International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science

ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS OF ELECTRONIC ADMINISTRATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF SPORTS ADMINISTRATION IN ALGERIA

2025-10-04T21:27:12+00:00

Change has become a characteristic feature of the civilisational dimension of the developed world, necessitating the monitoring of all transformations occurring within the environment surrounding both individuals and organisations to confront the consequences of such change and keep pace with new developments. In this context, organisations must adopt and utilise the most advanced administrative methods, in line with technological advancements and in response to the digital age and information technology. Among these methods is electronic administration (E-Management), a contemporary concept that has emerged in recent years as a result of the increasing use of computers and networks and the information revolution in general. Electronic administration represents a strong response to the challenges of the twenty-first century, an era defined by globalisation, knowledge, and the dynamics of the internet revolution. Most administrations worldwide, in general, and sports administrations in particular, have responded to this transformation according to their specific conditions, capacities, and circumstances. In recent years, there has been rapid and significant development in information and communication technology across multiple levels, with a profound impact on human behaviour, methods, and approaches to administration. Consequently, many organisations, including those in both developed and developing countries, such as Algeria, have begun to adopt the concept of electronic administration. This transition has been made evident through the dissemination of information via the internet, as well as the conduct of numerous internal transactions through the internet and intranet. These networks have provided sports organisations and their clients with opportunities for communication beyond intricate bureaucratic procedures. Notably, the application of electronic administration in the sports field has achieved remarkable success across various organisations worldwide. However, the situation in China is distinct. Despite the rapid progress in information technology, many challenges and obstacles persist, hindering its application as a means to facilitate management processes and enhance effectiveness. Within this framework, our study addresses the following topic: "Administrative and Technical Constraints of Electronic Administration and Their Impact on the Effective Management of Sports Administration in Algeria." The study aimed to identify the most significant administrative constraints that hinder the effective management of electronic administration within Algerian sports organisations and to highlight the technical and human obstacles impeding its application in these organisations. Among the key findings of the study are that the reliance of the Algerian sports administration on traditional management methods has delayed the transformation towards a smooth and efficient application of electronic administration. The technical constraints identified include the limited development of the infrastructure required to implement electronic administration in sports management; the difficulty experienced by sports organisations' administrators in Algeria in keeping pace with the rapid global changes and advancements in information technology; and the absence of security systems to safeguard databases related to management processes within sports organisations. The study also revealed several human constraints, including the lack of specialised training and development programmes dedicated to enhancing the capacities of human resources in Algerian sports administration, to master modern electronic technologies necessary for the successful implementation of electronic administration. Additional constraints included the absence of a culture of change among those responsible for managing Algerian sports organisations, as well as the shortage of qualified personnel specialising in maintaining electronic equipment, devices, and management-related software at various administrative levels.

3D LASER SCANNING AS A CRITICAL ARCHIVE: A MORPHOSTRUCTURAL REASSESSMENT OF THE MOSQUE OF THE DEY IN ALGIERS

2025-09-24T16:15:12+00:00

This article offers a critical reassessment of the Mosque of the Dey in Algiers, based on the cross-analysis of three sources: a three-dimensional survey conducted by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in 2019, direct in situ material observations, and Ottoman legal records transcribed by Albert Devoulx. Situated within a building archaeology framework, the study reconstructs the processes of assembly, reuse, and adaptation that governed the construction of this monument, regarded as the last major architectural achievement of Ottoman authority in Algiers. Three key areas are analysed in detail: the north-east wall, the qibla wall, and the minaret. The TLS survey reveals an asymmetry between the base and the upper section of the north-east wall, with irregular over-thicknesses and misalignments pointing to the integration of an earlier substructure. The qibla wall displays a subtle yet significant outward inclination in its upper masonry, while the minaret, visually perceived as hexagonal, is in fact affected by a torsional distortion of its plan, reflecting the cumulative impact of time, use, and structural contingencies. These material singularities, imperceptible to the naked eye, directly resonate with historical sources: the geometric anomalies confirm the rapid expropriations and partial reuse of earlier structures mentioned in legal deeds. The TLS survey, employed as a critical archive, not only exposes hidden morphological anomalies but also clarifies structural discontinuities and contributes to the assessment of seismic vulnerability. By combining 3D digitisation, historical documentation, and architectural analysis, this research advances an interdisciplinary methodology that refines the morphostructural understanding of the monument and promotes a preventive approach to the conservation of architectural heritage.

DENGUE: A GLOBAL HEALTH CHALLENGE - CURRENT VIEWS ON PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

2025-09-24T00:53:25+00:00

Background: Dengue is a global threat expanding its geographic reach and spreading to a growing world population. Up to 3 billion people are at risk. Dengue virus infection can be asymptomatic or sparse, but can also cause dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.

Aim: The purpose of this article is to highlight the challenges of effective treatment, multi-pronged prevention and safe immunoprophylaxis of dengue virus.

Methods: A review of scientific articles published on PubMed and Google Scholar from 2020 to 2025.

Results: Due to the number and complexity of dengue serotypes, as well as the antibody-dependent amplification mechanism characteristic of this virus, creating a universal, effective and safe vaccine is a difficult task. It is all the more important because of the lack of specific treatment, which is so necessary in the case of a severe course of the disease in the form of hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome. It is also necessary to control vectors through chemical, biological and environmental methods.

Conclusion: Dengue is now a serious global public health threat that requires urgent action. Key areas for further research and development include a better understanding of pathogenesis, especially in the context of symptomatic DENV infections, and increased work on a variety of treatment and control options, as well as the development of a universal, safe and effective vaccine. The ultimate goal is to reduce the threat of the disease worldwide.

DUAL BIOLOGICAL THERAPY IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

2025-09-24T03:59:18+00:00

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases are increasingly common conditions occurring mainly in young people. The etiology of these diseases is not fully understood, so the treatment of choice is mainly conservative. The main target is to achieve and sustain clinical and endoscopic glucocorticosteroid-free remission.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the non-standard use of dual biological therapy in selected groups of patients who have lost secondary response to treatment.

Description: This article discusses two cases of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. During standard therapy, disease exacerbations and secondary loss of response to biologic drugs were observed. The combination of two biologic drugs resulted in remission of the disease and improvement in the patient's clinical condition.

Conclusions: Dual biologic therapy may show promise in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in selected groups of patients. Combining different mechanisms of action of drugs allows for comprehensive control of inflammation, increasing the effectiveness of treatment.

USE OF HUMAN MILK FORTIFIERS IN PRETERM INFANTS – STRATEGIES, BENEFITS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-09-24T17:04:49+00:00

In Poland, 7–8% of newborns are born preterm, a condition linked to a range of health complications. Adequate nutrition plays a vital role in caring for preterm infants, fostering growth and development and helping prevent metabolic complications. Although breast milk is the optimal source of nutrients and immunological factors, its composition may not fully meet the increased nutritional demands of preterm infants. In such cases, human milk fortifiers (HMFs) are used to provide additional protein, energy, minerals, and vitamins. This article reviews the different types of HMFs, their nutritional composition, and the guidelines for their use. The benefits of fortification are also presented, including improved weight gain, better bone mineralization, and prevention of nutritional deficiencies. HMFs are well tolerated and safe, and their use constitutes an important element of enteral nutrition in preterm infants.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PSYCHIATRY: MECHANISMS AND EFFICACY IN THE INTEGRATED TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION

2025-09-24T17:26:44+00:00

Depression is a serious mental disorder that manifests itself primarily as sadness, lack of energy, and reduced activity, which often hinders normal functioning. People who struggle with depression often feel overwhelmed by their lives. This mental disorder can take a variety of forms, ranging from temporary mood swings in everyday life to a serious clinical condition with significant symptoms and additional signs that clearly differ from what is considered normal. Treatment includes both pharmacotherapy and psychological therapy. Evidence for the effectiveness of this approach is solid and supported by numerous studies. However, it is worth noting that each patient is unique in terms of mental health and should be treated individually. Therefore, alternative methods may be considered and their effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of mental illnesses of civilization, especially in the context of depression, may be tested. An analysis of the available literature indicates that high levels of physical activity and regular exercise have a protective effect against depression. In combination with other forms of treatment, exercise and physical activity can contribute to a faster improvement in patients' health. This publication is a review and focuses on standardizing the definition of depression in relation to its significance in combination therapy. Physiological mechanisms that show how physical activity affects well-being were examined. The work is based on scientific research in the context of clinical trials. Practical tips on physical activity in cases of depression are also included, and obstacles and limitations are discussed.

FROM EXPOSURE TO ONCOGENESIS: THE ROLE OF MICROPLASTICS AND ASSOCIATED POLLUTANTS IN CANCER - A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-09-24T17:48:08+00:00

Introduction and purpose: Microplastics (MPs) are defined as particles smaller than 5 mm. They are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. They enter the human body primarily through food, water and inhaled air. This paper focuses on a collection of scientific studies concerning the accumulation of MPs in human tissues and their impact on cancer development, also considering the role of MPs as carriers of known carcinogens.

Brief description of the state of knowledge: In recent years, MPs have attracted considerable scientific attention. Their effects on human health, including oncology, have begun to be investigated. This area remains poorly studied, although new publications are emerging rapidly. Systematic reviews specifically addressing the oncological consequences of MPs are also lacking. Therefore, we see the need to summarize the current state of knowledge in this aspect.

Summary (conclusions): Increased levels of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been detected in tumor tissues such as breast, colorectal, pancreatic, prostate, lung and cervical cancers. In vitro and in vivo studies show that MPs stimulate tumorigenesis by enhancing cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and activation on oncogenic PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. Moreover, MPs can serve as vectors for carcinogens (for example, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and bisphenols). We hope this review will help guide future research directions.

FROM ALCOHOL TO LITHIASIS - VARIED RISK FACTORS OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS

2025-09-24T18:10:31+00:00

Introduction: Chronic pancreatitis is a growing health concern with an incidence of about 10 cases per 100,000 people per year. Alcohol-related CP is more common in men, typically appearing in their 40s or 50s, while idiopathic CP affects both sexes equally. CP is a persistent inflammatory condition of the pancreas, leading to irreversible structural damage, pain, and gradual loss of both exo- and endocrine function. Symptoms include epigastric pain, bloating, digestive issues, glucose intolerance or diabetes, and physical signs like epigastric tenderness, and abdominal mass and jaundice.

Materials and methods: A review of 47 sources from publicly available databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted. Cited publications were published mainly in English. The main topic of these publications was focused on risk factors of CP.

State of knowledge: In the following article we discuss the risk factors of CP which are described in acronym TIGAR-O. The main etiology factor of CP is alcohol consumption which is responsible for over a half the cases. Negative effect of ethanol is particularly significant in smokers. Tobacco is an inependent risk factor of CP but combined with alcohol use, risk of chronic pancreatitis is increasing. In the development of pancreatitis gene mutations play a significant role. Autoimmune pancreatitis has two subtypes and its patomechanism is complex. Acute pancreatitis and its recurrences may lead to repetitive inflammation of pancreas and its chronicisation. Obstructive chronic pancreatitis develops due to a mechanical blockage that hinders the flow of pancreatic juice.

Conclusions: Expanding access to genetic and immunological testing will help identify groups especially vulnerable to CP, potentially leading to fewer complications, lower treatment costs, and improved treatment outcomes. Understanding how modifiable risk factors affect CP can enhance both primary and secondary prevention efforts.

DIGITAL INTERVENTIONS FOR ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY: NARRATIVE REVIEW AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

2025-09-24T18:41:09+00:00

Introduction: Adolescence is a critical developmental stage during which individuals are particularly vulnerable to mental health challenges, including depression and anxiety. Despite their high prevalence, access to traditional mental health care remains limited for many adolescents.

Purpose of the study: This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding the effectiveness of digital interventions—such as mobile applications, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT), conversational AI, gamified tools, and peer-support platforms—in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety among adolescents.

Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, including 35 peer-reviewed studies and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2025. Sources were identified using PubMed and Scopus databases, focusing on digital mental health tools targeting individuals aged 10–24 years.

Conclusions: Digital mental health interventions show promising efficacy in addressing adolescent depression and, to a lesser extent, anxiety. Evidence supports their potential for increased accessibility, user engagement, and stigma reduction. However, gaps remain in standardization, cultural adaptation, and long-term evaluation. Further research should address these limitations and guide the integration of digital tools into youth mental health care systems.

AGENESIS OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY - COLLATERAL VASCULARIZATION AND SYMPTOMATIC MANIFESTATIONS

2025-09-24T19:13:04+00:00

Introduction and objective: Internal carotid artery agenesis is a rare anatomical anomaly involving the absence of the internal carotid artery. It is a congenital developmental defect that can present with varying symptoms depending on whether it is unilateral or bilateral. The aim of this article is to summarize the diversity and prevalence of symptoms associated with unilateral or bilateral agenesis of the internal carotid artery.

Methodology: In the literature review, scientific works related to internal carotid artery agenesis were utilized, including 26 studies addressing the described variability, which collectively encompass 52 cases of patients with internal carotid artery agenesis. After a thorough analysis of the cited literature, conclusions were drawn regarding the frequency and relationships between unilateral and bilateral absence of the ICA.

Discussion: Agenesis of the internal carotid artery is a rare anomaly; however, its detection is crucial in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disorders. Among symptomatic patients with internal carotid artery agenesis, intracranial aneurysms leading to subarachnoid hemorrhages were frequently observed. Additionally, collateral pathways replacing its blood flow, such as perineural anastomoses, and alterations in the normal course of other vessels in the neck and head region were also noted.

Conclusions: Agenesis of the ICA occurs in 0.01% of cases and is additionally associated with the absence of the carotid canal, through which the artery typically traverses. It is more commonly seen as left-sided agenesis of the ICA, with bilateral agenesis occurring in less than 10% of cases. 25% of cases of internal carotid artery agenesis are associated with intracranial aneurysms. The majority of symptomatic patients are between 35 and 65 years of age. Patients with internal carotid artery agenesis most frequently exhibit neurological disorders as well as nonspecific symptoms such as headaches and nausea.

ADVANCES IN MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF UPPER URINARY TRACT ANOMALIES IN CHILDREN

2025-09-24T20:05:08+00:00

Background. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has significantly evolved in pediatric urology, offering alternatives to traditional open techniques by reducing postoperative morbidity, improving cosmetic outcomes, and accelerating recovery. Technological advancements, especially the miniaturization of instruments and the introduction of robotic systems, have expanded the indications and efficacy of MIS for upper urinary tract anomalies in children.

Aim. To review the current applications, outcomes, and future directions of minimally invasive techniques in the treatment of upper urinary tract anomalies in the pediatric population.

Material and Methods. This narrative review summarizes data from published literature regarding laparoscopic and robot-assisted procedures in pediatric urology. It analyzes indications, technical considerations, benefits, limitations, and comparative outcomes of MIS versus open surgery, focusing on procedures such as pyeloplasty, nephrectomy, ureteroureterostomy, and ureterocalicostomy.

Results. MIS approaches demonstrated reduced hospital stays, less blood loss, lower opioid use, and improved cosmetic results with comparable complication rates to open surgery. Robot-assisted procedures, particularly pyeloplasty, showed promising safety and efficacy—even in infants—and allowed for outpatient, stent-free interventions. Challenges remain in cost, equipment scaling for pediatric patients, and training requirements.

Conclusions. MIS, including robotic-assisted surgery, is becoming the gold standard for many upper urinary tract interventions in children. Continued technological advancement and surgical expertise are expected to further enhance outcomes, expand indications, and improve the quality of care in pediatric urology.

PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT AND AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: A COMPARISON OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEPRESSION AND BIPOLAR DISORDER

2025-09-24T20:38:38+00:00

Background: Research on social functioning difficulties in individuals with bipolar disorder has produced inconsistent findings, ranging from significant social impairments to no differences or even superior outcomes compared to patients with depression. Current literature is limited by methodological constraints including use of non-validated self-report measures, lack of analysis of specific support sources, and absence of appropriate clinical comparison groups. These contradictory results necessitate investigation of alternative variables that may explain social support variations in affective disorders, which is crucial for developing targeted psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder populations.

Methods: A quasi-experimental study recruited 89 participants (52 bipolar disorder, 37 depression) from online support groups across Polish, English, and Spanish-speaking populations. Perceived social support was measured using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). ANCOVA models controlled for age, gender, and psychiatric comorbidity.

Results: No significant differences emerged between diagnostic groups after controlling for covariates (p > .05). However, age was negatively correlated with global support (p = .021), friends support (r = −.28, p < .007), and significant other support (r = −.23, p = .028), while family support remained stable (r = −.06, p = .555). Both groups scored substantially below Polish population norms with large effect sizes (bipolar disorder: d = −1.11; depression: d = −1.29; p < .001).

Conclusions: Age, rather than diagnostic category, predicts perceived social support decline in affective disorders. Both groups demonstrate clinically meaningful social support deficits, suggesting common vulnerabilities requiring targeted interventions across affective disorder spectrum.

CEREBELLAR LIPONEUROCYTOMA IN THE LAST DECADE: A COMPREHENSIVE CASE REVIEW

2025-09-24T21:37:59+00:00

Introduction. Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are relatively uncommon when compared with neoplasms arising in other organs and tissues of the human body. Among these rare entities, cerebellar liponeurocytoma represents one of the least frequently encountered tumor types. This neoplasm was originally described in 1978 by Bechtel and colleagues, who referred to it as a “mixed mesenchymal and neuroectodermal tumor” due to its unusual histological characteristics combining neuronal and lipomatous differentiation. Since that time, only a limited number of cases have been reported in the literature, underlining its exceptional rarity. In subsequent decades, advances in neuropathology and molecular diagnostics have allowed for more precise recognition of this lesion as a distinct clinicopathological entity. Within the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system published in 2016, cerebellar liponeurocytoma was formally designated as a grade II tumor. This reflects its generally indolent biological behavior but also acknowledges the significant potential for local recurrence following treatment.

Aim of the Study. The aim of the study was to collect data about symptoms and immunoreactivity of cerebellar liponeurocytoma from published cases between 2014 and 2024.

Materials and Methods. PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for cerebellar liponeurocytoma cases.

Result. Analyzing data from 32 cases of cerebellar liponeurocytoma, 11 men (34.4%) and 21 women (65.6%) were affected. The mean age was 42.9 ± 18.17 years. The youngest person was 6 years old and the oldest was 77. Two cases concerned patients under 18 years old. The most common tumor location was the posterior fossa (25/32 cases, 78.12%), followed by the ventricle area (4 cases, 12.5%) and the frontal lobe (1 case). The most common symptoms were headache (26/32, 81.25%), vomiting and nausea (15/32, 46.9%), gait disturbance (14/32, 44%), ataxia (3/32, 9.4%), paresthesia (3/32, 9.4%), and urge incontinence (1 case).

Conclusion. Cerebellar liponeurocytoma is a rare but distinctive tumor of the central nervous system. The usual symptoms arise from the tumor's typical location in the cerebellum. Its clinical course, with atypical features, may pose significant management challenges. Further research into the tumor's molecular and genetic characteristics is needed to provide insights into optimizing management strategies and improving patient outcomes.

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: MODERN AND TRADITIONAL METHODS

2025-09-25T16:27:15+00:00

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED), or impotence, is a condition where a man can't get or keep an erection firm enough for satisfying sexual intercourse. It affects men of all ages and is caused by a variety of physical, psychological, or social factors. The number of ED cases is growing annually, and treatment costs are rising steadily. This combination of increasing prevalence and rising expenses highlights the need for a highly optimized treatment method. Efforts should focus on finding a solution that is as effective as possible while also being cost-efficient. The goal is to provide accessible, high-quality care without the financial burden, ensuring that men who suffer from this condition can find relief and improve their quality of life. The search for such a method is crucial given the growing impact of ED on men worldwide.

Aim: The aim of this study was to review literature studies on ED and methods for treating this condition.

Method: Data for the article were retrieved by using Pub Med setting the time descriptor to 2020-2025.

Conclusions: Despite the availability of many effective treatments for erectile dysfunction (ED), it can still be a challenging condition due to the variety of underlying causes. Therefore, an individualized approach and thorough diagnostics are essential. Regenerative therapies and shockwave therapy, although still experimental, offer new therapeutic opportunities. In the future, it will be important to conduct randomized studies with long-term follow-up to assess the effectiveness and safety of these new methods.

KETAMINE AS AN OPTIONAL TREATMENT IN CHRONIC PAIN - A REVIEW

2025-09-25T17:03:46+00:00

Chronic pain is a pervasive and debilitating condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Traditional methods of pain management, including the use of opioids, often fall short in providing adequate relief and come with significant risks, such as dependency and tolerance. As a result, there has been growing interest in exploring alternative treatments, with ketamine emerging as a promising option. Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, has shown potential in alleviating various types of chronic pain, including neuropathic pain, cancer-related pain, and pain associated with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).

Aim of study: This review aims to examine the current evidence on the efficacy of ketamine in chronic pain management, exploring its mechanisms of action, clinical applications, safety profile, and potential limitations.

Methods and materials: PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for topic treated articles.

THE IMPACT OF OBESITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN CHILDREN – A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-09-25T18:34:32+00:00

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a growing global health concern that significantly increases the risk of developing hypertension during childhood, leading to serious health consequences. This review aims to present the current state of knowledge regarding the relationship between obesity and hypertension in children, with particular emphasis on pathophysiological mechanisms and prevention strategies.

Current Knowledge: Among all risk factors, overweight and obesity have the greatest impact, correlating proportionally with the degree of blood pressure elevation, especially systolic pressure. Studies have shown that the association between BMI and blood pressure is strongest during puberty. This relationship is influenced by complex mechanisms, including excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), hormonal imbalances, and chronic inflammation induced by adipokines. Additionally, excess adipose tissue mechanically compresses the kidneys, causing sodium retention and blood pressure elevation, while hyperinsulinemia enhances sodium reabsorption and vascular resistance, further contributing to hypertension development. These factors act synergistically, resulting in persistent dysregulation of blood pressure from an early age. Treatment primarily involves lifestyle modification, with pharmacotherapy (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, GLP-1 receptor agonists) reserved for cases resistant to non-pharmacological interventions.

Summary: The available literature unequivocally indicates that obesity constitutes a significant health threat from an early age and increases the risk of serious adult diseases. Given the involvement of numerous modifiable pathophysiological mechanisms and the rising prevalence of these conditions, early prevention, health education, and an interdisciplinary treatment approach are of paramount importance.

THE ROLE OF DANCE MOVEMENT THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT EVIDENCE

2025-09-26T02:47:04+00:00

Background: Depression is a widespread mental disorder affecting approximately 280 million people worldwide. While pharmacological treatments and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are considered first-line interventions, there has been growing interest in recent years in complementary, non-pharmacological therapies, such as Dance Movement Therapy (DMT), which offers a holistic, body-centered approach to improving mental health outcomes.

Aim: This review aims to evaluate the current evidence on the effectiveness of Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) in the treatment of depression. It seeks to understand the mechanisms through which DMT exerts its effects and to identify specific populations that may benefit most from this intervention.

Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, covering the years 2015 to 2025.

Results: DMT has demonstrated positive effects on depressive symptoms across various populations. Improvements were noted not only in mood but also in cognitive functioning, physical health, interpersonal relationships, and emotional regulation. While effect sizes varied, consistent within-group improvements and high adherence rates were observed.

Conclusion: DMT is a safe, engaging, and potentially effective adjunctive treatment for depression, especially when personalized and delivered by trained professionals. Its multicausal mechanism of action makes it a valuable tool in the integrative treatment of depressive disorders. Further high-quality, randomized studies are needed to establish standardized clinical guidelines.

THE IMPACT OF HYPERURICEMIA ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. REVIEW OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE

2025-09-26T03:14:09+00:00

Objectives: The aim of the current work was to assess, following analysis of existing and widely available literature, whether increased levels of uric acid in blood serum have an impact on increased cardiovascular risk, and is urate-lowering treatment beneficial.

Materials and Methods: A review was conducted using the PubMed database, limited to full-text, freely available publications from the past 10 years. The analysis focused primarily on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews related to hyperuricemia and cardiovascular risk.

Results: The evidence indicates a consistent association between hyperuricemia and increased cardiovascular risk, including higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Although threshold values for hyperuricemia varied across studies, cardiovascular risk was shown to rise even with levels above 5 mg/dl. SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrated both urate-lowering and cardioprotective effects. In contrast, traditional xanthine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., allopurinol, febuxostat) did not show a significant benefit in reducing cardiovascular events.

Conclusions: Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for the increase in mortality and other adverse cardiovascular outcomes. SGLT2 inhibitors have shown to be promising in improving cardiovascular prognosis, while xanthine oxidase inhibitors presented no advantages. Further research in this subject is suggested.

ACUTE APPENDICITIS IN PREGNANCY – DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGES

2025-09-26T03:52:03+00:00

Background: Acute appendicitis during pregnancy is one of the most common non-obstetric surgical conditions in pregnant women. However, due to the ambiguous symptoms that may be presented, an accurate diagnosis can be delayed or misinterpreted as a result of pregnancy-related changes.

Aim: The aim of this article is to highlight the challenges involved in diagnosing and treating acute appendicitis in pregnant women.

Methods: A review of scientific articles published on Google Scholar and PubMed from 2015 to 2025.

Results: Acute appendicitis in pregnancy presents with identical symptoms or mimics several other diseases, not only obstetric conditions. Surgical treatment is recommended, but there are no clear guidelines favoring either laparoscopic or open methods. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most accurate imaging modality for diagnosing acute appendicitis. Laboratory diagnostics do not provide definitive evidence for appendicitis in pregnancy.

Conclusion: It is essential to be aware of the numerous ways acute appendicitis can present in pregnancy and to remain critical of an initially proposed diagnosis. The choice of surgical treatment largely depends on the experience and skill of the physician. Therefore, continuous education is necessary to understand the challenges associated with this condition.

AI IN ONCOLOGY - DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN BENIGN MASSES AND MALIGNANT TUMORS IN THE CASE OF BREAST CANCER

2025-09-26T16:29:57+00:00

Introduction: Cancer poses a considerable challenge to worldwide healthcare systems. Presently, researchers globally are striving to enhance diagnostics and early diagnosis of the disease, which may decrease mortality rates among cancer patients and influence life expectancy. The application of artificial intelligence in medicine, especially in cancer diagnosis, signifies a substantial development. Radiomics plays a crucial role in this field, as it is utilized to augment the effectiveness of image processing for precise early breast cancer diagnosis and to boost overall treatment outcomes.

Aim of the study: The main aim of this work is to clarify the essential ideas related to artificial intelligence, such as machine learning, deep learning, and radiomics, in a comprehensible way. Another aspect was to illustrate the great potential of employing this technology in cancer diagnostics, especially for breast cancer.

Materials and methods: A review of the literature available in the PubMed database was performed, using the key words: „artificial intelligence", „machine learning" ; „deep learning”, „radiomics”, „breast cancer”, „cancer”, „oncology”.

Conclusion: Artificial intelligence is prevalent in various domains, particularly in medicine, with a focus on oncological diagnosis. Its application can facilitate early disease detection and prompt treatment. Artificial intelligence possesses several limits, presenting a significant challenge for researchers in this domain. Further research on the advancement and enhancement of artificial intelligence methodologies is essential.

THE ROLE OF NASAL FIBEROSCOPY IN OTORHYNOLARYNGOLOGICAL PRACTICE FOR THE EARLY DETECTION OF UPPER AIRWAY CANCERS

2025-09-26T17:02:17+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Nasopharyngeal fiberoscopy is a modern, minimally invasive diagnostic technique that allows for direct, dynamic, and high-resolution visualization of the upper respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and larynx. By using a thin, flexible fiber-optic endoscope, clinicians are able to assess the mucosal surfaces in great detail, identify potential pathological changes, and collect targeted biopsy specimens in a safe and precise manner. Compared to traditional examination methods such as indirect laryngoscopy or mirror examination, fiberoscopy offers significantly improved diagnostic accuracy, greater patient comfort, and the advantage of being performed in outpatient settings without the need for hospitalization.

In the field of otolaryngology, early detection of malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract—such as laryngeal, nasopharyngeal, nasal, and base-of-tongue cancers—remains one of the most important clinical challenges. Detecting neoplastic changes at an early stage dramatically increases the likelihood of effective treatment, reduces the extent of surgical intervention required, and improves long-term prognosis. Consequently, the development and implementation of accurate, accessible, and non-invasive diagnostic tools such as fiberoscopy are of particular importance—not only in clinical practice but also in population-based screening and prevention strategies targeting high-risk groups.

This article provides a comprehensive review of current literature concerning the application of nasal fiberoscopy in the early diagnosis of upper airway cancers. It discusses the clinical advantages and limitations of the method, details of the examination procedure, and its role in the differential diagnosis of non-specific symptoms such as chronic hoarseness, globus sensation, or unilateral otalgia. Special attention is given to the integration of fiberoscopy with advanced imaging techniques (e.g., Narrow Band Imaging, autofluorescence, CT, and MRI), as well as the implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning in real-time diagnostic support systems. Selected clinical cases and PubMed-sourced studies are presented to illustrate the growing clinical relevance and diagnostic effectiveness of this technique. The article also outlines future directions for the development of fiberoscopy and highlights its potential to become a key pillar in personalized head and neck cancer diagnostics in the 21st century.

Materials and Methods: This narrative review was based on a comprehensive search of scientific literature in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: nasal fiberoscopy, upper airway cancers, early diagnosis, endoscopic screening, otorhinolaryngology, and laryngological fiberoscopy. The analysis included original research articles, review papers, meta-analyses, case reports, and clinical guidelines from scientific societies that addressed the use of nasal fiberoscopy in the diagnosis of upper airway malignancies.

The selected publications provided data on diagnostic effectiveness, screening potential, technical capabilities, and integration with imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), narrow band imaging (NBI), autofluorescence, and artificial intelligence–assisted analysis. The aim was to synthesize current knowledge regarding the clinical value and evolving role of nasal fiberoscopy in the early detection and evaluation of upper aerodigestive tract cancers within otorhinolaryngological practice.

Results: The literature analysis revealed that nasal fiberoscopy demonstrates high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in detecting both precancerous and cancerous lesions within the upper aerodigestive tract. This technique allows for real-time, dynamic assessment of anatomical structures, as well as the performance of targeted biopsies under direct visualization, which significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy. Compared to static imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fiberoscopy offers superior evaluation of mucosal surfaces and phonatory function.

Numerous studies have confirmed that the use of fiberoscopy in patients presenting with non-specific symptoms - such as hoarseness, dysphagia, or epistaxis - led to early detection of laryngeal, nasopharyngeal, and base-of-tongue cancers. Furthermore, in high-risk populations, including tobacco users, individuals with occupational exposure to carcinogens, or those with a positive oncological family history, nasal fiberoscopy proved more effective in identifying subclinical lesions than clinical observation alone.

Several case reports describe instances where routine fiberoscopic examination enabled the identification of early-stage malignancies in asymptomatic patients, which was critical for initiating radical yet function-preserving treatment. These findings highlight the growing importance of nasal fiberoscopy as both a diagnostic and screening tool in contemporary otorhinolaryngological practice.

Conclusions: Nasal fiberoscopy is becoming an increasingly important tool in otorhinolaryngological diagnostics. Its advantages - real-time assessment of mucosal structures, the ability to perform targeted biopsies, wide availability in outpatient settings, and low cost—make it applicable both in differential diagnosis and in screening high-risk populations. The literature clearly indicates that nasal fiberoscopy holds significant value as a first-line diagnostic method for patients with suspected neoplastic changes in the upper aerodigestive tract.

Integration with modern imaging technologies and artificial intelligence systems may further enhance its diagnostic effectiveness. However, additional large-scale clinical studies are necessary to validate its efficacy and to develop standardized screening protocols. In light of the rising incidence of head and neck cancers and the increasing emphasis on early detection, nasal fiberoscopy has the potential to play a pivotal role in improving treatment outcomes and overall patient survival.

RADIAL WRIST PAIN: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF CONSERVATIVE AND SURGICAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES

2025-09-26T17:41:49+00:00

Radial wrist pain is a prevalent musculoskeletal complaint with a complex etiology involving soft tissue injury, degenerative changes, and fractures, particularly of the distal radius. This narrative review evaluates the efficacy, risks, and indications for conservative and surgical interventions by synthesizing data from over 12 clinical and systematic studies published between 2010 and 2024. Conservative treatment encompassing immobilization, NSAIDs, and physical therapy demonstrates substantial benefits in mild and non-displaced injuries, especially among elderly and pediatric patients. Surgical interventions, including arthroscopy, ligament reconstruction, and partial trapeziectomy, have shown improved outcomes in chronic, traumatic, or refractory cases. Specific advantages of minimally invasive techniques, such as 3A TFCC repair and percutaneous fixation, are highlighted. Treatment plans must consider age, functional demand, cost-effectiveness, and patient-specific pathology. The findings support a personalized and staged treatment approach for optimal recovery. Additionally, arthroscopic advancements have enabled more precise ligament reconstructions with less postoperative stiffness. Surgical techniques continue to evolve with the adoption of augmented reality guidance and intraoperative 3D imaging, promising even better alignment and outcomes.

THE EFFECT OF SMOKING ON ULCERATIVE COLITIS - A REVIEW ARTICLE

2025-09-26T18:09:35+00:00

Introduction: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa. It affects patients' health and quality of life, and can result in life-threatening complications, such as colon cancer. The aim of the study is to present current knowledge on the impact of cigarette smoking on the onset, course and treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Methodology: The authors conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed electronic database using the keywords. Duplicate studies were removed, and the remaining articles were assessed based on their title and abstract. A total of 20 studies met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to critical review, assessing the methodological design, sample characteristics, and the type and duration of follow-up of the population groups. The primary research for this article was conducted in July 2025.

Conclusion: Compared with non-smokers, former smokers have a significantly higher risk of developing ulcerative colitis (UC), and this risk may be proportional to cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke. Based on the presented reports, we can conclude that any potential protective effect is small and observed only in men. The study results do not constitute a basis for justifying cigarette smoking. Combined with numerous other publications in various fields of medicine, primarily oncology and cardiovascular disease, this leads to one clear conclusion: it’s best not to start smoking at all.

HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CURRENT THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES

2025-09-26T18:28:13+00:00

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a condition characterized by recurrent edema caused by the dysfunction of bradykinin production. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of this disease have changed the diagnostic approach, acute management and prophylaxis. Optimal treatment now combines early diagnosis, targeted therapy and patient education. This narrative review provides an overview of current evidence regarding the clinical presentation, treatment options and promising new therapies for HAE. A systematic search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted using terms such as hereditary angioedema, therapeutics, C1 inhibitor deficiency, bradykinin and disease management. Additional relevant studies were identified by manually reviewing reference lists and citations. The basis for effective treatment is an accurate diagnosis based on clinical symptoms, family history, and laboratory test results. On-demand treatment, such as C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), icatibant, and ecallantide provides rapid symptomatic control. Long-term prophylaxis with agents such as lanadelumab, berotralstat or plasma-derived C1 esterase inhibitor (pdC1-INH) significantly reduces the frequency of attacks and improves patients’ quality of life. New data confirm that modern biologic therapies can maintain disease control with a favorable safety profile. Current HAE treatment strategies emphasize personalized prophylaxis, adequate intervention in acute attacks and continuous patient education. Combining modern therapies with individual patient preferences improves daily functioning, mental well-being and overall prognosis.

THE ROLE OF CORTICOSTEROID INJECTIONS IN SPORTS MEDICINE – ARTICLES REVIEW

2025-09-27T03:38:32+00:00

Research objectives: This article analyzes the use of corticosteroid injections in the treatment of various musculoskeletal injuries in athletes considering both benefits and risks. Efficacy of this kind of treatment was analyzed for most common injuries mentioned in the literature including: rotator cuff disorders, tendinopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, tennis elbow, knee osteoarthritis, and femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome.

Methodology: For the purpose of this article, databases such as PubMed, PMC, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched for relevant documents.

Results: Review of the literature shows differences between the outcomes in specific injuries, but most of them show effective short-term pain reduction with corticosteroid injections. It is important to drive extra attention to other forms of therapies such as physical therapy, which combined with steroid injections improve patient outcomes.

CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES REGARDING THE USE OF GADOLINUM-BASED CONTRAST AGENTS – THE LATEST REPORTS

2025-09-27T19:57:24+00:00

Introduction and objective: Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are paramagnetic substances that have been used over the past 30 years in MRI diagnostics, and have significantly improved imaging and diagnostic capabilities for many diseases. Although they are used in small amounts in individual patients, their use worldwide involves the consumption of many thousands of liters of GBCAs per year and is growing. With such widespread demand for contrast-enhanced MRI, there is a need for these agents to be as safe as possible.

Review methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing 33 studies from the PubMed and Google Scholar database (English-language, published within the last 8 years).

Brief description of the state of knowledge: In recent years, much attention has been paid to the fact of gadolinium deposition in tissues and accumulation in the environment, the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), and safety issues in use in pregnant patients and the pediatric population. The risk of the above-mentioned events has been shown to vary depending on the type of GBCA, with macrocyclic GBCAs having a lower risk than linear GBCAs. Despite a great number of studies, many issues regarding the clinical significance of the side effects of GBCAs still remain unclear and controversial. Therefore, even more stable and better-performing GBCAs, new MRI approaches requiring lower doses of GBCAs, and alternative contrast agents need to be developed to ensure patient welfare.

Summary: In this review, we will try to present the current state of knowledge on the above-mentioned issues with a perspective of the future of this branch of medicine.

TESTOSTERONE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: A REVIEW OF HORMONAL VARIABILITY IN SEDENTARY AND ACTIVE MEN

2025-09-28T01:40:23+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Testosterone (T) is the main androgenic-anabolic hormone in men, playing a vital role in reproductive function, muscle and bone maintenance, mood regulation, and metabolic health. Its levels are dynamic and modulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, notably physical activity. While sedentary behaviour is associated with age-related hormonal decline, various forms of exercise may induce either beneficial or adverse endocrine adaptations. The purpose of this review is to analyze how different types of physical activity—and inactivity—affect T levels in adult men, and to explore the physiological and behavioural modulators of these responses.

Materials and Methods: A thorough review of the literature available on PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted using the following keywords: “testosterone”, “testosterone levels”, “physical activity”, “sedentary”, “resistance training”, “endurance training”, “testosterone in athletes”, “overtraining syndrome”, and “exercise-hypogonadal male condition”. Peer-reviewed studies published between 1987 and 2025 were included, with a focus on both clinical and physiological investigations examining acute and chronic T responses to various forms of physical activity in adult males. Special attention was given to studies addressing modulating factors such as age, energy availability, circadian rhythms, stress, and sleep quality.

Summary and Conclusions: Resistance training tends to acutely elevate and chronically sustain T concentrations. In contrast, prolonged endurance training may lead to suppressed baseline testosterone – EHMC. Factors like low energy availability, stress, and aging further influence hormonal patterns. Recognizing these variations is essential for clinicians, coaches, and researchers to properly interpret T data and avoid unnecessary medical interventions.

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE - A NARRATIVE REVIEW

2025-09-29T02:12:01+00:00

Alzheimer’s disease represents one of the major healthcare issues due to the aging global population and increased life expectancy. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are recognized as integral features of the disease. While previously believed to occur predominantly in the later stages, current evidence indicates that they frequently emerge during the earliest stages of the disease. Depression is associated with faster cognitive decline and increased disease burden. Although SSRIs are frequently used, their efficacy remains inconsistent. Apathy is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD, arising from disruptions in motivation-related neural circuits and modulated by neuroinflammatory, genetic, and personality factors. Although no treatment is currently approved, catecholaminergic agents show the most consistent promise in reducing apathy. Psychosis, encompassing delusions, hallucinations, affects over half of patients. Agitation impairs patient’s and caregiver’s function. Aggression is linked to disruptions in serotonergic signaling, frontal lobe dysfunction, and psychotic features, with prevalence increasing as the disease progresses. Traditional antipsychotics pose safety risks, novel agents such as brexpiprazole, pimavanserin, and cannabinoids offer promising therapeutic approaches. Sleep disturbances such as reductions in slow-wave and REM sleep, as well as fragmented sleep architecture, are among the earliest symptoms and contribute to cognitive decline through impaired memory consolidation and altered clearance of neurotoxic proteins. Drugs such as suvorexant and melatonin show promising results. Despite extensive research over the years, effective therapy for neuropsychiatric symptoms remains elusive. In this review, current understanding of the neuropsychiatric symptoms and their therapy is highlighted.

MYOPIA – EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION

2025-09-29T05:23:12+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Myopia is currently the most prevalent refractive error worldwide, with a rapidly increasing incidence, particularly among children and adolescents in urbanized regions. This review outlines the most effective evidence-based strategies for preventing and slowing the progression of myopia, with a focus on both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.

The State of Knowledge: Recent studies have highlighted that increased time spent outdoors significantly reduces the onset of myopia in non-myopic children, though its effect on progression in already myopic individuals appears limited. Light exposure, especially to moderate-intensity natural light, has shown potential in mitigating axial elongation and promoting choroidal thickening. Sleep quality and duration may also influence myopia development, though further research is needed to confirm this relationship. Pharmacological intervention with low-dose atropine (particularly 0.01–0.05%) is currently the most effective and widely accepted treatment, offering substantial benefits with minimal side effects. Optical interventions such as orthokeratology, multifocal spectacle lenses, and dual-focus contact lenses have demonstrated efficacy in controlling axial elongation by modifying peripheral retinal defocus.

Summary: Combining lifestyle modifications (outdoor activity and light exposure) with pharmacological (low-dose atropine) and optical (e.g., orthokeratology and bifocal lenses) interventions provides a comprehensive, multimodal strategy to manage and slow myopia progression. Early implementation of such interventions is essential in addressing the growing public health burden of myopia.

SEMAGLUTIDE AND BODY COMPOSITION: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF ITS EFFECTS ON LEAN MASS AND STRATEGIES FOR PRESERVATION

2025-09-29T15:42:25+00:00

In recent years a steady increase in the prevalence of obesity has caused a growing interest in pharmacological anti-obesity treatment, including semaglutide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, which has been proven effective in inducing weight loss in obese patients. However, due to rapid growth of its popularity, monitoring and updatig of guidelines and potential adverse effects may have been outpaced. One of the adverse effects taken into consideration is semaglutide’s impact on reduction of lean mass, fat-free mass and muscle mass. Available studies, although not unanimous, indicate that although decrease of lean mass occurs alongside loss of fat mass, proportion of lean mass increases. Moreover, some studies suggest that semaglutide treatment has a positive impact on muscle function. Nevertheless, the search for strategies allowing for mitigation of lean mass loss during this treatment is still necessary, particularly considering groups of patients at risk of such a complication. Two approaches are being considered: lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatment. Studies suggest that resistance exercise training interventions can elicit significant increases in lean mass during semaglutide treatment. When it comes to dietary interventions, there is significant need for research that would aim at identifying dietary factors promoting lean mass preservation in this population. Currently explored pharmacological support options include various human monoclonal antibodies (bimagrumab, trevogrumab, garetosumab). Introducing these drugs alongside semaglutide has promoted lean mass preservation despite fat mass loss. Currently existing studies should serve as a guide for further extensive research. At this time, it seems there are more questions than answers surrounding the issue of semaglutide’s impact on lean mass and strategies to mitigate its excess loss.

CHANGING THE TRAJECTORY OF GROWTH: THE APPLICATION OF VOSORITIDE IN CHILDREN WITH ACHONDROPLASIA. A CHANCE FOR IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE?

2025-09-29T16:06:27+00:00

Achondroplasia (ACH) is the most common skeletal dysplasia and the leading genetic cause of dwarfism. It is characterized by disproportionate short stature and lifelong medical complications, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 25,000–30,000 live births. The condition results from a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, causing receptor overactivation and impaired bone growth at the growth plates. This review provides an overview of achondroplasia, including its pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and novel therapeutic options, with emphasis on vosoritide. Historically, management has focused on symptomatic treatment and surgical interventions to address complications such as foramen magnum stenosis, hydrocephalus, and postural deformities. Vosoritide (Voxzogo) marks a breakthrough as the first disease-modifying therapy targeting the underlying pathophysiology. It is a C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) analog that inhibits the overactive MAPK pathway, thereby promoting chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in growth plates and enabling endochondral bone growth. Phase 3 clinical trials demonstrated that vosoritide significantly increases annual growth velocity (by approximately 1.57 cm) and improves body proportions, with a favorable safety profile. Reported adverse effects were generally mild, including transient hypotension and injection site reactions. Despite these advances, vosoritide therapy does not eliminate the need for coordinated multidisciplinary care and psychological support. Patients require ongoing monitoring and management of associated complications, including neurological, orthopedic, respiratory, and developmental issues. In summary, achondroplasia remains the most frequent genetic form of dwarfism, traditionally managed through supportive care and surgery. The introduction of vosoritide represents a paradigm shift, offering the first targeted therapy that directly modifies disease progression and opens new perspectives for improving patients’ quality of life.

A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS

2025-09-29T16:38:00+00:00

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the pancreas that leads to irreversible structural damage, abdominal pain, and exocrine and endocrine insufficiency. Its etiology is multifactorial, with alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking representing the most significant modifiable risk factors, while genetic, autoimmune, and metabolic mechanisms are increasingly recognized. The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of CP, with particular emphasis on the importance of an interdisciplinary approach. A comprehensive literature focused on original studies, clinical guidelines, and meta-analyses published in the last 15 years. Effective management of CP requires a stepwise strategy, beginning with lifestyle modification, pain control, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, and management of diabetes. Endoscopic and surgical procedures are reserved for patients with refractory symptoms, with duodenum-preserving techniques demonstrating favorable outcomes in pain relief, pancreatic function preservation, and quality of life. In advanced disease, surgical management provides superior long-term results compared with endoscopy. In addition, psychological care has emerged as an integral part of management, addressing the burden of chronic pain, comorbid depression, and addictive behaviors. Nutritional support, including adequate enzyme supplementation and correction of fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, remains essential to prevent malnutrition and osteoporosis. In conclusion, CP is a complex disorder requiring multidisciplinary care. Early recognition of risk factors, combined with individualized therapeutic strategies and integration of medical, surgical, and psychosocial interventions, is fundamental to improving patient prognosis and quality of life.

FROM CHRONIC SINUSITIS TO SINONASAL TUMORS: THE EXPANDING ROLE OF FESS IN MODERN SURGERY

2025-09-29T16:58:16+00:00

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the evolving role of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) - the gold standard in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis and other sinus diseases. Advances in diagnostic imaging, surgical instruments, and navigation systems have significantly improved the safety and efficacy of this technique. This study provides an overview of the FESS technique, and its expanding indications - application in the treatment of selected sinus tumors, such as inverted papilloma, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA), and osteomas.

Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted, focusing on the development of FESS, its surgical technique, safety profile, and clinical outcomes. Special attention was given to its comparison with traditional open approaches in both inflammatory and neoplastic conditions of the sinonasal tract.

Key Findings: The analysis revealed that technological progress - particularly in diagnostic imaging, surgical instruments, and intraoperative navigation - has significantly improved the precision and safety of FESS. Clinical evidence demonstrates that endoscopic resection of sinonasal tumors often achieves recurrence rates equal to or lower than those associated with open surgery, while minimizing morbidity, hospitalization time, and facial disfigurement. Successful outcomes depend on appropriate patient selection, meticulous preoperative planning, and the surgeon’s expertise.

Conclusions: Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery is a safe and effective modality for treating a wide range of sinonasal diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis and selected benign tumors. With proper patient selection, preoperative planning, and surgical expertise, FESS offers substantial benefits over traditional open approaches, including reduced morbidity and improved recovery. Continued technological advancements and long-term outcome studies will further refine its role in comprehensive sinonasal care.

ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-09-29T17:21:48+00:00

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem genetic disorder in which progressive pulmonary disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Advances in pharmacological therapy, particularly CFTR modulators, have transformed the clinical landscape; however, non-pharmacological strategies—especially structured physical activity (PA)—remain essential for optimising long-term outcomes. This review synthesises current evidence on the physiological basis, clinical benefits, safety considerations, and practical implementation of PA as part of multidisciplinary CF management.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025. Search terms included cystic fibrosis; physical activity; exercise training; pulmonary rehabilitation; multidisciplinary care. Randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and relevant clinical guidelines were included.

Results: Evidence consistently shows that regular physical activity improves exercise capacity, enhances mucus clearance, and contributes to stabilizing or improving selected parameters of lung function in people with cystic fibrosis. Aerobic, endurance, combined, and inspiratory muscle training provide complementary benefits for cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, bone health, and mental well-being. Home-based programs, supported by telemedicine, offer comparable results to in-person training while reducing the risk of infection. Regular physical activity is often hindered by disease symptoms, limited access to appropriate sports facilities, and psychosocial limitations. However, there are facilitating factors, such as personalized exercise recommendations, support from an interdisciplinary team, and digital monitoring technologies, which enable ongoing patient engagement.

Conclusions: Physical activity is a safe, effective, and versatile component of multidisciplinary CF care, offering physiological, functional, and psychosocial benefits that complement pharmacological and airway clearance therapies. Integrating tailored exercise interventions into routine management should be prioritised to maximise health outcomes and quality of life in this population.

THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE GUT MICROBIOME AND CLINICAL COURSE OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

2025-09-29T17:49:31+00:00

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are chronic disorders of complex and not yet fully understood etiology, involving genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Increasing attention has been directed toward the role of the gut microbiome, whose disturbances play a significant role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Concurrently, growing interest has been directed toward therapeutic strategies that support pharmacological treatment, including non-pharmacological interventions capable of modulating disease activity.

Physical activity is recognized as one of the key determinants of overall health, and its role in inflammatory bowel diseases is of particular importance. Regular and moderate exercise promotes the maintenance of intestinal barrier function, exerts a beneficial effect on the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, reduces inflammatory processes, and supports patients’ mental well-being. These effects may contribute to longer remission periods, improved treatment tolerance, and enhanced quality of life.

Conversely, intensive and prolonged physical activity may act as a burden, potentially leading to destabilization of the intestinal barrier and exacerbation of disease symptoms. Therefore, proper adjustment of the type and intensity of physical activity represents an important component of supportive management.

The aim of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of physical activity on the gut microbiome, immune system function, and the clinical course of inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as to discuss its potential role in the prevention of extraintestinal complications and in the comprehensive improvement of patients’ quality of life.

PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR ADHD: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2025-09-29T18:11:31+00:00

Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents. Various treatment methods are available for this condition, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. Pharmacotherapy is currently the most effective method of reducing the core symptoms of ADHD. The most commonly used medications include psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines. Comparing the efficacy and safety of available medications is particularly important in order to select the appropriate treatment for individual.

Aim of the study: The aim of our study is to review the available literature on the pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and to summarize current knowledge. We presented the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of individual drugs used in the pharmacotherapy of ADHD.

Methods and materials: We reviewed the literature available in the PubMed database using the following keywords: “ADHD treatment”; “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder treatment”; “Stimulants”; “Non-stimulants”; “Methylphenidate”; “Atomoxetine”; “ADHD”; “Bupropion”; ‘Modafinil’; “α-agonists”; “Lisdexamphetamine (LDX)”; “Mixed Amphetamine Salts”, “Clonidine”; “Viloxazine”; “Centanafadine”

Conclusion: Pharmacotherapy is the most effective method of reducing the core symptoms of ADHD. Psychostimulants are currently considered the most effective and most commonly used drugs for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In cases of intolerance or contraindications to their use, non-stimulant medications are an alternative. New medications such as viloxazine and centanafadine also offer promising alternatives. Individualization of pharmacological treatment is crucial to achieve optimal results.

SPICES AS ERGOGENIC AIDS: IMPACT ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE, MUSCLE RECOVERY, AND INFLAMMATION IN ATHLETES – A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2025-09-29T18:44:52+00:00

Background: Spices like capsaicin, turmeric, ginger, piperine, garlic, and cinnamon have been used in cooking and folk medicine for centuries. Modern research shows their ergogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, aiding athletic performance, muscle recovery, and overall health.

Aim: This review analyzes effects of these spices on physically active individuals (mechanisms, benefits, limitations).

Materials and methods: Studies from PubMed, MDPI, Quality in Sport, and Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International on ergogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of capsaicin, turmeric, ginger, piperine, garlic, and cinnamon in physically active people.

Results: Capsaicin shows thermogenic effects and supports fat metabolism, boosting exercise performance, but GI effects need study. Turmeric, via curcumin, offers anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, reducing muscle damage and speeding recovery despite low bioavailability. Ginger modulates cellular metabolism to aid muscle recovery and ease post-exercise pain. Piperine enhances nutrient bioavailability, improves muscle strength, and optimizes energy metabolism with low-risk toxicity. Garlic reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, strengthens immunity, and relieves muscle fatigue. Cinnamon provides hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties, improving glucose/lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health in athletes.

Conclusions: These spices show promise as phytonutrients in sports medicine. Their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic effects enhance performance and recovery by increasing muscle strength, reducing DOMS, shortening recovery, and lowering inflammation. Synergies like piperine-curcumin amplify efficacy. Challenges like poor bioavailability (e.g., curcumin) and inconsistent evidence require rigorous studies for optimal dosages, formulations, and protocols.

ACROMEGALY – ETIOLOGY, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT. LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-09-29T19:09:45+00:00

Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disorder, typically resulting from a growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. While these tumors are generally benign, they can sometimes exhibit local invasiveness or resistance to standard treatments. Clinically, the condition manifests through both distinctive physical changes and a range of systemic symptoms that may affect the cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, and neurological systems, and may also be associated with an increased risk of neoplastic diseases. Without timely treatment, these complications can significantly raise mortality risk, highlighting the importance of early detection. Initial screening usually includes measuring the levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Despite medical advancements, diagnosing acromegaly remains challenging, and delays in diagnosis are common, often resulting in advanced disease and severe complications. The preferred initial treatment is surgical resection of the tumor. For individuals who are ineligible for surgery or do not achieve remission postoperatively, medical therapy using somatostatin analogues is recommended. The primary therapeutic aims include normalization of IGF-1 and GH levels, reduction of tumor size, and management of associated complications.

CHRONIC STRESS AND CORTISOL – MECHANISM OF ACTION AND IMPACT ON THE HUMAN BODY. A REVIEW ARTICLE

2025-09-29T21:15:43+00:00

Introduction and objective: In recent years, the negative impact of chronic stress on health and proper functioning of the human body has been increasingly discussed. This phenomenon is a growing problem that affects an increasingly larger part of society. The body's response to stress is the release of cortisol – a glucocorticoid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex, commonly referred to as the "stress hormone." The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of elevated cortisol levels on human organs and systems, as well as to discuss possible preventive measures aimed at reducing chronic stress levels, based on current literature data.

State of knowledge: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which plays a crucial role in various physiological processes of the body. Its release is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine system responsible for the body's response to stress and maintaining homeostasis. Chronic stress leads to disruptions in the proper regulation of cortisol secretion, which is associated with negative health consequences, such as metabolic disorders, obesity, progression of neurodegenerative diseases, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, and weakened immune response. Research also indicates a link between elevated cortisol levels and the occurrence of mood disorders, including anxiety and depression.

Materials and methodology: Materials and methodology: The review is based on a thorough analysis of materials obtained from scientific databases "PubMed" and "Google Scholar," which serve as verified sources of information.

Conclusion: In order to reduce excessive cortisol secretion and its negative effects on the body, it is important to effectively counteract chronic stress. Achieving this goal requires implementing effective coping strategies and lifestyle modifications that can help reduce the frequency of stress in daily functioning.

THE IMPACT OF MIGRAINE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS

2025-09-30T02:03:11+00:00

Objective: Migraine is a common cause of pain in children and adolescents. There has been a consistent rise in the number of diagnoses over the years, which means that the problem is becoming progressively more frequent. The increase in psychiatric diagnoses in children and adolescents, we have raised a question whether there is a connection between these two issues.

Methods: Materials and methods An electronic literature search was performed using PubMed. Search terms included “migraine”, “depression”, “anxiety” “bipolar disease”, “obsesive-compulsive disorder”, “anorexia”, “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder”, “insomnia”, “children”, “adolescents”, “psychiatric disorders” as keywords. The review focused on articles published in English and Polish from their inception until 2025.

Key Findings: Migraine frequently co-occurs with symptoms of anxiety and depression. A higher incidence of bipolar disorder, OCD, and ADHD has been reported in children with migraine. It is possible that migraine and these conditions share common pathophysiologies. Experiencing chronic pain in childhood is also associated with sleep and eating difficulties, reducing the quality of life of paediatric patients.

Conclusion: We present statistics on the co-occurence of these disorders with migraine, as well as reports on the possibility of common pathophysiological substrates and mutual connections, which indicate a significant impact of migraine on the development of mental disorders. However, still more research is needed to obtain valid information on the discovered relationships that would surely help to create more effective and targeted treatment and certainly provide whole-person care for young patients.

GIGANTIC PERICARDIAL CYST CAUSING PALPITATIONS - CASE REPORT

2025-09-30T03:59:30+00:00

Pericardial cysts are rare mediastinal tumors, often asymptomatic but potentially causing cardiovascular symptoms through compression of adjacent structures. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman with an incidentally detected mediastinal cyst adjacent to the right atrium. Initially asymptomatic, she later developed palpitations, dyspnea, and exercise intolerance. Imaging revealed significant compression of the right atrium and valvular regurgitation. Surgical intervention included mitral valve repair, cyst excision, and drainage of exudative fluid. Histopathology confirmed a pericardial cyst. Postoperative follow-up demonstrated normal valve function and resolution of symptoms. This case highlights the importance of timely surgical management of symptomatic pericardial cysts to prevent cardiac complications.

Video A. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), 4-chamber view, showing a fluid-filled lesion near the right atrium. Watch video

A RARE FORM OF MYOCARDIAL INFLAMMATION – COMPLICATIONS WITH A VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE AND SUCCESSFUL TRANSPLANTATION

2025-09-30T04:27:41+00:00

Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is a rare, often fulminant inflammatory cardiomyopathy associated with rapid progression to advanced heart failure and high mortality. We report the case of a 52-year-old male with previously undiagnosed GCM who developed post-inflammatory cardiomyopathy leading to severe left ventricular dysfunction. Despite implantation of a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) and later a HeartMate III left ventricular assist device (LVAD) as a bridge to transplantation, the patient’s condition gradually worsened. Orthotopic heart transplantation was performed 5.5 years after diagnosis, with histopathological analysis of the explanted heart confirming GCM. Post-transplant follow-up over 16 months demonstrated preserved graft function, absence of recurrence, and stable clinical status. This case highlights the importance of histopathological evaluation of explanted hearts, the diagnostic challenges of atypical GCM, and the role of LVAD and heart transplantation in ensuring long-term survival.

Video 1. Transthoracic echocardiography showing severely impaired left ventricular contractility with a left ventricular ejection fraction. Watch video

NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO PAIN MANAGEMENT IN ENDOMETRIOSIS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE

2025-09-30T15:57:29+00:00

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age, typically associated with intense pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and menstrual irregularities. While pharmacological and surgical therapies remain the cornerstone of treatment, there is growing interest in non-pharmacological strategies for symptom management, particularly among individuals who cannot take medications or prefer to limit their use. This review aims to evaluate current scientific research on the effectiveness of non-pharmacological methods for managing endometriosis-related pain. The analysis includes approaches such as acupuncture, physiotherapy, physical activity, yoga, dietary adjustments, nutritional supplementation, and psychological interventions. Evidence from multiple studies suggests that these strategies can significantly alleviate pain, enhance quality of life, and support psychological well-being. The review emphasizes the need for additional well-designed clinical trials to confirm their effectiveness and better integrate these methods into routine clinical practice.

APPLICATION OF RESISTANCE TRAINING IN MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS, LATEST DISCOVERIES

2025-09-30T16:23:53+00:00

Mental disorders such as depression and anxiety are leading causes of disability. This review evaluates the potential of resistance training as an adjunctive therapy and its effect on symptoms. A synthesis of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials indicates neurobiological benefits (enhanced brain plasticity and increased BDNF), hormonal effects (reduced cortisol), and anti-inflammatory effects (decreased TNF-α and IL-6). Resistance training also improves self-esteem, sleep quality, and social connectedness, increasing its applicability across patient populations. As a complement to pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, it offers additional benefits and fewer barriers to implementation. Its program flexibility allows easy integration into personalized care and public-health strategies. Future research should standardize protocols, optimize intensity and duration, and assess long-term effects. Technologies — wearables and mobile apps — may improve adherence and accessibility. Resistance training has the potential to substantially enrich mental healthcare and improve quality of life for people with depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders.

RECOVERY STRATEGIES IN SPORT - A REVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH

2025-09-30T17:20:44+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Effective recovery is critical for optimizing athletic performance and preventing injury. This review aims to synthesize current research on recovery strategies in sport by examining the physiological, neurological, and psychological mechanisms underlying fatigue and regeneration.

Key findings: The multifactorial nature of fatigue is discussed, including metabolic, central, and peripheral contributors, as well as individual differences related to age and sex. Cellular and systemic regenerative processes are analyzed to understand recovery dynamics. Popular recovery methods such as sports massage, cryotherapy, balneotherapy, and hydrotherapy are evaluated alongside nutritional interventions including protein, carbohydrates, creatine, BCAAs, caffeine, and vitamin D supplementation. The role of sleep and neuropsychological recovery techniques, including breathing exercises, is emphasized. Emerging trends such as active recovery protocols and the application of wearable technology—particularly heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring—are reviewed for their potential to personalize and enhance recovery.

Conclusions: A holistic, individualized approach to recovery that integrates physiological, nutritional, and technological strategies is essential for maximizing athletic outcomes. Despite advances, significant gaps remain in understanding the optimal combination and timing of recovery interventions, highlighting the need for further rigorous research.

THE MOST COMMON DERMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN INFANTS IN PRIMARY CARE SETTINGS – A REVIEW

2025-09-30T18:28:47+00:00

Introduction: Dermatological conditions are among the most common health issues affecting infants. These include atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and diaper dermatitis. Most cases can be successfully treated by primary care physicians. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic skin problems, inflammation, superinfection, and systemic symptoms.

Study objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of dermatological conditions within the infant population, identify the most frequently occurring disorders and evaluate current treatment approaches available in primary care settings, based on up-to-date medical evidence.

Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed to collect all available and current medical knowledge regarding the most common dermatological conditions in infants.

Conclusions: Studies have shown that in dermatological diseases in infants proper skincare plays a major role as a preventative and as a treatment. Nevertheless, in some cases there is a need to use prescription remedies. Better education in newborns’ parents can reduce occurrence of dermatological diseases such as atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatits and diaper dermatitis.

THE EFFECT OF RED LIGHT THERAPY (PHOTOBIOMODULATION) ON MUSCLE RECOVERY AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN ATHLETES

2025-09-30T19:25:27+00:00

Introduction: Physical activity plays a key role in maintaining physical and mental health, influencing the quality of life and prevention of many diseases. Modern sports, due to increasing training requirements, carry an increased risk of injuries and muscle strains. Therefore, non-invasive methods supporting regeneration, such as red light therapy, also known as photobiomodulation (PBM), are of increasing interest.

Purpose of the Study: The aim of this review is to analyze the effect of photobiomodulation on muscle regeneration and physical performance in athletes. The paper presents the current state of knowledge, potential mechanisms of action and results of studies involving physically active people.

Materials and Methods: A review of the scientific literature on the use of red light therapy in sports medicine was conducted. Publications from recent years were included, including clinical trials, systematic reviews and experimental articles, focusing on the effect of PBM on muscle function and physical performance.

Conclusions: Photobiomodulation can support regenerative processes by stimulating mitochondria, increasing ATP production and reducing inflammation. Observed effects include accelerated regeneration, improved muscle strength and endurance and reduced risk of injury. Despite promising results, further studies are needed to standardize procedures and determine the long-term effectiveness of the therapy in different sports disciplines.

CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM - THE IMPORTANCE OF SCREENING AND TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION IN CHILDREN

2025-09-30T23:44:44+00:00

Introduction and objective: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is an endocrine disorder that can lead to physical and cognitive impairment if not properly treated. The aim of this review is to discuss the importance of screening and treatment optimization in childhood, within the context of the healthcare system in Poland, with reference to European standards. The article also discusses the most important issues related to the topic of CH.

Review methods: This article is based on a literature review from 2009 to 2025, with more focus put on papers published after 2017, analyzing national and international diagnostic, therapeutic guidelines, and long-term treatment outcomes. It also analyzes the challenges of differentiating permanent and transient forms and strategies for therapy monitoring.

State of knowledge: Early diagnosis and treatment of CH (before 14th day of life) are crucial in preventing neurodevelopmental delays. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy, but in cases of transient hypothyroidism, the withdrawal of the therapy at 2–3 years of age can be taken into consideration. Challenges in the topic of CH include diagnosing milder forms and personalizing treatment.

Summary: Despite significant progress in CH diagnosis and treatment over the years, precise diagnosing and adjusting therapy to individual patient needs still remain a challenge. Future research should focus on developing better diagnostic tools, adjusting treatment to personal needs, and monitoring long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes among the pediatric population.

CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL SPECIFICITIES OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES

2025-10-01T06:15:14+00:00

Research objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus significantly increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in this patient population; however, diagnosis is often delayed due to the potential for atypical clinical presentation. The purpose of this review is to present the specific clinical and pathophysiological features of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with particular emphasis on the distinct mechanisms of atherosclerotic development in these patients, as well as diagnostic and prognostic differences.

Key findings: In the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis develops against a background of chronic metabolic disturbances such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation. Patients often present with atypical or minimal symptoms, which complicates early diagnosis. Standard cardiovascular risk assessment tools may underestimate the actual threat in this group. Current research is exploring the use of novel biomarkers and imaging techniques to improve the precision of risk stratification.

Summary (conclusions): Atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by a distinct clinical and biological profile. Understanding these differences is essential for earlier diagnosis, more accurate risk assessment, and more effective cardiovascular prevention in this high-risk patient population.

EARLY AND LATE COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING VISION CORRECTION WITH SMILE AND LASIK METHODS. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES

2025-10-01T06:45:03+00:00

Vision correction through refractive surgical procedures has become increasingly precise and patient-specific, with SMILE (Small Incision Lenticule Extraction) and LASIK (Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis) emerging as two of the most commonly performed techniques for the treatment of myopia and astigmatism. Both methods offer excellent visual outcomes and rapid postoperative recovery; however, they differ significantly in terms of surgical approach, which in turn influences the profile and frequency of complications. This review explores and compares the complications associated with each procedure, highlighting key differences in both early and late postoperative outcomes.

Early complications such as dry eye syndrome, transient visual disturbances, and epithelial healing irregularities tend to occur more frequently after LASIK. This is likely due to the creation of a corneal flap in LASIK, which can disrupt more corneal nerves and tissues. In contrast, SMILE, which involves only a small peripheral incision without a flap, preserves more of the corneal architecture, leading to a reduced incidence of postoperative dryness and inflammation.

Furthermore, long-term complications, including corneal ectasia, appear to be less prevalent following SMILE, likely owing to the better biomechanical stability maintained in the cornea. A nuanced understanding of these complication patterns is essential for clinicians to select the most appropriate technique based on individual patient characteristics, ocular anatomy, and lifestyle demands. Tailoring the surgical approach not only improves clinical outcomes but also helps in minimizing procedural risks and enhancing patient satisfaction.

OSTEOPOROSIS IN MEN – A CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE ON DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND FRACTURE PREVENTION STRATEGIES

2025-10-01T12:49:20+00:00

Introduction: Osteoporosis in men is an increasingly acknowledged but underdiagnosed public health issue. Despite accounting for 20% of osteoporosis cases, male patients are frequently overlooked due to lower awareness, stereotypical associations with female aging, and subtler clinical presentation. Mortality following hip fractures in men reaches up to 37%. This review summarizes current knowledge and highlights emerging concepts in male osteoporosis.

Material and Methods: A narrative review based on a PubMed literature search and analysis of international osteoporosis guidelines (2017–2025). Included were high-quality reviews, randomized trials, and position statements focused on osteoporosis in men.

Results: Male osteoporosis is mainly secondary, linked to hypogonadism, androgen deprivation therapy, glucocorticoids, chronic disease, and poor lifestyle factors such as alcohol, smoking, low activity, and vitamin D deficiency. Diagnosis remains challenging due to female-based T-score thresholds and limitations of FRAX in male populations. Bone turnover markers and HR-pQCT imaging improve risk stratification. Treatment combines antiresorptive agents (bisphosphonates, denosumab) and anabolic therapies (romosozumab), often sequenced under treat-to-target (T2T) models. New approaches include the role of gut microbiota, osteosarcopenia, and personalized digital tools.

Conclusions: Male osteoporosis requires earlier recognition, individualized therapy, and public awareness. Advancing care involves closing diagnostic gaps, integrating male-focused strategies into clinical guidelines, and embracing novel therapeutic targets and technologies.

POSTOPERATIVE REHABILITATION FOLLOWING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (ACL) RECONSTRUCTION: STAGES, PROTOCOLS AND THEIR ROLE IN PREVENTING REINJURY

2025-10-01T13:39:07+00:00

Introduction and purpose: An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common knee joint injuries, particularly among athletes. Its reconstruction is one of the most frequently performed orthopedic procedures, enabling a return to full physical function. However, a crucial component of recovery is a well-planned and consistently implemented postoperative rehabilitation program, which helps reduce the risk of reinjury. This review discusses the individual stages of rehabilitation, the methods used, and their role in minimizing the aforementioned risk.

Material and methods: A comprehensive review and analysis of the literature from 2000 to 2025 was conducted using the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (including randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and guidelines). The focus was on various rehabilitation methods following ACL reconstruction and their impact on reducing the risk of reinjury.

Brief description of the state of knowledge: Current guidelines and studies identify four phases of rehabilitation: early, intermediate, late, and return to sport. Modern rehabilitation protocols vary in terms of progression rate, techniques used, and tools for assessing therapy outcomes. The psychological aspect is also emphasized, as fear of reinjury can have a significant impact on recovery.

Conclusions: Rehabilitation programs based on functional criteria and individualization allow for precise adaptation of therapeutic interventions to the patient’s needs at different stages of the recovery process, thereby significantly reducing the risk of reinjury. Moreover, modern technologies such as biofeedback, virtual reality, and biomechanical analysis can enhance the effectiveness of therapy by improving exercise precision and enabling better monitoring of the patient’s progress.

THE GUT MICROBIOME AND ITS ROLE IN HUMAN HEALTH

2025-10-01T15:08:30+00:00

Introduction: The human gut microbiome has become the subject of intensive scientific research in recent years due to its significant impact on the body. Disturbances in its composition, called dysbiosis are linked to diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), obesity, type 2 diabetes, allergies and neuropsychiatric disorders. This review summarizes current knowledge about the gut microbiome - its composition, functions, research methods, therapeutic options and health impact.

Materials and methods: The review was based on an analysis of scientific literature from the PubMed database. The selected publications concerned the composition and development of the microbiome, its function in the pathogenesis of diseases and diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies.

Results: The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea. It develops from the perinatal period depending on delivery mode, feeding, diet, antibiotics, and lifestyle. It ferments undigested components into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), synthesizes vitamins, modulates immunity and protects against pathogens. Dysbiosis is linked to chronic inflammation "leaky gut" and metabolic, autoimmune and neuropsychiatric diseases. Therapies include probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, diet changes, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and new methods such as bacteriophages or precise microbiome editing using CRISPR-Cas technology (a biological system that bacteria and archaea use to defend against viruses).

Conclusions: Growing evidence supports the critical role of the gut microbiome in health. Although the links between dysbiosis and disease are clear, direct causality remains uncertain. Future research should identify key microorganisms, develop personalized therapies based on microbiota modulation and ensure the safety of treatments. Properly shaping the microbiome may open new possibilities for preventing and treating chronic diseases.

IMPACT OF SUGAR ALCOHOLS ON ORAL HEALTH – A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-01T16:17:24+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, with sucrose recognized as a key dietary factor in its development. As a result, sucrose substitutes have gained increasing attention as potential tools in caries prevention. Among them, xylitol, sorbitol, and erythritol are the most extensively studied. Xylitol is not fermented by Streptococcus mutans and may help reduce bacterial growth and adhesion. Sorbitol is less cariogenic than sucrose, but can still be slowly fermented by certain microorganisms. Erythritol is not fermented at all and may even help reduce plaque and improve the balance of the oral biofilm.

The aim of this study is to summarize what is currently known about sucrose substitutes in relation to oral health, with a particular focus on xylitol, sorbitol and erythritol.

Materials and Methods: The review is based on throughout analysis of the materials selected from PubMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar using the following keywords: xylitol, sorbitol, erythritol, sucrose substitutes, sugar alcohols, oral health.

Conclusions: The available evidence indicates that xylitol and erythritol are the most beneficial sucrose substitutes for oral health. Erythritol reduces plaque most effectively, inhibits Streptococcus mutans, and slows caries progression, while xylitol lowers bacterial levels with less consistent effects on plaque, and sorbitol is the least protective. To strengthen these findings and develop clear guidelines for polyol use in dentistry, further well-designed long-term trials are necessary.

HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN ATHLETES: INDICATOR OF TRAINING LOAD, RECOVERY AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

2025-10-01T17:00:48+00:00

Introduction: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive biomarker reflecting autonomic nervous system activity. In recent years, its use in sports medicine has increased significantly due to its usefulness in monitoring training load, recovery, and cardiovascular health in athletes.

Material and methods: This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the physiological basis of HRV, measurement methods, and practical applications in athlete populations. This study is a literature review based on data from PubMed and Google Scholar.

Results: HRV parameters, particularly RMSSD (the square root of the mean of the squares of differences between successive RR intervals) and SDNN (the standard deviation of NN intervals), show a clear sensitivity to training intensity and recovery status. Studies show that HRV-guided training can improve performance measures such as VO₂max (maximal oxygen consumption) and reduce the risk of overtraining. HRV also responds to changes related to sleep quality, supplementation, and biofeedback interventions. Despite technological advances, there are still challenges related to standardizing measurement protocols and accuracy across devices. Low HRV is also associated with increased cardiovascular risk, which additionally creates a potential role in early detection of arrhythmia or autonomic imbalance in athletes.

Conclusions: HRV is a valuable tool in personalized training management and monitoring cardiovascular health. The use of similar measurement protocols and interpretation of trends rather than single values increases its utility in both competitive and recreational sports. Future research should seek to integrate HRV with other physiological measures and validate wearable technologies in diverse athlete populations.

MANAGEMENT OF A SYMPTOMATIC CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE - UPDATE BASED ON INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES

2025-10-01T17:38:06+00:00

A significant proportion of all ischemic strokes is directly caused by atherosclerosis in the internal carotid artery. The diagnosis and management of patients experiencing ischaemic episodes lie at the intersection of neurology and vascular surgery. The text is largely based on the latest European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2023 and AHA/ASA Guidelines 2021 recommendations at the time of publication, summarizing the management of symptomatic carotid artery stenosis.

THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN MUSCLE PERFORMANCE AND INJURY PREVENTION IN ATHLETES

2025-10-01T18:04:02+00:00

Vitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid, is traditionally associated with the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism; however, its role also extends to muscle function and immunity. The active form of this vitamin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, acts through receptors in muscle tissue (VDR), stimulating protein synthesis and regulating intracellular calcium balance. In this way, it supports proper muscle strength and structure. Vitamin D deficiency disrupts these mechanisms—leading to atrophy of type II muscle fibers, impaired mitochondrial function, and reduced muscle strength and bone density. The result is an increased susceptibility to injury, slower regeneration, and a prolonged recovery period, particularly in athletes. Studies confirm that vitamin D deficiency is common even among physically active individuals, especially those who train indoors or have limited sun exposure. Regular vitamin D supplementation effectively raises serum 25(OH)D levels, reduces the risk of stress fractures (by more than 75% in some groups), and improves functional outcomes, especially when combined with appropriate training. However, in individuals with adequate vitamin D levels, additional supplementation does not provide further performance benefits. Regular monitoring of 25(OH)D concentration and an individualized approach to supplementation—taking into account risk factors such as skin type, geographic latitude, and training environment—are essential. While some methodological limitations are present in the scientific literature, the available evidence suggests that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels plays a key role in preventing injuries and supporting both bone and muscle health among physically active individuals.

THE EFFECTS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ON NEUROTRANSMISSION AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-01T18:41:01+00:00

Iron, though required by the body in only trace amounts, is quietly indispensable for the healthy maturation and continued function of the brain. Its passage into the central nervous system is no accident; rather, it is subject to rigorous control, with the blood–brain barrier’s transferrin receptor system acting as a gatekeeper. When this delicate equilibrium is disturbed—whether by deficit or surplus—the consequences are far-reaching. Neuronal signalling falters, mitochondria become less efficient, and measurable drops in cognitive performance begin to appear. Among the neurotransmitter networks, the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic pathways seem especially sensitive to fluctuations in iron status, and their impairment is most evident in memory, learning, and behaviour. Infants and children, along with pregnant women and patients contending with chronic illness, are particularly vulnerable; for some, these neurodevelopmental effects may linger long after the original insult. While supplementing iron frequently reverses the deficiency, an overzealous approach can tip the scales toward toxicity. The art of clinical management lies in tailoring iron repletion to individual needs, ensuring robust neurodevelopment without courting the hazards of excess.

DRUG-RESISTANT EPILEPSY – CURRENT TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND FUTURE THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES

2025-10-01T19:18:24+00:00

Drug-resistant epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by persistent seizures despite the use of appropriate pharmacotherapy. This condition significantly deteriorates patients’ quality of life, in-creases the risk of psychiatric disorders, and contributes to more frequent hospitalizations. Despite consid-erable progress in the development of new generations of antiepileptic drugs, there remains a pressing need to explore innovative therapeutic strategies. This article presents treatment approaches including pharmacotherapy, neurostimulation techniques, and the use of surgical interventions in epilepsy manage-ment. Special attention is given to targeted therapies that take into account genetic, immunological, and metabolic mechanisms of epilepsy. Although these therapies hold the potential for treatment, their imple-mentation is associated with numerous challenges, high costs, and the necessity for procedural standardi-zation. The article emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and further research to improve treatment efficacy for patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy.

ASCITES IN GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS: A REVIEW OF SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT METHODS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS

2025-10-02T02:51:05+00:00

Introduction: Malignant Ascites (MA) is a serious complication of gastrointestinal cancers that significantly reduces quality of life and is associated with a poor prognosis. Its pathophysiology involves several mechanisms, including increased vascular permeability, venous compression, and lymphatic vessel infiltration.

Material and methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, covering the years 2017–2025. Search phrases such as “malignant ascites” and “symptomatic treatment of ascites” were used. The review included clinical and review studies focusing on patients with MA associated with gastrointestinal cancers. Studies on ascites of other etiologies and preclinical research were excluded.

Results: The most commonly used symptomatic treatment methods include paracentesis, diuretic therapy, peritoneovenous shunts, indwelling catheters, and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Each method has its own advantages and limitations. Modern techniques such as HIPEC, immunotherapy, and photothermal therapy show promising results in preliminary studies.

Conclusion: Malignant ascites requires an individualized therapeutic approach. It is essential to combine treatment efficacy with improvements in patients’ quality of life. Further research is needed to develop optimal strategies for symptomatic management.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: A REVIEW OF PSYCHOCARDIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS

2025-10-02T03:18:17+00:00

Background and Aim: Depression and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major global health burdens with significant overlap. Increasing evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between them, driven by shared mechanisms such as HPA axis dysregulation, inflammation, autonomic imbalance, and behavioral risk factors. Depression increases the risk of cardiovascular events and worsens outcomes in CVD patients. This review explores psychocardiological mechanisms behind this comorbidity and assesses the efficacy of pharmacological and behavioral treatments—including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRPs), and consultation-liaison psychiatry (CLP)—in improving patient outcomes.

Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using sources from PubMed, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov, including meta-analyses, cohort studies, and clinical guidelines. The review focused on the comorbidity of depression and CVD, underlying mechanisms, and the effects of interventions.

Results: Depression affects up to 25% of coronary artery disease patients and elevates the risk of adverse cardiac events. Mechanisms include chronic stress, HPA axis hyperactivity, systemic inflammation, and autonomic dysfunction. CBT and positive psychology interventions were associated with reduced myocardial infarction incidence and angina symptoms. CRPs improved quality of life and reduced depression and anxiety. CL psychiatry helped manage psychiatric comorbidities and enhanced adherence in hospitalized patients.

Conclusions: Depression is a modifiable, independent risk factor for CVD. Early screening and integrated interventions—including CBT, CRPs, and CL psychiatry—are effective in improving psychological and cardiovascular health. Personalized, multidisciplinary care is essential for optimal outcomes in patients with comorbid depression and CVD.

THE IMPACT OF BLUE LIGHT FROM ELECTRONIC DEVICES ON VISUAL FUNCTION, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND WELLBEING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2025-10-02T04:16:17+00:00

Modern lifestyles involve increasing exposure to artificial light sources, particularly from electronic devices emitting blue-enriched light. Blue light, due to its short wavelength and high photon energy, may affect retinal structures and disrupt circadian regulation, leading to sleep disturbances. Additionally, recent studies suggest that blue light exposure may influence cognitive performance, alertness, and subjective wellbeing, especially in young adults and physically active populations.

The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize current evidence regarding the effects of artificial blue light on visual function, sleep quality, and human wellbeing. The review explored the underlying biological mechanisms, including the activation of melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, and evaluated the potential risks associated with prolonged exposure to low-illuminance blue light from digital screens.

Findings indicate a consistent relationship between blue light exposure and disruptions in sleep–wake cycles, with emerging data pointing toward broader psychophysiological implications. The review highlights the need for further research to better define safe exposure thresholds, assess individual sensitivity, and evaluate protective strategies such as blue light filters.

MANAGEMENT OF ATHLETES WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES – THERAPEUTIC AND EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

2025-10-02T04:56:54+00:00

Purpose of the study: The aim of this literature review is to synthesize current knowledge on the clinical management of athletes with T2DM, focusing on pharmacological strategies, exercise recommendations, nutritional interventions, self-monitoring technologies, and interdisciplinary education to ensure safety and performance optimization.

Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Articles published between 2000 and 2024 were included if they addressed physical activity, training strategies, medication management, or patient education in individuals with T2DM—particularly in athletic or physically active populations. Key publications included guidelines from the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), American Diabetes Association (ADA), and peer-reviewed reviews from Diabetes Spectrum, MDPI Sports, and Medical Sciences Sports Exercise.

Results: The reviewed literature confirms that regular physical activity improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with T2DM. However, exercise regimens must be personalized to avoid glycemic complications. Pharmacotherapy should consider the risk of hypoglycemia and dehydration, especially when using insulin or SGLT2 inhibitors. Nutritional strategies, such as pre-exercise carbohydrate intake and hydration protocols, are critical. Technological tools like continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) enhance real-time decision-making. Multidisciplinary education increases adherence and safety in diabetes care among athletes.

Conclusions: Athletes with T2DM can achieve excellent glycemic control and high levels of performance if therapeutic strategies are personalized, evidence-based, and supported by education and technology. Further clinical studies are needed to develop sport-specific recommendations for this unique population.

EXERCISE-INDUCED BRONCHOCONSTRICTION: PATHOGENESIS, SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND CURRENT TREATMENT - LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-02T05:22:16+00:00

Objective: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a reversible narrowing of the airways that occurs during or shortly after physical exertion, affecting both individuals with asthma and those without prior respiratory diagnoses. EIB is particularly prevalent among athletes and individuals exposed to cold, dry air or environmental pollutants. This article aims to present an updated review of EIB, focusing on its underlying mechanisms, clinical symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment options.

Methods: A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted, examining the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies of EIB. The search incorporated studies addressing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, as well as diagnostic methodologies such as spirometry and bronchial provocation tests.

Key findings: EIB primarily results from airway dehydration and cooling during exercise, triggering the release of inflammatory mediators like leukotrienes and prostaglandins that cause bronchoconstriction. Patients typically experience symptoms including shortness of breath, wheezing, cough, and chest tightness, which can severely impact exercise performance and quality of life. Diagnosis is best established through objective lung function testing, with a fall in FEV1 by 10% or more after exercise being indicative of EIB. Inhaled short-acting β2-agonists remain the cornerstone of treatment, while inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists serve as adjunct therapies in cases with underlying asthma or persistent symptoms.

Conclusions: Accurate diagnosis and tailored management are essential to enable individuals with EIB to engage safely in physical activities. Combining pharmacological treatments with lifestyle modifications provides effective symptom control. Ongoing research is warranted to refine diagnostic tools and optimize therapeutic protocols to further improve outcomes for affected individuals.

PROLACTIN AS A HORMONE RESPONSIVE TO PHYSICAL EXERCISE

2025-10-02T11:55:33+00:00

Background. Physical exercise is a major physiological stressor that affects the human endocrine system. Among the hormones responsive to physical exertion is prolactin (PRL), known primarily for its role in lactation but also involved in stress regulation, immune function, metabolism, and reproduction.

Aim. This article aims to review current knowledge on the effects of intense physical activity on prolactin levels and the potential consequences for hormonal balance in athletes.

Material and methods. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria were English-language articles with full-text access, including original and review papers analyzing prolactin changes in response to exercise in humans. A total of 183 publications were screened, and those not meeting the methodological or thematic criteria were excluded.

Results. Intense physical exercise, particularly above the anaerobic threshold (e.g., HIIT), causes a sharp and transient increase in prolactin levels, with the response magnitude influenced by exercise intensity, duration, and environmental factors. Regular training may modulate both baseline prolactin levels and acute hormonal responses. Differences based on sex, training status, and menstrual cycle phase were also observed. Prolactin’s rise post-exercise may contribute to metabolic adaptation, immune modulation, and recovery processes. However, chronically elevated PRL levels—common in overtrained individuals—can negatively affect reproductive and metabolic health.

Conclusions. Prolactin plays a broader physiological role than previously appreciated. Its exercise-induced elevation reflects the integration of neuroendocrine and immune responses to physical stress. Understanding this hormonal response is essential in optimizing training protocols, supporting recovery, and preventing endocrine dysfunction in athletes.

ADHD – A GLOBAL CHALLENGE. ARE WE CLOSER TO THE IDEAL THERAPY?

2025-10-02T12:48:03+00:00

Introduction and objective: The treatment of ADHD remains a topic of global discussion among researchers and clinicians. Stimulant medications are the primary therapy, but concerns about side effects, addiction, and misuse have led to growing interest in alternative methods, such as behavioral therapy, cognitive training, neurofeedback, and dietary interventions. This review aims to compile data on ADHD treatment and assess whether alternative therapies can replace stimulants.

Brief description of the state of knowledge: Numerous studies describe individual therapeutic methods, but a lack of definitive conclusions persists due to uncertainties and isolated evaluations. More comparative research and studies on combined treatments are needed to determine the most effective approaches. Particularly, there is a shortage of studies on integrating pharmacological and alternative therapies, highlighting the need for future research.

Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar with search terms like “ADHD - diagnostic criteria and symptoms”, “Stimulant medications in the treatment of ADHD”, “Alternative treatment methods for ADHD”, “Dietary treatment and supplementation in ADHD”. Articles published within the last five years were prioritized.

Conclusions: Stimulants remain the most effective ADHD treatment but are associated with side effects such as sleep disturbances, appetite loss, and addiction concerns. In response, alternative therapies are gaining popularity, though evidence of their standalone effectiveness is limited. Further comparative and combination therapy studies are necessary to develop a more comprehensive treatment approach that optimizes symptom reduction while minimizing risks. At present, stimulant medications are a safe first-line treatment with proven efficacy.

LYME DISEASE AND THE GREAT IMITATOR: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS IN COMPLEX CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS. LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-02T13:11:42+00:00

Introduction and objective: Lyme disease is a tick-borne zoonosis caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, characterized by highly variable and often nonspecific manifestations. Its ability to mimic neurological, rheumatological, cardiological, and psychiatric disorders makes it a classic”great imitator.” The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the differential diagnosis of Lyme disease and to highlight the risks associated with both under- and overdiagnosis.

Brief description of the state of knowledge: Despite its prevalence, the literature rarely addresses Lyme disease comprehensively as a”great imitator.” Most studies focus on selected organ-specific manifestations, and reports of atypical or misleading cases are scarce. This review integrates data on symptoms—particularly neurological, rheumatological, and cardiological—providing a framework for understanding diagnostic challenges. It emphasizes the overlap of clinical presentations with other diseases and the limitations of current diagnostic methods, highlighting the need for more integrated approaches in clinical practice and research.

Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar with

search terms like”Lyme disease", ”Lyme carditis", ”Lyme arthritis", ”Neuroborreliosis" and related variations. Articles published within the last five years were prioritized.

Conclusions: Lyme disease should always be considered in patients with unexplained, multi-organ symptoms, but diagnosis must rely on rigorous clinical and laboratory criteria. Awareness of its ability to mimic other conditions is essential to avoid missed or misattributed diagnoses. Diagnostic vigilance and critical interpretation of results are key to optimizing patient care and preventing therapeutic errors.

TARGETING MULTIPLE PATHWAYS WITH ONE MOLECULE: THE THERAPEUTIC VERSATILITY OF TIRZEPATIDE

2025-10-02T14:17:07+00:00

Tirzepatide is a novel dual agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors that offers promising therapeutic potential beyond glycemic control. Originally developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, tirzepatide has demonstrated a wide array of pleiotropic effects in clinical studies. These include significant reductions in body weight, improvements in lipid profiles, decreased blood pressure, and attenuation of hepatic steatosis. Emerging data also support its cardioprotective and nephroprotective roles, as well as efficacy in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Furthermore, tirzepatide is currently under investigation for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and shows early promise in neuroprotection. This review summarizes the current evidence on the diverse biological actions of tirzepatide and discusses their potential clinical implications in the context of metabolic syndrome and associated comorbidities.

Materials and methods: A review of the literature available in the PubMed database was performed, using the key words: “tirzepatide”, “obesity treatment”, “GIP”, “GLP-1”, “glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide”, “glucagon-like peptide-1”.

Conclusion: The clinical benefits of tirzepatide extend well beyond glucose lowering, encompassing a broad spectrum of metabolic, cardiovascular and renal effects. These pleiotropic actions position tirzepatide as a valuable pharmacological agent in the multifactorial management of type 2 diabetes, obesity and related conditions. Continued investigation into its mechanisms of action and therapeutic scope may further redefine its role in the treatment of complex metabolic disorders. Given the growing body of evidence, tirzepatide represents a paradigm shift toward integrated care for patients with metabolic syndrome and its systemic manifestations.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL, DIETARY, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NOVEL TREATMENTS IN IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

2025-10-02T18:58:23+00:00

Research objectives: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with a complex pathogenesis in which the brain-gut axis is disrupted. Due to the multifactorial basis of the disorder, it is very important to combine pharmacological and psychological treatment with dietary treatment to alleviate patients' symptoms.

The purpose of this dissertation was to present the effectiveness of pharmacological, dietary, psychological and novel treatments currently at research level in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Method: In order to evaluate the effectiveness of various therapies in IBS, a systematic review was conducted. It covers articles from years 2020 - 2024, that were published in PubMed, MDPI, and Sage Journals databases.

Key Findings: The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome requires a combination of different therapies to achieve an effective therapeutic effect. There is no specific form of treatment to cure IBS.

Conclusions: Currently it is only possible to alleviate the discomfort and improve the quality of life by combining the various methods available. The method that seems to be the most effective is a combination of pharmacological, dietary and psychological treatment. Pharmacological therapy makes it possible to alleviate pain, constipation or diarrhea. The introduction of the FODMAP diet eliminates factors that adversely affect the intestinal microbiota, and psychotherapy, combined with pharmacological treatment of depression and anxiety, alters thinking and synthesizes hormones that affect the gut-brain axis. Alternative treatments are currently being researched, but it will take time and further research before these methods can be incorporated into standard therapy.

BUPROPION FOR ADHD: MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND ITS POTENTIAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT — A REVIEW

2025-10-02T21:30:47+00:00

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood. Its core symptoms are related to executive dysfunction and include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. As a neurodevelopmental disorder, ADHD requires chronic, long-term treatment. Therefore, it is essential to identify the most effective and safest therapeutic options that minimize the side effects of prolonged pharmacological intervention.

Aim of the Study: This article examines the potential role of bupropion in ADHD treatment, focusing on its mechanism of action, efficacy in symptom alleviation, and possible side effects.

Materials and Methods: This review was conducted using multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search terms used were: “ADHD”, “bupropion”, “methylphenidate”, “comorbidity”, “side effects”, and “non-stimulants”.

Summary of Current Knowledge: ADHD should be managed with both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. While methylphenidate is considered first-line pharmacological treatment, it is associated with a relatively high discontinuation rate. Bupropion, as an alternative, may offer effective symptom relief and better tolerability in patients who experience severe side effects from stimulant medications.

Conclusions: Bupropion appears to be effective in treating ADHD compared to placebo and is generally well tolerated, especially in contrast to first-line stimulant treatments. It may be a viable alternative for patients who do not tolerate stimulants. However, further research using objective comparative methods is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness and side effect profiles of bupropion versus methylphenidate.

MOOD AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: CURRENT ISSUES AND TREATMENT

2025-10-06T17:21:20+00:00

Introduction: In recent years, the rise in population aging and longer life expectancy have led to a higher prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), making it the most widespread form of dementia globally. Despite, the disease being mainly associated with cognitive decline and severe memory loss, there are many behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease that prevent independent functioning. This introduction highlights the significance of understanding neuropsychiatric symptoms that appear in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease which can be very diverse.

Brief description of the state of knowledge: Patients with Alzheimer’s disease suffer from a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms including depression, aggression, apathy, delusions/hallucinations, abnormal motor behavior, unusual activities, eating disorders, changes in biological rhythms, and sexual dysfunctions. The majority of these symptoms appear in over half of the patients with Alzheimer’s disease, posing a serious concern that often leads to hospitalization. Despite the considerable social impact, treatment approaches for these symptoms remain poorly defined. Additionally, the presentation and severity of these symptoms can vary depending on the patient’s gender and age of onset.

Summary: In summary, the aim of this review is to outline and highlight the latest knowledge on neuropsychiatric disorders, which occur in patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, focusing mainly on mood and behavioral symptoms. These symptoms can be classified into various categories based on specific criteria, but what matters most is accurately identifying the disease’s signs, as they can sometimes appear before the more typical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND CANCER PROGRESSION

2025-10-06T17:50:07+00:00

Background: Psychological stress, particularly in its chronic form, is increasingly recognized as a factor influencing cancer progression through complex neuroendocrine, immunological, and molecular mechanisms. Chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) leads to dysregulated cortisol and catecholamine levels, which suppress anti-tumour immunity, promote angiogenesis, and enhance tumour cell invasiveness and metastasis.

Aim: To synthesise current evidence on the biological mechanisms linking psychological stress to cancer progression and to highlight the therapeutic potential of psychosocial interventions in oncology.

Material and methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using the PubMed database. Relevant preclinical and clinical studies published between 2000 and 2024 were selected to examine the influence of psychological stress on cancer biology and disease progression.

Results: Chronic stress contributes to cancer growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance through hormonal imbalance, immune suppression, and chronic inflammation. Disruption of the tumour microenvironment further facilitates malignant progression. Studies particularly emphasize these effects in breast and ovarian cancers. Psychosocial interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) have demonstrated benefits in both psychological well-being and biological markers of disease activity.

Conclusions: Psychological stress significantly impacts cancer progression through multiple biological pathways. Integrating stress-reducing interventions into standard oncological care may enhance patient outcomes and offer a complementary strategy in cancer management.

THE ALGORITHMIC GAZE: A REVIEW OF HOW ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN OPHTHALMOLOGY IS SHAPING CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING AND THE PATIENT-DOCTOR RELATIONSHIP

2025-10-06T18:07:08+00:00

The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into ophthalmology represents a paradigm shift, not just technologically but socially, reshaping diagnostic processes and the core of the clinical encounter. This comprehensive review examines how AI technologies are transforming ophthalmic practice, focusing on their dual impact on clinical workflows and the fundamental nature of the patient-doctor relationship. Through analysis of current literature, we explore the applications of AI in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration, where many systems demonstrate diagnostic accuracy rivaling experts. Crucially, we investigate the socio-technical dynamics of physician trust in AI, examining automation bias and the potential for deskilling. Patient perceptions and acceptance of AI-mediated care are analyzed, highlighting concerns about the preservation of human connection. The review concludes by discussing ethical considerations and proposing frameworks for the responsible integration of AI that leverages technological advancements to improve outcomes while preserving the core values of patient-centered care.

VACCINATION CRISIS AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO PUBLIC HEALTH. AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESURGENCE OF DIPHTHERIA, PERTUSSIS AND MEASLES IN POLAND

2025-10-07T17:00:57+00:00

Introduction and Purpose of the Study: Protective vaccinations represent one of the greatest achievements in medicine. They have led to the elimination or reduction of many life-threatening infectious diseases. However, their success has also led to diminished awareness of the real threat posed by diseases, causing their resurgence in Poland and worldwide in recent years. This paper aims to analyze the current epidemiological situation of diphtheria, pertussis, and measles in Poland based on data concerning case numbers and the vaccination status of the population between 2010 and 2024.

Current state of Knowledge: Analysis of National Institute of Public Health data has revealed a systematic decline in the percentage of individuals vaccinated against all three diseases, often falling below the herd immunity threshold. This resulted in a significant increase in the measles cases in 2019 and an alarming surge in pertussis cases in the 2024- 2025. After years of absence, there have also been isolated cases of diphtheria. Data indicate insufficient adult immunity, low booster uptake, and persistent vaccine-related myths.

Conclusions: These findings clearly indicate that diphtheria, pertussis, and measles can pose a real threat to public health in Poland that can be directly linked to the decline in vaccination coverage. Urgent measures are needed, including improving coverage, promoting booster vaccinations in adults, education, and addressing vaccine hesitancy. Herd immunity remains essential for protecting public health and is a shared public responsibility.

ACHILLES TENDINITIS AS A RARE COMPLICATION OF CIPROFLOXACIN TREATMENT – CASE REPORT AND CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS

2025-10-07T18:12:35+00:00

Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics widely prescribed for respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, and systemic infections. Despite their efficacy, these agents have been increasingly linked to tendinopathy and tendon rupture, most frequently affecting the Achilles tendon. The underlying mechanisms are thought to involve impaired collagen synthesis, extracellular matrix degradation, and tenocyte apoptosis. We present the case of a 51-year-old female lung transplant recipient who developed acute bilateral Achilles tendinitis after three days of intravenous ciprofloxacin therapy. Prompt discontinuation of the antibiotic, coupled with conservative management using rest and topical aluminum acetate gel, led to complete symptom resolution within one week. This case illustrates the potential for rapid onset of fluoroquinolone-induced tendinopathy, particularly in high-risk populations, and underscores the importance of early recognition and withdrawal of the offending drug. Clinicians should remain vigilant when prescribing fluoroquinolones, reserving their use for situations where safer alternatives are unavailable.

THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SARCOPENIA IN THE PREVENTION OF FALLS IN THE ELDERLY

2025-10-07T20:46:41+00:00

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify early diagnostic methods and determine their importance, as well as to establish effective treatment methods for sarcopenia in preventing falls in older adults.

Materials: A detailed literature review was conducted using the Scholar and PubMed databases for peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and relevant clinical guidelines were included.

Conclusions: Sarcopenia is a significant, yet modifiable, risk factor for falls in older adults. Early diagnosis and symptom detection, combined with multifaceted therapeutic interventions can significantly reduce the number of falls, improve quality of life, and reduce healthcare costs.

THE USE OF ANAESTHETIC METHODS IN ATHLETES' ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE IMPACT ON REHABILITATION AND QUALITY OF CARE

2025-10-07T21:09:33+00:00

Background: Athletes aim for rapid, pain-free return to activity after injury, but many of them require surgery. As the choice of anesthesia for surgery affects postoperative recovery and patient satisfaction it is crucial to analyze which type of anesthesia is adequate.

Aim: This literature review was created to analyze the latest information on general versus regional anaesthesia on postoperative rehabilitation, pain management, length of hospital stay, and perceived quality of care in the context of orthopedic procedures in physically active patients.

Materials and methods: The review analyzed current literature from Pubmed and other medical databases published between 2000 and 2025.

Conclusion: A large number of factors must be taken into account when choosing what type of anaesthesia must be used. Patient collaboration, a holistic approach to the patient and understanding his needs influences the rehabilitation process and thus a faster return to health and physical activity.

SEMAGLUTIDE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND REPRODUCTIVE BENEFITS

2025-10-07T22:25:58+00:00

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting 6–20% of women of reproductive age [1,2]. Characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo- or anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. PCOS presents heterogeneous clinical manifestations, including obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and reproductive irregularities. New therapies, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) such as semaglutide, show promise in addressing these challenges.

Methodology: This review analyzed articles published from 2019 to 2025 in the PubMed database using the keywords: semaglutide, PCOS, pregnancy and treatment. Studies were selected to evaluate the effects of semaglutide on body weight, metabolic parameters, reproductive outcomes, and safety profiles in women with PCOS.

Results: Semaglutide was associated with significant weight reduction, improvements in BMI, insulin resistance, fasting glucose, and lipid profile, as well as reduced androgen levels and improved menstrual regularity [11–13]. Low-dose semaglutide was effective even in patients unresponsive to lifestyle interventions, although long-term weight maintenance after discontinuation remains challenging [12]. While weight loss may enhance fertility, semaglutide is contraindicated during pregnancy due to limited safety data and potential risks [5,9,17,18].

Conclusion: Semaglutide represents a promising therapy for obese women with PCOS, offering metabolic and reproductive benefits. Careful consideration of reproductive planning, dosing strategies, and long-term safety is essential. Further research is needed to optimize treatment protocols and assess efficacy and safety outcomes.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEFORE DISEASE ONSET AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RISK AND CLINICAL SEVERITY OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS – A NARRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-08T18:53:16+00:00

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic connective tissue disease of immunological origin and unknown etiology, characterized by nonspecific symmetric joint inflammation, extra-articular manifestations, and systemic symptoms, ultimately leading to progressive joint destruction, disability, and premature death. The disease can be classified as seropositive or seronegative depending on the presence or absence of autoantibodies in the serum, such as IgM rheumatoid factor and/or anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) [1]. Increasing evidence suggests that environmental factors, including lifestyle and physical activity (PA), may influence both the risk of developing RA and the clinical course of the disease [2–4].

Aim: Assessment of the impact of physical activity undertaken prior to disease onset on the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis and on the severity of symptoms at diagnosis.

Objective: To review the literature on whether PA prior to RA onset affects disease risk and severity at diagnosis.

Material and methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, covering the years 2000–2025, with the following keywords:”Rheumatoid Arthritis, ”“Physical Activity, ”“Risk, ”“Disease Severity.” The review included cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews.

Results: A higher level of recreational physical activity during leisure time prior to disease onset is associated with a 20–35% reduction in the risk of developing RA [5–7], as well as with a milder disease course at diagnosis [8]. In contrast, high levels of occupational physical activity increase the risk of RA [9]. The protective mechanisms against disease development include modulation of the immune response, reduction of systemic inflammation, and improvement of metabolic profile [10–12].

Conclusions: Regular recreational physical activity may represent an important component of primary prevention of rheumatoid arthritis. Further prospective studies with objective measurements of physical activity are warranted.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE BRICS GROUP DURING THE PERIOD (2011-2021)

2025-10-04T19:32:05+00:00

The BRICS group consists of a set of emerging economies, despite differences in historical backgrounds and development experiences, these countries share the common characteristic of having achieved high levels of economic development and significant economic growth rates over the past two decades, These nations possess key factors that qualify them to hold an important position in global economic relations.

Although the BRICS group has officially commenced its operations, it has yet to evolve into a fully-fledged economic bloc. Its activities have so far been limited to cooperation in economic, financial, and other sectors. Until now, the group has not reached an agreement on the most basic forms of economic integration, such as a free trade area or a preferential trade agreement.

The BRICS countries are among the largest recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI) globally. Despite the relatively low volume of intra-BRICS FDI, there is potential for its growth in the future, making it a crucial tool for strengthening economic relations among the member states.