young generation with the necessary scientific knowledge, to instill life skills and habits in them, and to educate them on national values. For the realization of such a strategic goal, every teacher should be guided by the main principles of educational reform (democratization, humanization, differentiation, individualization, integration) in their work, and should be able to use it skillfully and efficiently in their pedagogical work. It is possible to achieve high success by applying modern training methods to teaching on the spot (and if necessary). At present, interactive teaching methods (interactive and “active” words are synonyms) are increasingly being used in schools. By applying these to their practical work, literature teachers have a great responsibility. Therefore, every teacher should deeply master the structure, stages, work forms, and methods of the active lesson, and then skillfully apply it to their pedagogical work. Currently, the modern teaching method “Curriculum” is reflected as a pedagogical terminology in schools. This term is of Latin origin and means “way”, “direction”. That is, the curriculum is a conceptual document that includes some issues related to the content, organization and assessment of student knowledge. In order to apply it to his pedagogical work, the teacher must first study and master this teaching method deeply and comprehensively. Otherwise, he cannot achieve his desired goal. Because there are fundamental differences between the traditional education program and the Curriculum education program.

TOWARDS THE COHORT OF DISCIPLINED LEARNERS: HOW GLOBAL DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CAN ACCELERATE SAFE SCHOOLS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Ngogi Emmanuel Mahaye — 2025-02-11

This study investigates the role of global digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) in accelerating safety and discipline in South African schools. The research focuses on how AI and digital tools can contribute to creating inclusive, safe, and secure learning environments in line with the principles of the global digital Compact and the Pact for the Future. Leveraging and drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this research explores how the effective management of teaching and learning, facilitated by digital technologies, can foster a cohort of disciplined learners. A systematic review methodology was employed to synthesise existing literature bias to global south on digital technology and AI’s role in school safety and discipline. Findings suggest that AI tools and digital platforms contribute to creating safer and more disciplined environments by offering personalized learning experiences, real-time feedback, and predictive analytics for behavioural management. The study highlights how integrating these technologies, alongside a focus on the innate psychological needs of learners, can drive positive outcomes in student behavior and academic performance. The findings also highlight the potential of digital education and AI in promoting safety and discipline, and academic excellence.

ASSESSING SELF EVALUATION LEVEL OF PRESENTATION SKILLS AMONG EFL MASTER STUDENTS AT SAIDA UNIVERSITY

Abdelkader Makhlouf — 2025-02-27

To raise their presentations skills, the students need to be aware about how to prepare and perform an effective presentation. This study aimed at identifying the English language students' self-evaluation level of presentation skills at Saida University, Algeria. Through careful analysis of quantitative data from a 19-item questionnaire administered to 79 first-year master's students in English as a foreign language (EFL) over two separate academic years (2018/2019 & 2019/2020), enlightening conclusions emerged. The results reveal that the students’ self-evaluation level is above average. The study also reveals that there is a significant difference between the male and female students in their awareness level of self- evaluation presentation skills.The results also indicate that there are no differences in the students’ self-evaluation level between the two classes scored in the two different academic years study. This research, anchored in the undergraduate cycle, is committed to ensuring the accuracy of self-assessments, probing gendered disparities and ensuring the consistency of assessments across various academic disciplines. It highlights the urgent need to support students in recognizing and developing their presentation skills.

FROM TEACHING TO PRODUCTION: STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING WRITING IN THE FFL CLASSROOM

Souad Benabbes — 2025-03-04

Writing plays a crucial role in secondary education, both as a communication tool and a means of learning, helping students assimilate content and become familiar with the writing requirements specific to each discipline. This study aims to assess writing teaching practices in French as a Foreign Language (FFL) classroom and identify teaching interventions to enhance learners' written output. Through a questionnaire, teachers shared their perceptions of their students' writing challenges and their strategies to address them. The analysis of the responses reveals a broad range of practices that focus on various stages of the writing process, with particular emphasis on revising texts.

HATE SPEECH AND PRACTICE THROUGH DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE EGO AND THE OTHER

Abdelhafid Lameche — 2025-03-15

This research paper aims to describe the dialogue that takes place between two or more parties on an issue, in order to reach a truth that no two people disagree on, if the dialogue is based on proof and argument, so that it eliminates the peer rivalry that often arises from preconceived ideas. The importance of dialogue in human societies lies in raising the level of civilization, which calls for the idea of peaceful social coexistence with the other, despite the cultural diversity that may exist in the same society, and despite its different backgrounds, as dialogue rejects hate speech, which calls for violence, exclusion, and racial discrimination, whether it is in identity, religion, environment, or homeland. in the environment, or in the homeland, because this may work to destroy the society and make it incoherent, thus introducing factors of decay, decay, and extinction, and from this point of view, ideas crowded around the issue of hate speech, which pushes the mind and moral values to involve the freedom of thought to find a solution by accepting the cultural and civilizational diversity between the ego and the other.

COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AND SCIENTIFIC WRITING IN HYBRID EDUCATION: TOOLS, STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES

Guenani Fatma — 2025-03-28

This study explores the impact of hybrid education on the development of scientific writing skills and the construction of collaborative learning communities. By combining face-to-face and digital tools, hybrid education transforms teaching practices and promotes an interactive and flexible approach to learning. The integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) allows for more personalized coaching, increased collaboration between students and teachers, as well as continuous evaluation of academic outputs. However, despite its many advantages, this model poses challenges in terms of student engagement, teacher training and adaptation to new learning methodologies. Through an in-depth analysis of hybrid teaching models, digital tools and collaborative learning strategies, This study highlights best practices and offers recommendations to optimize the effectiveness of hybrid teaching in the academic setting.

MATHEMATICS LESSON DEMONSTRATION: "AMD" METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION

Munkhtaria Khayankhyarvaa — 2025-03-28

A methodology was created and tested to design teaching materials for each subject that enhance children's engagement in math lessons, foster motivation and curiosity in learning math independently. This was achieved by converting study materials into educational activities rooted in the principles of mathematical anthropology, mathematics, and teaching methods, incorporating both theoretical and practical aspects.

In today's education landscape, teaching aids, presentation materials, and handouts are essential tools for teachers to effectively engage students and facilitate active and participatory learning in the classroom. While traditional mathematics instruction focused primarily on memorizing facts, there is now a greater emphasis on applying facts in different contexts and developing proficiency in mathematical methods.

Enhancing the importance of mathematical knowledge in general culture, broadening the objectives of mathematical education, enhancing and refining the quality of educational training, and enhancing the content, formats, and methodologies of organizing mathematical teaching materials. A fresh perspective is emerging on demonstration materials, with demonstration playing a crucial role in concept formation. Encouraging students' cognitive engagement, establishing a rapid "teacher-student" connection with personalized learning approaches, aiming to minimize unproductive time during lessons, and the practical integration of educational technology in all schools have greatly enhanced the methods of teaching mathematics.

The successful implementation of the teacher's planned methodology hinges on the use of teaching materials. Teachers typically view materials as encompassing blackboards, chalk, handouts, presentations, and textbooks. However, materials also encompass motivational strategies and tasks integrated into the lesson content. By preparing additional materials at the conclusion of each regular lesson, students can effectively utilize the provided scenarios to deepen their understanding and knowledge. The teacher's proficiency in facilitating discussions, lectures, and demonstrations, as well as organizing students' investigative activities, plays a crucial role in enhancing students' cognitive engagement.

TEACHERS REQUIRE ONGOING PROFESSIONAL GROWTH

Oyuntsetseg Densmaa — 2025-03-29

Teacher development is now a key focus of teacher education policies in many countries and is a subject of research for scholars in the field of education worldwide. It is closely linked to changes in the education sector and the resulting reforms. As a result, the theoretical understanding of teacher development has evolved, emphasizing it as a lifelong process that involves learning from one's own experiences and collaborating with others.

International education trends emphasize the importance of teachers gaining experience and advancing professionally, starting with the delivery of education. This highlights the necessity for teachers to continually enhance their knowledge and skills, with a focus on active learning and empowering students. The ongoing learning and growth of teachers reflect their commitment to continuous professional development. While countries may have their specific approaches to teacher development, they typically involve stages such as teacher preparation, training, professional development, and ongoing learning for educators. In addition to supporting teacher preparation, development, and engagement, the concept of teacher development also encompasses aspects of personal growth, including promoting ethical behavior, professional reputation, and social well-being.

The key resource for effective activities in the education sector is a highly knowledgeable teacher who must undergo continuous change and development. Therefore, activities focused on enhancing teachers' knowledge and skills and gaining experience contribute to their professional growth.

Teacher development relies on their active participation, initiative, and enthusiasm.
Teacher development is an ongoing, evolving process.
Teacher development is a proactive journey where educators seize every opportunity to evolve, enhance their professional expertise, and continually progress.
The teaching profession is viewed as a lifelong learning journey that engages teachers in diverse educational endeavors, enhancing their professional knowledge, comprehension, and skills.
Through continuous teacher development, the education sector generates new knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and cultural values, leading to both quantitative and qualitative improvements.

ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF SOME ANTI-EROSION INSTALLATIONS IN THE DAIRA OF HONAINE (WILAYA OF TLEMCEN – ALGERIA)

Nadia Zekri — 2025-01-16

Water erosion is responsible for the degradation of more than half of the world's soils. In northern Algeria, it is widespread, particularly in the western region, which requires mechanical and biological developments to control it. The objective of this work is to evaluate the state and effectiveness of some anti-erosion developments, carried out in a coastal region: that of the Daira de Honaine (wilaya of Tlemcen). The methodology adopted was based on direct field observations, photo taking and data collection at the Forest Conservation in the wilaya of Tlemcen and the district of Remchi. The results obtained showed that most of the anti-erosion installations, carried out in 5 stations in the study region, are in very good condition. This demonstrates the perseverance of foresters, particularly in the creation of gabion thresholds and ridges, as well as the will of farmers in the good management and conservation of agricultural lands.

HYBRID SHOPPING MODELS: WHERE INNOVATION MEETS TRADITION IN THE MODERN MALL

Ikram Saidi — 2025-02-14

This study investigates the pivotal role of innovation in shopping malls, which is integral to their success within the competitive retail environment. As consumer expectations evolve, malls must transcend conventional models by incorporating sustainability, advanced technologies, and personalized experiences. The research focuses on these dynamics through fieldwork and visitor surveys conducted at Retaj and Yes Malls in Ali Mendjeli City, Algeria. A comprehensive analytical framework evaluates dimensions such as multifunctionality, sustainability, technological integration, and community engagement. Employing a mixed-methods approach with 100 valid questionnaires, the study examines visitor preferences, particularly in the post-COVID-19 context. The findings underscore visitors' emphasis on eco-friendly features and highlight the multifunctional nature of malls as spaces for shopping, entertainment, services, and social interaction, supported by rigorous chi-square analysis. Technological innovations are classified into two categories: enhancing the shopping experience and fostering customer engagement, with a particular focus on entertainment that reflects local cultural contexts. Accessibility emerges as a key factor, with proximity to public transportation significantly increasing mall attractiveness. While respondents value technological advancements, they prefer a hybrid approach that combines augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI) with traditional in-person shopping experiences. This equilibrium sustains malls' roles as social hubs, ensuring community engagement while embracing modern innovation.

VALORIZING URBAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE: EVALUATING THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF TIPAZA’S SITE THROUGH THE RST02 GRID

Imane Kechacha — 2025-02-18

This study aims to evaluate the valorization of the archaeological heritage of Tipaza through the RST02 Grid, focusing on governmental, social, economic, environmental, and cultural dimensions. Using a questionnaire-based approach, 250 surveys were distributed to assess perceptions, challenges, and opportunities regarding the preservation and promotion of Tipaza’s archaeological site. The collected data is analyzed to highlight key factors affecting sustainable management and propose strategies to enhance the integration of urban and archaeological heritage within a sustainable development framework.

THE CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, A CASE STUDY OF A SAMPLE OF MOBILE PHONE USERS IN ALGERIA

Walid Ziadi — 2025-03-01

This study aims at highlighting the various social aspects regarding some issues related to social responsibility which in turn aimed at preserving the safety of society, customers and the environment in general. This led the institutions to rethink their social and environmental performance in order to satisfy the needs of society. Therefore, this type of responsibility entails the service organization carrying out a set of social processes that involve the exchange of both the social return and cost between the institution and society. This is an evidence of the efforts exerted by the mobile phone companies in Algeria to upgrade the marketing dimensions of social responsibility such as the concern for society and customers as well as protecting the available environmental resources. This study used a non-random sample of customers of mobile phone companies in Algeria, specifically in the state of Jijel. The analysis of the results was based on 120 distributed survey lists.

THE FIRE RISK ANALYSIS OF MONGOLIA

Uuganbayar Enkhtaivan — 2025-03-03

In recent years, the frequency of fires has been on the rise due to climate change, urbanization, and population concentration, leading to escalating damage and losses. This study seeks to showcase the potential of mathematical modeling in assessing fire risk levels on a global scale, drawing on statistical analysis of fires across Mongolia. The findings can inform strategic planning for fire prevention and mitigation efforts, aiding in effective risk management.

BUSINESS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND “GREEN INNOVATIONS” – CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

Mzevinar Nozadze — 2025-03-21

At the present stage of society development, one of the global problems is the transition to sustainable and inclusive development and regulation of related issues. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of corporate social responsibility in relation to sustainable development measures and environmental protection. The study also emphasizes that the government has traditionally been the main subject of environmental protection measures, although in recent years the issue of business participation has become increasingly visible in the international sustainable development agenda. Particular attention is paid to financial and credit institutions, with the support of which innovative, environmentally friendly financial instruments are introduced and distributed in the financial markets of various countries. Thus, the more effectively and extensively business entities use innovative financial instruments related to green projects, the more the social value of their activities will increase. As a result of the study, recommendations were formulated indicating methods for optimizing the social responsibility of business entities in terms of implementing environmental policies.

CULTURAL AND BIOCLIMATIC INSIGHTS FROM THE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF THE CASBAH OF ALGIERS: A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

Roufaida Benbrahim — 2025-03-26

The Casbah of Algiers, a UNESCO World Heritage site, exemplifies the ingenuity of Mediterranean vernacular architecture and the enduring interplay between built form, climate, and culture. This study explores the bioclimatic principles inherent in the urban fabric and architectural typologies of the Casbah, emphasizing their relevance to sustainable design in Mediterranean climates. It examines how traditional construction techniques, spatial organization, and local materials optimize thermal comfort and energy efficiency while supporting vibrant cultural and social practices. Through on-site observations, photographic documentation, and an examination of socio-cultural dynamics, the research assesses the resilience of the architecture and community of the Casbah. The findings highlight the effectiveness of compact urban morphology, shaded courtyards, thick masonry walls, and community-centred spaces in providing passive cooling, fostering social cohesion, and conserving energy, thereby reducing dependence on mechanical systems. The study advocates integrating these bioclimatic and cultural strategies into contemporary urban design to create resilient and environmentally harmonious spaces that honour cultural heritage while addressing modern challenges. By bridging traditional knowledge, social practices, and modern approaches, this research contributes to the discourse on sustainable development, underscoring the enduring value of vernacular architecture for climate-responsive, socially inclusive, and culturally rooted design solutions.

THE SUSTAINABLE TRANSFORMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL NEIGHBORHOOD IN THE HOT CLIMATE, CASE STUDY BISKRA CITY, ALGERIA

Boukhabla Moufida — 2025-03-28

Urban sustainability is a contemporary concern that emerged in the late 20th century following international awareness of environmental and social context deterioration. Sustainable transformation is a solution proposed to offer a adequate scale of new development principles adapted to the new challenges of society. This research addresses the issue of urban sustainability in the hot climate at the city of Biskra in south est of Algeria, at the neighborhood level.

THE IMPORTANCE OF DRY PORT IN THE ORGANISATION OF URBAN SPACE AND THE OPTIMISATION OF PORT ACTIVITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE CITY OF SKIKDA

Amiour Amel — 2025-01-17

Dry ports are essential for efficient maritime port operations and can contribute to economic growth. Skikda, a city on the Mediterranean coast, is a significant hub for international trade and transportation, with its port playing a significant role in the country's economy. However, the closure of Skikda's dry port has had negative consequences on the city and the region, leading to job losses, reduced port efficiency, and hindered local business growth. Dry ports are essential for efficient logistics operations, improving connectivity, reducing transportation costs, and creating jobs. A comprehensive logistics strategy is essential to address the challenges faced by Algerian ports, particularly through the development of dry ports and supporting infrastructure. This strategy should evaluate the economic impact of dry port closures, the potential benefits of reopening facilities like Skikda's dry port, and their role in multimodal transportation. Additionally, it should consider the effects of globalization and containerization on port operations, as well as the specific challenges Algerian ports face, such as aging infrastructure and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Reopening Skikda's dry port could yield significant benefits, including job creation, improved logistics, and economic growth.

AN ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH COMBINING 3D SCANNING AND UNPUBLISHED ARCHIVES TO THE ANALYSIS OF A 19TH-CENTURY ENGINEERING STRUCTURE: CASE STUDY OF THE CHIFFA RAILWAY VIADUCT ALGERIA

Dahbia Haddad — 2025-02-14

The engineering structure we are about to analyse is the result of several successive phases. The reasons for its current form will find their justification in the history of this structure, which is undeniably linked to a railway renewal that Algeria experienced during the colonial period. The focus is on the twentieth-century restoration (renovation) of the railway bridge that spans the Chiffa River. This bridge was originally built in the nineteenth century as part of the Algiers-Oran railway line. The purpose of this exploratory paper is to trace the history of this structure since its construction and to document an experiment conducted in 1930 involving the revewal of metal railway structures on the mentioned line. One aspect of the study focuses on the design of old metal structures, while another looks into the technical aspects of reinforcing these structures with reinforced concrete. This reinforcement was required because of the use of reinforced concrete during the railway renewal, which modernized techniques. Furthermore, it addresses the latter’s doubling specifically in terms of its scientific and technological contributions at the time. The experiment was carried out using field surveys, 3D scanning, and analysis of archived materials from the National Society of Rail Transport archives (SNTF).

ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL POLLUTION IN URBAN SQUARE IN BATNA CITY CENTER (ALGERIA): USING SWOT, AHP, AND QSPM TECHNIQUES

Djelloul Fatima Zohra — 2025-03-26

Visual pollution is one of the forms of pollution that is no less dangerous than other common types of pollution (such as noise pollution, air pollution, and others). Visual pollution takes many forms, but it shares its essence with regard to its relationship to confusion in the brain's processing of inconsistent visual inputs, which negatively affects the individual's health in general, and in particular his mental and psychological health. The present study applies SWOT and QSPM techniques to identify and introduce the most influential factors related to visual pollution in the internal and external environment of Batna city, by assessment the rate of visual pollution in freedom squares. Accordingly, in the SWOT matrix, the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of these squares were studied, and using expert selection, the AHP method was applied to weigh them. SWOT can be used as an analytical tool for evaluation purposes in the QSPM system. Finally, using the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM), the priorities of the selected strategies were determined, Using the QSPM matrix, the study proposed eight prioritization strategies, which provided the best possible strategy for this square.

URBAN COHESION AND MOBILITY IN THE CITY OF BATNA

Chebana Hakim — 2025-03-26

This research paper addresses the phenomenon of urban growth in the city of Batna, by defining the related terminology, reviewing the key stages the city has gone through, and identifying the causes of the phenomenon along with the various factors influencing the population and urban areas. It also examines the effects of urbanization and its impacts on mobility, the urban and environmental contexts, as well as the surrounding environment. The study concludes by recognizing the serious risks that this phenomenon poses both to the city and its inhabitants. It emphasizes the need to provide all resources and knowledge necessary to mitigate and manage this growth, while meeting today’s needs and preserving the demands of future generations. It also provides comprehensive strategic plans for well-designed urban planning, addressing multiple aspects and reducing unregulated urban sprawl to balance rural and urban areas while preserving valuable, non-renewable natural resources.

SPATIAL CHANGE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT HORIZONS IN THE FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN THE CITY OF SKIKDA - ALGERIA

Boulainine Ameur — 2025-03-28

This article examines the implications of urban spatial change and the prospects for urban development in Skikda in the light of contemporary environmental challenges. The city of Skikda is the result of the stratification of multiple civilisational periods. The choice of Skikda as an industrial centre in eastern Algeria since the 1970s was a turning point, paving the way for rapid urban expansion and substantial transformations in terms of size and purpose, from an agricultural, commercial and tourist vocation to an industrialised urban centre.

The research focuses on examining the consequences of this urban transformation, highlighting its effects on the environment and focusing on the change in environmental indicators. We analyse the results to highlight the discrepancies that have accompanied the different periods of spatial transformation using satellite images with a resolution of 30 M. The article shows the importance of adopting a sustainable approach to urban development horizons in order to meet the contemporary and future challenges of reconciling urban growth, environmental conservation and the protection of the well-being of city residents. In conclusion, the article recommends immediate solutions and an adaptation of planning tools to ensure harmonious and ecologically viable urban development in Skikda.

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE “ONE MILLION HOUSES” PROGRAM IN THE SETIF URBAN AGGLOMERATION WITHIN MASTER PLAN OF LAND USE AND URBANISM: POLYMORPHISM AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION (ALGERIA)

Djaadjou Mahfoud — 2025-03-28

Housing supply is a crucial issue in any country's planning strategies. It represents one of the most sensitive social sectors, which the State strives to develop and make accessible to all segments of society. Guaranteeing decent housing is therefore one of the fundamental priorities that enable every individual to lead a stable life and aspire to start a family in peaceful conditions.

Given the growing importance of the housing sector, this study sets out to provide a detailed picture of the reality of housing supply, in its various forms and at different spatial levels. It uses the urban agglomeration of Sétif, located in the Algeria's Eastern High Plateaus, as the basis for its analysis, in order to identify the types of housing available and assess their spatial distribution.

To achieve the research objectives, we adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to identify the actual mechanisms and planning logics used in the distribution of housing projects and their forms within the framework of the “One million houses” programme across the intervention zone of the Sétif Inter-communal Development Master Plan. The article also used an analytical-comparative approach to highlight the extent of spatial balance in the location of housing projects in the various communes of the urban agglomeration of Sétif.

The study revealed a significant disparity in the distribution of housing projects linked to the one million houses programme in the urban area of Sétif. This disparity is mainly explained by the differences in the size of the beneficiaries of these projects, themselves influenced by the unequal financial capacities of the communes. In addition, the type of housing produced varies according to the formats imposed by the five-year plans adopted by the Algerian government, which have played a decisive role in this distribution.

THE MEDIUM-SIZED CITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF REGIONAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT COMPETITIVENESS THE CASE OF CITIES IN TÉBESSA PROVINCE

Ghassir Imane — 2025-03-28

Over the past three decades, Algeria's urban network has undergone significant transformations driven by the economic and social changes that followed independence. These shifts have exacerbated disparities between major urban centers and smaller towns, which have faced marginalization and limited development. This study focuses on the developmental dynamics in medium-sized cities in Tébessa province, specifically the cities of Bir El-Ater (88,083 residents), El Ouenza (58,904 residents), and Cheria (82,369 residents), accounting for a combined population of 229,356 (34.02% of the urban system and 28.40% of the province's total population according to PAW 20). The study highlights these cities' potential for developing the industrial and agricultural sectors. Findings indicate that enhancing economic and social development in these cities could improve living conditions, curb migration to larger urban centers, and achieve balanced development. Achieving these goals requires strategic investment in local resources and infrastructure, focusing on water resources, agriculture, and manufacturing industries.

ATTEMPT TO MEASURE AND ASSESS THE IMPACT OF GROWTH IN EL-KALA CITY USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Keblouti Sarra — 2025-03-30

This study aims to assess the urban growth dynamics of the city of El-Kala between 2008 and 2024, adopting a diachronic approach using geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing. The aim is to quantify and spatialize the city's expansion over this period, and identify its main causes.

Satellite images of the years between 2008 and 2024 will be processed using GIS to map land use at these different dates. Diachronic analysis will enable us to measure urban growth in terms of built-up areas gained between each date.

The results will make it possible to assess the sprawl dynamics of the city of El-Kala over the 2008-2024 period, both quantitatively and spatially. The main drivers of this expansion can be identified.

AI TECHNOLOGIES TO THE QUESTION OF THE "POLICY" OF LEGAL REGULATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE. ESSENTIAL AND INSTRUMENTAL FACTORS

Nataliya Onishchenko — 2025-01-27

The article examines the essential characteristics of rulemaking activity in the context of modern challenges and priorities, which is analyzed with due regard for the instrumental and essential typologizing elements. It is noted that one of the priority areas for the development of rulemaking at the present stage is to consider the “achievements” of the latest technologies related to artificial intelligence. It is emphasized that rulemaking at all levels should ensure human rights and freedoms (in particular, this refers to the improvement of veteran policy at the present stage, its forms, and methods).

THE RESULTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE ISSUES OF NATIONAL SECURITY IN MONGOLIA

Nergui Bayartogtokh — 2025-03-06

Determine the national security guarantee of Mongolia, the dangers and threats it may cause, based on the opinions of the people, determine the level of patriotism of the citizens, analyze the current and future threats and risks, and study the values and opinions of the citizens regarding policies and activities, published the results of the following expert sociological research in order to identify the problems in the field of civil-military relations and security.

KEY ASPECTS OF YOUTH POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE AND PROPOSED MODELS

Khalil Yusifli — 2025-03-17

As is known, youth policy has become one of the priority areas in the policies of foreign countries, especially in Western countries. The state youth policy of modern foreign countries is, in fact, a system of state priorities and measures that ensure the creation of conditions and opportunities for the successful integration of young people into society (socialization) and the effective implementation of their potential in the interests of the state. State youth policy is given much attention by both universal and regional international organizations. An important role in this area belongs to the United Nations. At the same time, this is reflected in the activities of specialized UN organizations in this area, especially UNESCO, ILO and WHO. At the regional level, the Council of Europe and the European Union pay serious attention to youth policy. The most important component of youth policy implemented by foreign countries is the legal regulation of this process. In this regard, the youth policy of individual foreign countries is implemented on the basis of program documents, legislation and legislative acts in this area. In world practice, the most common models for implementing youth policy are the American liberal (USA), European and mixed models. Each of them has both advantages and disadvantages, which makes it extremely important to take into account local specifics when applying them, as well as when preparing and implementing national programs and other documents.

THE NEW WORLD ORDER AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF NATIONS

Mourad Belkaid Abdi — 2025-03-20

The New World Order emerged as an inevitable consequence of the post-Cold War era, which ended with the collapse of the Eastern Bloc represented by the Soviet Union. In response, the United States sought an alternative focus—namely, the fight against terrorism. To achieve its strategic interests, the U.S. adopted the New World Order, officially declared by former President George H.W. Bush during his war on terrorism, which he initiated with the invasion of Iraq. The U.S. prioritized its national security above all else, often at the expense of state sovereignty, by imposing conditional protection under the pretext of democracy and human rights. This approach enabled the U.S. to dominate the world and its institutions, particularly with Israel situated at the heart of the Middle East, where America exerts global influence in the name of protecting peace and ensuring maritime security.

THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL FACTORS OF MONGOLIA’S DEFENSE POLICY ON NATIONAL RESILIENCE

Nergui Bayartogtokh — 2025-03-25

In today’s world, the security environment is becoming increasingly complex and multifaceted, with rapidly evolving threats impacting the stability of both domestic and international affairs. The nature and methods of these threats are constantly changing, challenging both traditional and emerging security concepts. This has created an urgent need for nations to develop adaptive capacities to effectively respond to and withstand such risks. In this context, strengthening national resilience to external negative influences while fostering internal unity has become a crucial strategic priority for many countries. For Mongolia, enhancing national resilience against modern multidimensional threats and refining its defense policy to incorporate social factors is a key strategic instrument for ensuring national security. This paper provides a scientific analysis of the contemporary security environment, the nature of hybrid warfare threats, the characteristics of national resilience, and the role and influence of defense policy, particularly its social dimensions. Furthermore, it outlines necessary measures to enhance national resilience against emerging security challenges.

THE REALITY OF WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN ALGERIAN SOCIETY. A STUDY OF FACTORS, STRATEGIES AND LEVELS

Radja Bouzidi — 2025-03-28

Women's empowerment is crucial for human development, and its promotion, particularly in community development, is a key contemporary Arab issue. Recognised as a fundamental development indicator, comprehensive progress is linked to the participation of both sexes at all levels.
This study evaluates Algeria's experience with policies and legislation concerning women's education and employment, examining their impact on women's status and societal roles. Using statistical data, the research explores the levels of women's empowerment in Algeria and discusses the challenges women face within this context.

THE ISSUES OF ENSURING SECURITY OF THE STATE BORDER THROUGH SUBSURFACE BORDER PROTECTION

Erdenetsogt Gochoosuren — 2025-03-28

This article highlights the significance of subsurface border protection for national security, including border security. The study points out that enhancing the legal framework for subsurface border protection and establishing a security system can effectively implement an integrated border protection system. Mongolia's border security comprises three main components: surface, air, and underground borders. However, the absence of subsurface border protection has been shown to adversely affect national security. Subsurface border protection refers to the security measures and operations that safeguard areas beneath the surface, such as underground tunnels or voids that could be used for smuggling or illegal crossings. It is part of a larger operational system that includes the protection of surface and air borders through coordinated efforts in various domains such as political, legal, and intelligence activities. The threat of subsurface breaches is an important aspect of overall border security. Therefore, enhancing subsurface border protection is crucial for ensuring national security, and an integrated solution involving technological solutions, legal regulations, and international cooperation is necessary.

THE ROLE OF POLICE IN ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY AND THE POTENTIAL TO ENHANCE THIS ROLE

Altansukh Norov — 2025-03-28

The police play a crucial role in ensuring Mongolia's economic security and the stability of the financial sector, particularly in effectively combating serious economic crimes like money laundering. To assess the current state of police involvement in economic security and anti-money laundering efforts, the SWOT-AHP analysis method was utilized. This analysis aimed to evaluate the present situation, future economic security, and potential for increased police participation in combating money laundering. Internally, the police organization's strengths include specialized teams, internal cooperation, and a structure to track illicit financial flows. However, weaknesses such as insufficient human resources, weak technology and innovation, and inadequate data supply for monitoring money flow were identified. Externally, favorable conditions like a strong legal framework, international financial support, and opportunities for knowledge exchange were noted. Conversely, challenges such as low public awareness, international crime networks, and political and economic influences were identified as potential obstacles. Overall, enhancing police capabilities and addressing weaknesses will be crucial in ensuring economic security and combating money laundering effectively.

THE NATIONAL IDENTITY AND ITS ELEMENTS

Munkhbaatar Purevsuren — 2025-03-28

Throughout history, the united nation has consistently advanced the prosperity of their country, enhanced the well-being of their citizens, and reinforced the sovereignty of their nation. Democracy, freedom, and unity are principles that should be treasured by the populace. In the absence of unity, no amount of nationalism can be effective. Nations must safeguard their national identity, shield it from outside forces, and maintain national unity and social stability that is resilient to any threats. This article will explore the essence of national identity and the elements that foster national unity.

THE ROLE OF CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM IN GLOBAL PEACE POLITICS: PERSPECTIVES FROM GEORGIA

Giorgi Pareshishvili — 2025-03-28

This paper examines the complex interplay between Christianity and Islam in global peace politics through the unique lens of Georgia, a country situated at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Drawing from historical analysis, contemporary political discourse, and religious studies, this research explores how these two major world religions influence international peace-building efforts, with particular attention to Georgia's distinctive position as a predominantly Orthodox Christian nation with significant historical and contemporary connections to Islamic cultures. The study investigates the potential for interfaith dialogue and cooperation in promoting global peace while acknowledging the challenges and opportunities presented by Georgia's geopolitical context.

THE RISKS AT BORDER PORTS AND INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE THEM

Gansukh Bat-Erdene — 2025-03-30

Border crossings play a crucial role in facilitating trade, economic, and cultural exchanges between countries, but they also come with various risks. It is essential to effectively manage these risks to ensure the security and economic growth of nations. In the age of globalization, the significance of border crossings is growing as trade and economic interactions between countries continue to expand. These crossings not only oversee the movement of goods and services but also serve as a conduit for cultural and social connections between nations, playing a vital role in driving economic progress. However, with increased activity comes the emergence of numerous risks, highlighting the importance of efficiently managing and mitigating them.

The risks encountered by border operations are interconnected and varied. They encompass security risks like smuggling, terrorism, and transnational crime; operational risks such as infrastructure capacity and workforce shortages; and financial and economic risks like customs revenue loss and currency fluctuations.

These risks can have adverse effects not only on national security but also on regional and global economic stability.

International experience demonstrates that effectively reducing border risks necessitates a holistic approach encompassing technological advancements, legal frameworks, and human resource capabilities. Countries like Singapore, the Netherlands, and South Korea have successfully implemented cutting-edge systems such as "smart borders" and "single windows," leveraging technologies like artificial intelligence and block chain to establish robust risk management mechanisms.

In Mongolia, the significance of border ports is distinctive given its geographical positioning, economic structure, and developmental attributes. The country's unique position between two major neighbors, its landlocked status, and vast territory pose additional complexities in border risk management. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze global practices and experiences and tailor them to suit Mongolia's specific circumstances.

The objective of this research is to identify the risks encountered at border crossings, analyze global strategies to address these risks, and suggest potential solutions for adoption in Mongolia. This will lead to better management of border crossing risks, increased operational effectiveness, and ultimately support national security and sustainable economic growth.

APPLIED PHILOSOPHY IN EMPOWERING THE GIRL CHILD: FOSTERING INNOVATIVE LEADERSHIP, TECHNOLOGIES, AND DISCIPLINE FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Ngogi Emmanuel Mahaye — 2025-03-28

This research explores the intersection of innovation, technologies, leadership, and discipline in shaping the empowerment of the girl child. Focusing on the application of philosophical principles, the study aims to examine how these concepts can be utilized as catalysts for social change and empowerment. The study applies a desktop analysis methodology to gather, evaluate, and synthesize relevant literature on the role of innovation and leadership in fostering opportunities for young girls in education, technology, and social engagement. With the rapid development of innovation and artificial intelligence (AI), new opportunities exist for addressing these challenges through proactive and supportive disciplinary systems. It explores how discipline and leadership, underpinned by an applied philosophical framework, can guide the development of a more inclusive and sustainable society. Findings suggest that fostering a balance of innovation, leadership, and discipline can significantly enhance the potential of the girl child in the 21st century. This research provides practical recommendations for stakeholders, including educators, policymakers, and activists, to ensure that these forces are harnessed effectively for the girl child’s empowerment.

Keywords: Girl Child, Innovation, Technologies, Leadership, Discipline, Applied Philosophy, Empowerment, Social Change, Gender Equality, Artificial Intelligence

REVISIONS TO SECURITY POLICIES IN CENTRAL ASIAN NATIONS

Boldbaatar Zagdsuren — 2025-03-27

Central Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, face various political challenges, including internal reforms, government stability, and democratic transformations. Each of these countries experiences unique political processes that vary depending on their historical and cultural context.

This article explores the changing security policies and international relationships of Central Asian countries in response to recent geopolitical events, notably the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. It discusses how these nations are expanding their diplomatic, economic, and security ties beyond their traditional dependence on Russia.

The paper highlights key diplomatic efforts, such as the first US-Central Asia Summit in 2023 and increased engagement with China, while addressing the complex security challenges they face, especially in relation to terrorism threats from Afghanistan. The analysis shows how Central Asian states are navigating relationships with major powers like Russia, China, and the US, as well as engaging with regional players such as Turkey, Iran, and India.

The article underscores the impact of commitments to the Collective Security Treaty Organization and how the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has prompted these nations to reassess their security alliances and pursue greater autonomy in their foreign policy choices. This strategic shift reflects a broader trend towards multi-faceted diplomacy as Central Asian countries strive to safeguard their sovereignty while balancing diverse international interests in the region.

Understanding the political processes in Central Asia is important for developing effective strategies to support stability and sustainable development in the region, such as Regional Security, Terrorism and Extremism, Ethnic and Religious Conflicts, Border Security, Resource Competition, External Influences, State Fragility and Governance Challenges.

NATIONAL UNITY AND ITS RISKS

Munkhbaatar Purevsuren — 2025-03-26

Mongolians have a long history of prioritizing the growth of their nation, enhancing the well-being of their citizens, and safeguarding the independence of their country through unity. Values such as democracy, freedom, and solidarity are essential for the people to uphold. Despite strong nationalism, without unity, it is ineffective. Experts in politics and social sciences warn that our nation is in danger of losing its national unity and descending into division. This division can be seen in various aspects, including ethnicity, geography, social status, standard of living and education, political and religious beliefs, perspectives, wealth, income, and influence. Therefore, an analysis of the risk factors that threaten national unity is conducted, comparing them to the current challenges facing Mongolia's unity, and some findings are presented.

This article highlights the importance of safeguarding our Mongolian national identity from external influences and establishing a cohesive national identity that can withstand present and future challenges.

This underscores the immediate need to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the underlying causes, external and internal threats, and influencing factors through the lens of internal security, in order to formulate an effective strategy to counter these threats.

PROFILING IN BORDER CONTROL SERVICES: A MONGOLIAN PERSPECTIVE

Bolortungalag Getsel — 2025-03-27

Profiling at border control services involves using a set of criteria based on observable factors like travel patterns, behavior, and document details to identify individuals who may pose potential security risks.

This approach allows border officials to focus their scrutiny on those considered more likely to be involved in illegal activities such as smuggling, human trafficking, or terrorism while facilitating smooth passage for low-risk travelers. Implementation occurs through a combination of data analysis, observation, and questioning techniques by trained border officers, often utilizing specialized software to flag potential concerns based on collected information.

This article explores the use of profiling techniques in border control services, focusing on Mongolia's border security context. It discusses the historical evolution of profiling from criminal psychology to its current role in identifying security threats.

The research highlights the importance of profiling as a complement to technological solutions in addressing human factors in border security.

It compares traditional Mongolian identification methods with modern profiling techniques and identifies challenges faced by Mongolian Border Security Checkpoint officers.

The study suggests the need for formal profiling training programs, specialized curricula, and dedicated profiling teams with diverse expertise to improve border security operations.

SOCIAL PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Maral Bold — 2025-03-30

As the global population grows, an abundance of products are being produced to fulfill endless demands, leading to a corresponding rise in waste and associated challenges. Waste sorting is the most efficient method to decrease waste volume, and addressing waste-related issues requires universal recognition of the significance of waste sorting and its integration into daily routines - recycling waste and repurposing items that may be unwanted by some but valuable to others. Waste education is crucial in raising awareness about the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste.

This study explores public perceptions and attitudes toward waste management in Mongolia, focusing on Ulaanbaatar. The increase in waste generation due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization has made effective waste management a crucial issue.

The research examines citizen’s awareness, knowledge, and practices related to waste sorting and recycling using survey data. Results show that majority of respondents sometimes sort their waste, while some of them do not sort at all, indicating limited awareness and infrastructure challenges. A majority of participants rated Ulaanbaatar's waste management as poor, but most of them acknowledged recycling as an effective waste processing method.

The study highlights gaps in education and information dissemination, with more than sixty present of citizens reporting minimal exposure to waste separation education. The study underscores the need for early childhood education on waste management, ongoing training for citizens and producers, targeted information campaigns, and increased public involvement to establish sustainable waste management practices.

Recommendations include improving waste collection infrastructure, implementing educational programs, and promoting community participation in waste management planning.

A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN ALGERIA

Laid Ouarem — 2025-03-19

This study aims to analyze political participation in Algeria and the impact of the political system, civil society, and press freedom on this participation. The findings indicate that the political system has remained authoritarian despite reforms, limiting the effectiveness of political pluralism and maintaining elections as a tool for reproducing power rather than achieving democratic transformation. Civil society suffers from government intervention and limited resources, while press freedom remains restricted despite periods of openness. Due to the absence of effective participation channels, political violence has escalated, as seen in the events of October 1988 and the Black Decade. Meanwhile, the Amazigh issue has evolved from an elite-driven movement into a significant political cause, ultimately leading to its official recognition.

WOMEN AND THE CRIMINAL QUESTION: A CRIMINOLOGICAL APPROACH

Halima Menani — 2025-01-17

Rising female criminality, a less common phenomenon, is sparking criminological interest. There’s a marked contrast in the nature of crimes committed by men and women. Men predominantly engage in violent crimes, robberies, and drug-related activities, while women are more likely to commit less serious offenses, including fraud, pick-pocketing, and economic crimes. These inequalities are partially due to sociocultural elements, such as traditional gender roles and varied criminal opportunities. Criminological study, which initially focused on male delinquency, gradually favored the emergence of feminist criminology as an autonomous discipline. This innovation tackles the roots and forms of female delinquency. Women’s social, economic, and cultural contexts and their relation to crime were studied. This led to a specialized field of gender-aware criminology emerged.

THE CENTRALITY OF THE LIVING FRAMEWORK AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE QUALITY OF URBAN LIFE: THE CASE OF THE OLD CITY OF CONSTANTINE

Senani Karima — 2025-02-03

Living in cities imposes a rapid lifestyle subject to the laws and requirements of living in them, as the latter provide the needs of their inhabitants in varying proportions, and city centres are considered the most important living areas. Through this article, we will try to know the relationship between the quality of urban life and the centralized living areas through a field investigation where 50 questionnaires were distributed to the inhabitants of Souika with the help of two elementary schools. After transcribing and analysing the results, it was found that despite the weight of the historical past in every detail of its corners and the services it provides through it or through its surroundings, and despite the deteriorating state of its built framework, which has negatively affected the inhabitants in many aspects of their daily lives, it is still for them the preferred living framework that fulfils their needs and makes them comfortable and satisfied them and shows their attachment to it and their sense of belonging. This is what makes the overall centrality of the old city, including the historical one, not opposed to achieving the quality of urban life in this particular living framework.

THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF GEORGIAN AND ABKHAZ TOPONYMS IN SAMURZAQANO

Monika Khobelia — 2025-02-07

The given article presents an analysis of the morphological and semantic structure of the Georgian and Abkhaz toponyms of Samurzaqano. The relevance of the topic is determined by the following circumstance: specifically, after 1993, the toponymic situation in this region changed radically: all toponyms of Georgian origin were prohibited, and Abkhaz names invented by separatists - names that had never existed before or were unofficial versions of Georgian toponyms adapted into the Abkhaz language—became dominant.

Our aim is to provide a detailed morphological analysis of the Georgian and Abkhaz toponyms from the pre-occupation period of the Samurzaqano region in Abkhazia. The research is based on toponyms recorded by the well-known Georgian researcher Paata Tskhadaia.

It was found that the majority of microtoponyms in the studied area are entirely Georgian in structure: they are Georgian, or Mingrelian, or contain Mingrelian roots, bases, and affixes used as derivational affixes.

The second group of toponyms is entirely in the Abkhaz language, and here too, a diverse picture emerges in terms of morphological analysis. Specifically, there are both simple-rooted Abkhaz toponyms and complex-rooted, composite-derived Abkhaz toponyms, in which the morphological and syntactic features characteristic of Abkhaz determinatives and boundary markers are preserved.

The examined material clearly shows that the toponyms of Samurzaqano represent a variety of morphological and semantic groups. It is noteworthy that Kartvelian toponyms and derivational affixes are more dominant, and even in Abkhaz roots, Kartvelian derivational affixes are often present.

IDENTITY ALIENATION AND CORRUPTION IN NORTH AFRICAN SOCIETIES

Mounir Hafid — 2025-01-16

This article discusses how identity alienation and corruption interact in North African societies, leading to negative consequences. Identity alienation causes individuals to feel disconnected from their community, diminishing their sense of belonging and public interest. This detachment can foster a sense of excessive self-esteem, resulting in moral corruption and exploitation of one's position for personal gain. The interplay between these two phenomena exacerbates corruption, as alienated individuals may prioritize personal goals over societal well-being. The text emphasizes the need to explore the relationship between identity alienation and corruption to develop long-term strategies for combating corruption by addressing the underlying issues that contribute to its spread.

ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO QUALITY OF WORK LIFE IN LOCAL ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF GUELMA

Firdaws Hafiane — 2025-02-17

Work engagement represents a fundamental element that management strives to achieve by meeting the needs of individuals, increasing their level of loyalty and helping them achieve their goals, which contributes to strengthening their desire to continue within the organization, as it is one of the most important indicators of the quality of life at work. This study aims to explore the nature of the relationship between job engagement and its different dimensions in the commune of Guelma, as an Algerian local government, and the quality of life at work. It also aims to identify the extent to which the municipality applies the standards of quality of life at work and to measure the level of engagement of its employees, in addition to studying how the quality of life at work contributes to strengthening the commitment of individuals to management. This aims to draw a clear picture of the reality of the quality of life at work and the level of job engagement in the commune of Guelma.

LEVELS OF CLASS AWARENESS AND WEALTH REPRESENTATIONS AMONG A SAMPLE OF ALGERIAN UNIVERSITY YOUTH

Radhouane Moumene — 2025-02-27

The study of consciousness has represented a central issue in sociological research aimed at understanding societies, as consciousness forms the foundation of group affiliation, the adoption of its roles and functions, and even the shared representations of various societal issues. Researchers have consistently emphasized the significant role of value-based and social representations in shaping collective imaginaries and crafting perspectives on different issues among members of a single group. Based on this premise, the present study examines the levels of awareness of class affiliation in Algerian society and representations of wealth among a sample of university youth. It provides a detailed description of the degrees of awareness concerning class stratification and affiliation, along with an overview of some representations of wealth as a crucial societal issue affecting this demographic. The study also reveals certain contradictions related to the values shaping social representations of wealth among this group, opening avenues for further research in this field.

THE ALIENATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PROBLEM OF MORAL CHOICE IN JONATHAN COE'S NOVEL “THE CLOSED CIRCLE”

Aliyeva Leyla Astan — 2025-03-07

The investigation sheds light on the issues of alienation of the individual in the novel “The Closed Circle” by the modern English writer Jonathan Coe. At the same time, it examines the problem of moral choice raised in the novel. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that J. Coe solves the issues of choice and lack of choice in a Hamlet-like way. Hamlet’s tragedy lies in his search for truth, and the tragedy of the novel’s hero lies in the lack of a chance to make a choice. His indecision and doubtful thoughts are also related to the problems prevailing in society. The peculiar sense of guilt expressed on the basis of the image of Hamlet is characterized as a characteristic feature of the hero. Lack of choice creates a dead end in the hero’s life, a feeling of indecision, hesitation until the end does not leave him, and thus, any action resembles a closed circle. All the characters of the work face their own sins and the dilemma of choice, which is also related to the problem of moral choice raised by the writer.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS IN THE GEOPOLITICAL CONTEXT IN THE XIX CENTURY

Abdulla Abdullayev — 2025-03-12

The scientific interpretation of archaeological samples of material culture is not always organized objectively. Especially in the early period, archaeological excavations have sometimes been interpreted for various political-historical purposes. In our changing and developing world for the sake of objectivity, it is necessary to consider and analyze doubtful points. The formation of the ancient and medieval history of peoples and geography was part of the aggressive policy of the empire of the new era. The implemented studies were interpreted not from the point of view of objectivity, but against the background of geopolitical interests. These elements can be observed also in the historical-archaeological research organized by the Tsarist Russian Empire in the South Caucasus in the XlX century. The leading direction in the implementation of these studies was that culture and its principles of succession were associated with the resources of imperial forces. Although the Tsarist Empire collapsed after World War I, the research conducted in the region was influenced by the political interests of the other Russian Empire (the Soviet Union).

THE LINK BETWEEN THE ART AND THE CULTURE OF ALGERIAN SOCIETY

Boulakroune Abderrahmane — 2025-03-17

The arts in Algeria have existed since the existence of humankind, occupying and influencing people as both a material and moral medium that surrounds them and within which they live. Practicing art became a unique style that distinguishes individuals from other environments where arts originated and flourished. It is used to re-educate societal emotions and instill behaviors of beauty. The forms of artistic representation and expression have diversified according to the culture and environment of Algerian society. From the design of stone hunting tools to mural paintings, to dancing as an expression of emotions, and performances that descended from religious rituals and mass ceremonies to ward off evil spirits, art has been an integral part of human experience. At other times, people celebrate by singing and chanting during war and peace, just like people worldwide, reflecting their inner emotions, whether negative or positive.
Furthermore, the Algerian individual has mastered drawing strength from unity and adhering to the principles of social cohesion derived from the actual conditions and fundamental elements of Algerian society’s culture across various historical periods. The cultural pattern, imbued with adherence to values, customs, and traditions, has played a significant role in shaping the Algerian audience's taste for artistic works. These works, in turn, are governed by principles that enable artists to achieve aesthetic, utilitarian, and industrial goals, or simply provide pleasure and entertainment. Sometimes, they even cater to psychological desires, including erotic stimulation, considering that the artist seeks to employ their imagination and freedom, which govern their behavior and orientation.
Art narrates the history of humankind and provides us with cultural knowledge, as it intersects with various aspects of life and the prevailing sciences of each era. It offers different perspectives from multiple angles, remaining both enduring and renewable due to its intrinsic nature. Art is a refined creative activity, constantly evolving and deeply rooted, as it stems from the human spirit. Thus, artistic beauty is the highest form of beauty, whose significance is undeniable due to its rank. It reflects the level of human progress in a specific society within spatial and temporal boundaries and, beyond that, serves as an expressive language linked to the spirit of the nation.

THE CONCEPT OF BEAUTY AND NATURE IN GEORGE SANTANA

Houaria Belbachir — 2025-03-21

Aesthetics studies and investigates the principles of creativity on which art is based, whether it is visual, cinematic, musical, or literary - be it poetry, a story, or a play. It also examines how our thoughts, feelings, and attitudes are shaped by the experience gained through natural objects, phenomena, and our surroundings. However, defining the concept of beauty is challenging, as its interpretation varies according to the cultural background of the recipient of the work.

HERITAGE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE CONTRIBUTION OF GIS TO THE MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCEMENT OF SETIF'S HISTORIC BUILDINGS

Ghofrane Bioud — 2025-03-21

In today's global context, the preservation of architectural heritage is becoming a crucial challenge, particularly for buildings from the 19th and 20th centuries, which are often neglected or underestimated. This study focuses on the city of Setif, Algeria, where a rich architectural heritage bears witness to the region's historical and urban evolution. However, the lack of effective mechanisms for inventorying and promoting this heritage remains a major obstacle. The main objective of this research is to demonstrate the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the management and enhancement of the built heritage of Setif's historic center. The study explores the use of GIS to create a georeferenced database, facilitating the collection and consultation of detailed information on each building. The methodology includes document collection, georeferencing of buildings and their integration into QGIS software. The results show that such an interactive database enables more efficient management and better decision-making for heritage conservation. The case study of three representative buildings (Ibn Badis mosque, Kerouani high school, and Bank for agriculture and rural development) illustrates the application of GIS in the enhancement of architectural heritage. This approach contributes to the sustainable preservation of Setif's heritage and its integration into cultural development policies.

PAIN AND CREATIVITY ACCORDING TO THE ARTIST “M'HAMED ISSIAKHEM”. AN ANALYSIS OF THE PAINTING “MARTYRS”

Boulakroune Abderrahmane — 2025-03-25

Our study aims to review the intertwined relationship between pain and creativity of the artist M'hamed Issiakhem through the analysis of his painting "The Martyrs", and sheds light on how the artist embodies pain and psychological conflicts in his artwork by providing a deep vision of the painting “The Martyrs”, and the article addresses the factors that may be influential in enriching artistic creativity through the experience of pain and personal suffering, and highlights the psychological and human dimensions of art and how art can be a means of expressing pain and delivering messages Human suffering.
The article reinforces our understanding of the creative spirit and how art can emerge from deep life experiences.

REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL TWIN TECHNOLOGY IN PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT: LESSONS FROM GLOBAL HEALTHCARE CASE STUDIES

Chouguiat Belmallem Saliha — 2025-03-17

Digital twin technology is revolutionizing healthcare by providing a real-time digital replica of hospital systems, enabling better decision-making and performance optimization. This study examines the implementation of digital twin models in healthcare through an analysis of four real-world case studies: The Moorfields Eye Hospital (UK), Singapore General Hospital, Duke Health (USA), and The Karolinska University Hospital (Sweden). By reviewing these cases, the study highlights their impact on operational efficiency, resource utilization, and patient care outcomes. Challenges faced during implementation and key lessons learned are discussed to guide future adoption of digital twin technology in healthcare.

RECOGNIZING DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY OF CHILDREN UNDER 42 MONTHS IN AZERBAIJAN

Ulviyya Mirzayeva — 2025-03-24

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 15% of children under the age of 17 experience one or more developmental disorders. In the context of Azerbaijan, the limited knowledge among parents regarding the stages of child development and the signs of developmental delays suggests that these numbers may be even higher. Parents typically observe developmental delays at later ages and often turn to local polyclinics or physicians, which prolongs the process. Delayed detection and the need for specialist referrals are among the main reasons for prolonging process. The purpose of this study, which we carried out in order to obtain more objective information about this issue, is to investigate the risk of developmental delay in children who are considered to show typical development between 1-42 months, and whose developmental delay is not noticed by parents and others, and in which areas of development this delay is more common. The research used the adapted version of the Guide to Monitoring Child Development (GMCD) tool to track and assess a child's growth, milestones, and developmental progress to ensure they are meeting age-appropriate standards and to identify any potential issues early on. Early intervention specialists from 11 regions of Azerbaijan determined developmental difficulties of 138 children aged birth to 42 months. The fact that this tool is currently a recognized and accepted test by the Ministry of Health of Azerbaijan and at the same time many specialists from different regions have been trained to perform this test, as well as the fact that the test itself is simple to use has played an important role in the selection of this screening tool.

THE IMPACT OF ORAL HEALTH ON HUMAN SECURITY

Bulgan Battsengel — 2025-03-28

To comply with the guidelines outlined in Article 3.4.1.1 of Mongolia's National Security Concept, which emphasizes "Human Security" and the promotion of public health, healthy lifestyles, and public health education, as well as Article 3.4.1.3, which focuses on proper nutrition, prevention of non-communicable diseases, and addressing micronutrient deficiencies, Mongolia has implemented two national programs aimed at oral health protection: the "Oral Health" program from 1999-2005 and 2006-2015, and the "Healthy Teeth - Healthy Children" program from 2019-2023. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines oral health as the overall well-being of the mouth, teeth, and gums, enabling individuals to perform essential functions like eating, breathing, and speaking. It also encompasses psychosocial aspects such as self-confidence and overall psychological well-being. Oral health is essential across all stages of life, from childhood to old age, and plays a crucial role in overall health, enabling individuals to fully engage in society and reach their potential. Oral diseases are largely preventable but pose a significant health burden in many countries, leading to illness, discomfort, and even mortality. These diseases share modifiable risk factors with other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including sugar consumption, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and poor hygiene, influenced by social and commercial factors. Common oral diseases include dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer, oral trauma, and cleft lip and palate, affecting approximately 3.5 billion people worldwide regardless of age or gender. Addressing oral hygiene at a systemic level is crucial, with developing countries facing higher prevalence due to factors like low household income, lack of oral hygiene knowledge, and inadequate national policies for prevention. Socio-economic disparities in oral health are pronounced among disadvantaged populations. The 2017 Mongolian National Oral Health Survey revealed high prevalence and severity of dental caries across different age groups, highlighting the need for comprehensive research in this area. Tooth decay can lead to infections in other organs, such as tonsillitis, cardiovascular disease, joint disease, kidney disease, diabetes, and allergies. It is considered both a lifestyle-related disease influenced by dental care and nutrition, as well as an infectious source that can be transmitted from an infected individual to a healthy person.

IRON DEFICIENCY, ANEMIA AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF CELIAC DISEASE PATIENTS - REVIEW

Kinga Kosiec-Stolarek — 2025-03-28

Introduction
Celiac Disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes damage to the small intestine in reaction to a specific protein - gluten. One of the most common complications of CD is iron deficiency, which leads to anemia. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has a significant effect on a patient's health, both physical and mental, vastly impairing quality of life. This paper provides mechanisms leading to iron deficiency and its impact on the development of the IDA; clinical symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment of iron deficiency. It also highlights the importance of early diagnosis and the necessity of strictly following a gluten-free diet.

Materials and Methods
This review uses resources available in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. A thorough search of English-language articles involved key terms: „celiac disease”, „iron deficiency”, „iron deficiency anemia”, „gluten-free diet”, „quality of life”. The information obtained through these searches has been compiled and examined.

Results
Research indicates that iron deficiency anemia is a prevalent complication in patients with CD. In case of a non-responsive form of IDA, it is important to exclude the possibility of CD. Once CD with IDA is detected, restoring iron stores to the desired level, as well as implementing a gluten-free diet on a permanent basis is required.

Conclusions
Studies show the close connection between CD, IDA, and the impaired quality of patients’ lives, emphasizing the role of early diagnosis and subsequent implementation of a gluten-free diet. Further interdisciplinary research on methods of diagnosis and treatment are vital for the advancement of medical care and the well-being of patients.

AN OVERVIEW OF UNIVERSITY, TRAINING, AND CAREER QUALIFICATIONS: A FOCUS ON THE SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE JOB MARKET AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ALGERIA

Fateh Djebli — 2025-02-10

The professional future and employment prospects are the main worries for young academics, including those based in Algeria. While young people are engaged in their university education, they are also actively seeking ways to enhance their skills and talents. One of the most critical contemporary issues and problems faced by young academics is the need to acquire professional qualifications and prepare for entry into the job market and entrepreneurship. Algerian universities are dedicated to customizing their training programs in order to cater to the demands of the job market. Due to the state's focus on entrepreneurship and the successful endeavors of many young individuals in self-employment, they actively promote creativity and personal growth, particularly in light of the opportunities presented by the digital era. Our article examines how Algerian university training programs contribute to preparing young Algerian students for the job market and entrepreneurship.

THE ROLE OF SHARI'A ACCOUNTING STANDARDS IN ORGANIZING AND GUIDING ISLAMIC FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Mourad Mouloua — 2025-02-26

This research aims to analyze Shari'a standards in Islamic financial accounting using a descriptive and analytical approach while examining the role and significance of the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) in regulating Islamic financial institutions. Through an analysis of the theoretical frameworks and fundamental principles of Islamic accounting, we have assessed the impact of AAOIFI standards on transparency and governance in the sector. The findings indicate that the accountability of Islamic financial institutions is based on the application of Islamic accounting principles, ensuring the credibility of financial statements and the transparency of financial disclosures, thereby safeguarding the rights of all stakeholders. The rigorous application of Shari'a accounting standards contributes to a more efficient organization of Islamic financial institutions, strengthening their governance and the reliability of financial information.

HOW DOES FINANCIAL INCLUSION AFFECT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? EVIDENCE FROM ALGERIA

Nid Safa — 2025-03-28

This study explores the relationship between financial inclusion and human development in Algeria from 2004 to 2021, using a composite index of financial inclusion and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The research integrates two dimensions of financial inclusion: access to financial services and usage of financial services, using indicators such as ATMs, bank branches, bank deposits, and domestic credit. The results confirm a long-run cointegration between financial inclusion and human development. In the short run, financial inclusion significantly impacts human development, with a 38.9% adjustment rate towards equilibrium. The findings underscore the vital role of financial inclusion in enhancing human development, with implications for policy aimed at fostering economic growth and improving living standards. The study also emphasizes the importance of strengthening financial systems to maximize these effects.

UTILIZED NATURAL GAS VOLUME FROM GAS STORAGE IN TOTAL NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION AND IMPACT ON TARIFF IN GEORGIA

Ketevan Berikashvili — 2025-03-12

In Georgia in the case of gas storage construction, import dependence and purchase of imported gas during peak load periods, when the price of natural gas is the highest among the seasons of the year, will be partially reduced, which will contribute to reducing household tariffs. Georgia has interest in implementing a gas storage project. In case of construction of an underground gas storage facility, the country will receive a strategically important facility that will ensure energy security, uninterrupted and reliable gas supply to consumers, and diversify in case of gas supply disruptions in critical situations.

LOGISTICS PROCESS MANAGEMENT USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OPTIMIZATION

Emeliane Gogilidze — 2025-02-26

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been developing particularly fast recently and is becoming part of many areas of our daily lives. The development of artificial intelligence based on the Big Language Model has changed the job descriptions of many people. According to a Goldman Sachs study, generative AI will impact 300 million jobs, and according to a January 2023 study by platform Fishbowl, 43% of employees use AI in their professional lives. At the same time, such a rapid spread of AI is associated with some degree of danger for many. In March 2023, more than 1,000 people working in AI, including Ilon Musk, signed a petition calling for a 6-month moratorium on the development of large AI systems until their capabilities and associated threats are properly understood.
Logistics is one industry where AI can have a transformative impact. It can be used in both the storage/transportation phases of product storage and consumption. AI can help address the challenges the sector faces today - managing logistics processes/optimizing production, managing demand, ensuring the sustainability of logistics systems, and simplifying the logistics transition, including reducing production and transportation costs.

ANALYSIS OF DVB-T2 USAGE IN MONGOLIAN DIGITAL TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Bayarmunkh Bulten — 2025-02-12

In today's rapidly advancing world of information technology, the ability of television networks to transmit important information quickly and reliably is increasingly critical. Enhancements in broadcasting systems, such as the adoption of digital technology, have led to improved data storage and better quality of service (QoS). Modern transmission technologies, including the DVB-T2 digital television broadcasting system, have become widely implemented. This research examines the Mongolian DVB-T2 digital television system, analyzes common issues with DVB-T2 receivers (set-top boxes), and provides recommendations for their effective usage.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION IN BUILDING ADVERTISING CONTENTS FOR INSTITUTIONS WITH A DIGITAL DIMENSION: A THEORETICAL STUDY WITHIN THE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT

Issam Rezzag Lebza — 2025-02-15

This study examines the value of responsible communication as an operational basis in the field of institutional communication with a strategic dimension through its entry as an effective variable in building communication contents in the context of messages presented by modern institutions with a digital dimension in their advertising contents with the aim of reaching recipients inside and outside the institution, within the framework of the transformations that occurred as a result of the virtual digital environment by creating a symbolic, moral and digital field for competitiveness within what is called modern marketing environments.
The study also attempts to investigate the field of advertising content in the form of promotional and marketing discourse as an economic motive to attract profits on which modern institutions with a digital dimension rely in the context of the new competitive space, considering that the majority of the world today from all categories are in a state of immersion and endless use of social media with all its carriers that facilitate the individual's access to anything and then make a decision on the topics and interests that fall within the circle of his attention, whether they are purely material consumption or have symbolic and moral intellectual dimensions, and this represents a strong motive for the integration of institutions with a digital dimension to follow a modern administrative philosophy within the societal communication responsibility to create more convincing and dazzling advertising contents in relation to the preferences of the receiving audience.

POLITICAL GRAFFITI AS A TYPE OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION

Thea Shavladze — 2025-03-28

The present paper examines political graffiti as a significant form of street art and political communication. This urban expression reflects both contemporary social issues and global tensions, while simultaneously revealing nationalist, racist, and homophobic ideologies. Urban walls serve as valuable research sites, functioning as "litmus paper" that captures major social shifts and eruptions of contradictory opinions. Through this lens, we can observe the visual documentation of both domestic and international political dynamics.
This article examines the role of political graffiti in Batumi (a small town in Western Georgia), how graffiti artists shape public discourse, what types of political issues appear in these works, and how the city government responds to political inscriptions.