International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science

TRAINING METHODS IN NEUROSURGERY - WHAT SOLUTIONS XXI CENTURY CAN OFFER?

2025-12-26T20:18:24+00:00

Neurosurgical training has evolved in recent years, influenced by technological innovations, an increasing complexity of neurosurgical procedures, and growing patients’ expectations. While highly effective, traditional methods of learning in neurosurgery require the support of modern technologies to address the intricacy of the field. By synthesizing recent findings and trends, this article aims to provide valuable perspectives on improving neurosurgical training programs to prepare the next generation of neurosurgeons for the demands of a rapidly advancing field. This review explores innovations in neurosurgical education, highlighting 3D printing, virtual reality, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence. New technologies support traditional neurosurgical education, providing reusability, limitless repetitions, relevant feedback, and increased procedure comprehension, but with partial realism. Hence, high-technology solutions remain a valuable complement to traditional training.

PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES FOR RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS: THE ROLE OF DIET AND NON-ANTIBIOTIC AGENTS

2025-12-26T20:37:41+00:00

Background: Recurrent urinary tract infections remain a significant clinical and public health concern due to their high prevalence, considerable recurrence rates, and the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance. In light of the limitations associated with long-term antibiotic use, non-antibiotic prophylactic strategies have garnered increasing interest. This review synthesizes current evidence on the efficacy of various non-antibiotic interventions, including behavioral and dietary modifications, probiotics, cranberry products, D-mannose, methenamine hippurate, topical vaginal estrogen, and immunoprophylaxis.

Aim: This study aims to introduce non-antibiotic approaches to the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections and to highlight how their integration into clinical practice may decrease reliance on antibiotics and improve long-term patient outcomes.

Methods: This narrative review synthesizes current research findings on the topic. The literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar database, focusing on recent studies relevant to non-antibiotic strategies for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections.

IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE FACTORS, NUTRITIONAL CHOICES AND SUPPLEMENTS ON ALOPECIA AREATA: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-12-26T20:54:26+00:00

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, immune-mediated condition characterized by non-scarring hair loss which can significantly impact patients' quality of life. While its precise etiology remains elusive, emerging evidence suggests that various lifestyle factors may contribute to disease onset, progression, and severity. This review aims to synthesize current findings on the potential impact of modifiable lifestyle elements including smoking, alcohol consumption, psychological stress, sleep disturbances, physical activity, obesity, and diet on the pathogenesis and clinical course of AA. The role of specific micronutrients such as iron, vitamin D, zinc, B vitamins, and biotin is also examined. Although several studies suggest associations between these factors and AA, the evidence remains inconsistent and largely observational. At present, no definitive lifestyle modification guidelines can be proposed for AA patients. However, this review underscores the need for increased clinical awareness and further high-quality research to elucidate the mechanisms by which lifestyle and dietary habits may influence autoimmune processes involved in AA, with the ultimate goal of integrating holistic approaches into patient care.

THE ROLE OF DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS TREATMENT – A REVIEW

2025-12-27T06:22:55+00:00

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation, systemic complications, and progressive disability. Pharmacological therapies such as disease modifying management (DMARDs) and symptomatic treatment (NSAIDs and GCs) remain the cornerstone of RA management, increasing evidence highlights the significant role of non-pharmacological strategies in enhancing the treatment outcomes. This review explores the impact of physical activity and diet strategies on RA progression and control. Physical activity, particularly resistance and aerobic training, improves muscle mass, joint function, and cardiovascular health, counteracting RA-related cachexia and reducing systemic inflammation. Dietary interventions, especially Mediterranean and vegan diets, are reported to have anti-inflammatory benefits due to high content of antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, and phytochemicals. Specific nutrients like vitamin D, olive oil, and polyphenol-rich foods exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-osteoclastic effects. Integrating dietary, lifestyle, and pharmacology therapies may lead to disease remission, reduce treatment resistance, and improve patients’ quality of life.

ADVANCEMENTS IN TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA: NOVEL THERAPIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

2025-12-27T06:37:31+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), or male pattern hair loss (MPHL) and female pattern hair loss (FPHL), is the most common form of progressive hair loss, significantly affecting men and women. FDA-approved treatments, such as minoxidil and finasteride, have limitations, including side effects and variable efficacy, highlighting the need for innovative solutions. Recent advancements introduce therapies targeting AGA’s mechanisms, offering hope for improved management.

Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar. The search included keywords such as “androgenetic alopecia,” “male pattern hair loss,” “female pattern hair loss,” “minoxidil,” “finasteride,” “dutasteride mesotherapy,” “platelet-rich plasma” and “botulinum toxin.” Articles from the last five years were prioritized.

State of Knowledge: Emerging therapies include low-dose oral minoxidil, topical finasteride, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), mesotherapy, low-level laser therapy (LLLT), and botulinum toxin, offering improved adherence and fewer side effects. Experimental approaches, such as clascoterone, pyrilutamide, and stem cell-based therapies, focus on follicular regeneration and androgen receptor modulation. Advanced technologies like PROTAC and AI-driven designs aim for precision and minimal invasiveness. However, variability in studies and the lack of standardized protocols limit generalizability.

Conclusions: Recent advancements in AGA therapies demonstrate significant potential, offering individualized, effective, and minimally invasive options. Standardized protocols and large-scale trials remain essential to validate efficacy and safety, paving the way for precision medicine in AGA management.

CEREBRAL VENOUS THROMBOSIS: AN OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT

2025-12-27T19:48:12+00:00

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence from 2016-2025 articles on cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), a rare cerebrovascular condition accounting for 0.5-1% of all strokes that predominantly affects young adults, particularly women (3:1 ratio) due to hormonal risk factors. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced novel dimensions including SARS-CoV-2-associated CVT (0.08% incidence) and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) requiring specific management protocols. Clinical presentation remains heterogeneous, with headache occurring in 60-95% of cases, though 6-25% present with isolated headache without focal signs, necessitating high clinical suspicion and advanced neuroimaging (MRI/MRV as gold standard) for diagnosis. Anticoagulation represents the treatment cornerstone, with accumulating evidence from randomized trials (RE-SPECT CVT, ACTION-CVT, EINSTEIN-Jr CVT) demonstrating that direct oral anticoagulants offer safe and effective alternatives to warfarin, though optimal duration remains debated. Contemporary management has dramatically improved prognosis, reducing mortality from historical 30-50% to current 5-10%, with approximately 80% of patients achieving functional independence, with recurrence risk of ~4% annually and substantial minorities suffer persistent headache, cognitive difficulties, or seizures. Future research priorities include defining optimal anticoagulation duration, standardizing endovascular intervention protocols, and identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognostic stratification.

ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY: PRACTICAL BENEFITS IN OVERT LAPAROSCOPY (NARRATIVE REVIEW 2021–2025)

2025-12-28T04:13:44+00:00

Introduction and Objectives: Gynecological surgery has undergone rapid development in recent years, from traditional laparoscopy to surgical robots increasingly supported by artificial intelligence. Robotic surgery is already standard in many gynecological oncology centers. However, there is considerable debate about its real advantages over laparoscopy, both from the perspective of patients, surgeons, and payers.

Brief Description of the State of Knowledge: The aim of the following narrative was to critically review the comparative practical benefits of both robotic surgery and laparoscopy in operative gynecology, with particular emphasis on clinical trial results, patient safety, operator ergonomics, learning curve, costs, and the role of artificial intelligence.

Methodology: A narrative literature review was conducted. PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar were searched from 2021 to 2025 using English-language search terms such as: "robotic gynecologic surgery," "robot-assisted hysterectomy," "laparoscopic hysterectomy comparison," "endometrial cancer staging robotic," "deep infiltrating endometriosis robotic," "robotic sacrocolpopexy," "ergonomics surgeon laparoscopy," "learning curve robotic gynecology," "artificial intelligence gynecologic surgery," "cost analysis robotic hysterectomy," and "Poland robotic surgery NFZ financing."

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON HEALTH AND AGING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF BENEFITS FOR OLDER ADULTS

2025-12-28T04:39:54+00:00

Introduction: The global aging trend poses major challenges for healthcare systems striving to preserve older adults’ health and well-being. Physical activity stands out as an accessible, low-cost preventive measure that supports both physical and cognitive vitality.

Aim of the study: This systematic review evaluates current research on the effects of physical activity on health and aging, focusing on its physiological, psychological, and social benefits for individuals aged 60 and older.

Methodology: Peer-reviewed studies indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were analyzed. Eligible papers examined the health outcomes of various physical activity forms among older adults.

Results: Evidence consistently indicates that regular physical activity improves cardiovascular efficiency, muscle strength, and bone density, while reducing fall risk. It also enhances cognitive function and mitigates symptoms of depression and anxiety. Socially, active older adults report greater independence, life satisfaction, and community participation.

Conclusions: Consistent physical activity is an effective and essential component of healthy aging. Its inclusion in public health strategies should be prioritized to improve older adults’ quality of life. Future research should refine exercise guidelines and adapt interventions to diverse health and psychosocial conditions in aging populations.

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS ON INSULIN RESISTANCE IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS): A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-12-28T04:58:10+00:00

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders, affecting up to 20% of women of reproductive age worldwide. A central feature of PCOS is insulin resistance (IR), which contributes to hyperandrogenism and worsens reproductive and metabolic symptoms. Given the growing prevalence of PCOS and the widespread use of artificial sweeteners (AS) as sugar substitutes, their potential influence on metabolic health in this population warrants closer examination.

Aim: This review aims to assess the current literature on the effects of artificial sweeteners on insulin resistance in women with PCOS, to determine whether their use may exacerbate or mitigate metabolic dysfunctions associated with the syndrome.

Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using the most recent and relevant publications. The review focuses on the biochemical and physiological mechanisms of AS, including their effect on cephalic phase insulin secretion, pancreatic beta-cell response, gut microbiota composition, and hormonal signalling related to glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Results: The impact of AS on metabolic health appears to be heterogeneous and dose-dependent. Some sweeteners, such as saccharin and sucralose, may influence insulin secretion and gut microbiota in ways that contribute to glucose intolerance and IR. However, evidence is inconsistent and varies by sweetener type and study model. In PCOS patients, where IR is a core pathological feature, the use of certain artificial sweeteners may potentially worsen metabolic outcomes.

Conclusion: Artificial sweeteners are not metabolically inert and may affect insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Further research is needed to evaluate individual AS compounds and their long-term metabolic effects in this population, in order to inform dietary recommendations and optimize treatment outcomes.

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT MIGRAINE TRIGGERS: EVIDENCE FROM RESEARCH

2025-12-28T05:26:15+00:00

Aim of the study: The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge about factors that may trigger migraine attacks and to assess how reliably these triggers are described in the literature.

Materials and methods: The literature was reviewed using medical databases such as PubMed and UpToDate, as well as other relevant sources published over the last 30 years.

Results: The studies showed that people with migraine report many different triggers, but their importance varies widely between individuals. Stress, sleep problems, bright light, strong smells, hormonal changes, and certain eating or drinking habits are most often mentioned, but not all patients react to the same factors. Many papers also highlight that some “triggers” may simply reflect early warning symptoms of an upcoming migraine attack, which makes interpretation difficult. Overall, the evidence suggests that triggers affect a person’s general sensitivity rather than directly causing an attack.

Conclusions: Migraine triggers are highly individual, and they should be seen more as factors that raise someone’s vulnerability rather than direct causes. For many patients, keeping a headache diary and observing their own patterns can be more useful than trying to avoid long lists of possible triggers. More well-designed studies are needed to better understand how specific factors influence migraine and how this knowledge can improve prevention.

BOTULINUM TOXIN IN THE TREATMENT OF STRABISMUS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE (2015–2025)

2025-12-28T18:28:52+00:00

Background: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has become an important minimally invasive tool in the management of strabismus, either as an alternative or as an adjunct to extraocular muscle surgery. Over the last decade, a growing body of evidence has evaluated its efficacy, safety and optimal indications.

Purpose: To review current evidence (2015–2025) on the use of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of strabismus, with a focus on mechanism of action, clinical indications, efficacy, safety profile and its role in modern management algorithms.

Methods: Narrative review based on literature published between 2015 and 2025 identified in PubMed, Cochrane Library and major ophthalmology journals. Included were systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, observational studies and evidence-based guidelines.

Results: BoNT-A is effective in small- and moderate-angle comitant strabismus, infantile esotropia in selected cases, acquired non-accommodative and acute acquired comitant esotropia, paralytic strabismus and residual postoperative deviations. In some indications its outcomes are comparable to surgery, although repeated injections may be required. Adverse events are usually mild and transient, such as ptosis, transient overcorrection and temporary diplopia.

Conclusions: BoNT-A is an established and safe option in the management of selected forms of strabismus. Further high-quality clinical trials are needed to standardize dosing protocols, timing of intervention and combined approaches with extraocular muscle surgery.

MANAGING ESTROGEN-DEFICIENT SKIN: A NARRATIVE REVIEW ON THE ROLE OF HRT AND EMERGING ESTROGEN-MODULATING THERAPIES

2025-12-29T04:05:56+00:00

Estrogen plays a critical role in maintaining skin structure and function, influencing collagen synthesis, elasticity, hydration, barrier integrity, and wound healing. Menopause-related estrogen deficiency accelerates cutaneous aging, leading to increased dryness, laxity, thinning, and impaired repair. This review synthesizes current evidence on the effects of systemic hormone replacement therapy (HRT), topical estrogen treatments, and emerging estrogen-modulating compounds on estrogen-deficient skin. Systemic HRT has demonstrated improvements in dermal thickness, collagen content, elasticity, and hydration; however, study outcomes remain heterogeneous and clinical use is limited by systemic risks, including venous thromboembolism and breast cancer. Transdermal administration of HRT appears to offer a more favorable safety profile. Because systemic therapy cannot currently be recommended solely for dermatologic benefit, interest has shifted toward localized and selective approaches. Early data suggest that topical estrogen, SERMs and phytoestrogens, may enhance skin quality while minimizing systemic exposure, though long-term safety and efficacy remain insufficiently studied. Future research should focus on dedicated dermatologic trials, optimized dosing strategies, and tissue-selective therapies to support more personalized and safe treatment options. Also, scientists should consider external factors that may influence the results. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of estrogen-targeted therapies to mitigate cutaneous aging in postmenopausal women while highlighting the need for more robust clinical evidence.

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT: FROM CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING (CGM) TO THE ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS (2015–2025)

2025-12-29T04:41:28+00:00

Introduction: Over the past decade, diabetes care has undergone a profound technological transformation. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), intermittently scanned glucose monitoring systems (isCGM/flash), sensor-integrated insulin pumps, and hybrid closed-loop systems (“artificial pancreas”) have become central components of modern management of type 1 diabetes and are increasingly used in selected forms of insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To present a literature review from 2015–2025 on emerging technologies in diabetes treatment—from CGM to artificial pancreas systems—with particular emphasis on clinical effectiveness, psychosocial impact, and social and health-system implications.

Methods: A narrative review of the literature published between 2015 and 2025, identified through searches of PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library, as well as leading diabetology and endocrinology journals. The review included randomized controlled trials, real-world observational studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and position statements from scientific societies (ADA, EASD, ISPAD, ATTD).

Results: Compared with conventional self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), CGM and isCGM systems significantly reduce HbA1c levels, time spent in hypoglycaemia, and glycaemic variability, while increasing time in range (TIR). Hybrid closed-loop systems further improve TIR (often exceeding 70–75%), reduce both hypo- and hyperglycaemia, and are associated with high patient satisfaction. Telemedicine and cloud-based platforms enable remote monitoring and support new models of care. Key barriers include cost, limited reimbursement, variability in digital literacy, and inequalities in access.

Conclusions: Emerging technologies—from CGM and isCGM to hybrid closed-loop systems—represent a major step toward individualized and partially automated diabetes management. To fully realize their potential, equitable access, adequate funding, structured education, and integration with digital health tools and psychosocial support are essential.

DRY EYE DISEASE: CURRENT GUIDELINES AND EMERGING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

2025-12-29T04:58:05+00:00

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic, multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface characterized by loss of tear film homeostasis, resulting in ocular symptoms and heterogeneous clinical signs. It affects both elderly and working-age populations, with increasing prevalence related to environmental exposure, digital device use, and lifestyle changes. Advances summarized in the TFOS DEWS II reports have substantially improved understanding of DED pathophysiology, highlighting the roles of tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, chronic inflammation, meibomian gland dysfunction, and neurosensory abnormalities.

Methods: This narrative review analyzes current international guidelines and peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and 2025. PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar were searched using keywords related to dry eye disease, ocular surface disease, TFOS DEWS II, meibomian gland dysfunction, diagnostics, and treatment. Consensus reports, randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews were included.

Results: Evidence indicates that DED is a heterogeneous condition requiring an individualized, phenotype-based diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Contemporary guidelines recommend combining symptom assessment with objective diagnostic testing to guide management. Stepwise treatment strategies emphasize patient education, environmental modification, tear supplementation, and targeted anti-inflammatory therapy. Recent advances include immunomodulatory agents, therapies for meibomian gland dysfunction, evaporation-reducing agents, neurostimulatory approaches, and biological treatments for severe or refractory disease.

Conclusion: Dry eye disease remains a complex clinical challenge. Implementation of updated diagnostic criteria and stepwise, phenotype-oriented treatment strategies enables improved disease control and quality of life. Continued research into inflammatory and neurosensory mechanisms, along with development of novel therapies, is essential for further optimization of personalized DED management.

PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME ON WOMEN’S QUALITY OF LIFE: BODY IMAGE, MENTAL HEALTH, AND FERTILITY-RELATED DISTRESS

2025-12-29T15:31:00+00:00

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome affects 8-13% of women of reproductive age and is one of the most common endocrine disorders. Although PCOS has traditionally been viewed as a reproductive and metabolic pathology, accumulated evidence demonstrates significant psychological and social consequences affecting women's quality of life.

Aim: This literature review systematizes current scientific evidence on the psychological and social impact of PCOS on women's quality of life, with emphasis on body image concerns, mental health comorbidities, and fertility-related distress.

Methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant literature. The review included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, cohort studies, and qualitative studies. No time restrictions were applied; we included both recent research and foundational publications from earlier years.

Results: Women with PCOS show much higher body dissatisfaction than healthy women. Visible symptoms like excess hair growth and acne, combined with weight control problems, clash with cultural ideals of femininity and cause ongoing emotional distress. The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms is elevated, with this association being multifactorial and involving both biological mechanisms (insulin resistance) and psychosocial factors. Eating disorders represent a particular area of vulnerability, with concerns about weight and body shape occupying a central role. Reproductive difficulties create a severe emotional burden, exacerbated by sociocultural contexts where motherhood is considered an essential part of female identity.

Conclusion: PCOS has significant psychosocial consequences requiring a comprehensive approach to patient management. A medical model focused exclusively on physical symptoms is insufficient. Integration of mental health screening and a multidisciplinary approach are necessary for providing quality care to women with PCOS.

HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COMPETITIVE ESPORTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIOBEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES

2025-12-29T16:15:08+00:00

Background: Competitive electronic sports (esports) represent a rapidly expanding global discipline with distinctive training loads and lifestyle patterns. While esports provide opportunities for performance development and social connectedness, they also raise concerns regarding musculoskeletal strain, sleep disruption, sedentary cardiometabolic risk, mental-health burden, and the use of cognitive enhancers.

Objective: To systematically synthesize evidence from last decade on physical, psychological, and sociobehavioral health outcomes associated with competitive esports participation, and to evaluate implications for clinical practice, athlete welfare, and public-health policy.

Methods: We will search PubMed/PMC, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science. Eligible studies include observational research, randomized trials, systematic reviews, and position statements assessing health outcomes in competitive gamers or comparing esports athletes with controls. Outcomes include musculoskeletal symptoms, sleep and circadian patterns, mental health (depression, anxiety, stress, problematic gaming), cardiometabolic markers and sedentary behavior, visual strain, and stimulant/nootropic use. A meta-analysis or narrative synthesis will be performed where appropriate, with subgroup analyses by age, competitive level, and game genre.

Results: Evidence consistently shows high rates of musculoskeletal complaints, sleep irregularities, and sedentary behavior among professional eAthletes. Studies also report mixed cardiometabolic findings, mental-health vulnerabilities, and emerging concerns regarding performance-enhancing stimulant or nootropic use. Heterogeneity in study methods and definitions limits data pooling but identifies priority areas for prevention.

Conclusions: Overall, competitive esports are associated with a multifaceted health profile encompassing physical, psychological, and lifestyle domains. Standardized methodologies, longitudinal monitoring, and structured pre-participation screening are needed to inform evidence-based guidelines and improve athlete safety across clinical, public-health, and governance settings.

TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE: TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE MOST PREVALENT PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDER

2025-12-29T16:34:28+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common primary headache disorder that affects the majority of people during their lifetime. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on its epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and treatment, highlighting implications for everyday clinical practice.

Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE (January 2016-November 2025). Eligible articles addressed the definition and diagnosis of TTH, epidemiology, risk factors, pain mechanisms, acute and preventive pharmacotherapy, or non-pharmacological interventions; randomized trials, trial protocols, observational studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and narrative reviews were included, while non-peer-reviewed publications, animal-only studies, and reports without a clearly defined TTH subgroup were excluded.

Results: Tension-type headache (TTH) is characterized by bilateral, pressing pain of mild to moderate intensity, which is derived from interactions between pericranial myofascial nociception, central sensitization, psychological comorbidity, and lifestyle-related factors. For acute attacks, simple analgesics, such as NSAIDs and paracetamol, are usually effective, whereas triptans, ergots, and opioids are not recommended. In frequent or chronic TTH, a low dose of tricyclic antidepressants remains the first-line prophylaxis. Non-pharmacological methods, including exercise therapy, yoga, acupuncture, TENS, lifestyle modification, and psychotherapy, should be considered as part of an individualized, multimodal treatment strategy.

Conclusions: Tension-type headache (TTH) requires personalized care that combines careful use of medications and non-pharmacological treatment. Simple analgesics bring substantial relief in most episodic headaches, while preventive (prophylactic) treatment is needed for ongoing or recurring cases. Education on trigger management and medication overuse is required to ensure patient safety and optimal therapy pathways.

THE ROLE OF THE MIRROR NEURON SYSTEM IN THE ACQUISITION OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE PROCEDURAL SKILLS: A COMPREHENSIVE NARRATIVE REVIEW

2025-12-29T16:55:38+00:00

Background: Emergency medicine requires precise and rapid execution of high‑risk procedures in time-sensitive environments, leaving limited opportunities for safe supervised practice. Neuroscientific discoveries, particularly related to the mirror neuron system (MNS), suggest that observational learning may effectively enhance motor skill acquisition without risk to patients.

Aim: To comprehensively review the neurobiological foundations, educational applications, and practical implications of the MNS in emergency medicine procedural training.

Material and methods: Narrative review including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science. Literature (2000–2024) concerning neuroscience, medical education, motor learning, and emergency medicine was analyzed.

Results: Studies demonstrate that the MNS supports imitation, enhances procedural memory formation, and strengthens early motor skill acquisition. Educational strategies such as expert modeling, action observation, motor imagery, and multimodal simulation appear aligned with MNS activation and may optimize procedural training.

Conclusions: The MNS offers a valuable, underutilized framework for optimizing procedural training in emergency medicine. Future research should integrate neurophysiological tools into educational research to directly examine the mechanisms by which observational learning enhances clinical performance.

MOBILE HEALTH AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SOLUTIONS FOR MIGRAINE MANAGEMENT- A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-12-29T17:29:10+00:00

Migraine is a common neurological condition that impairs patients' function, creates substantial societal costs, causes disability, and diminishes life quality. The wide range of symptoms, triggers, and treatment responses makes migraine diagnosis and management extremely difficult. The current management strategies rely on patient-maintained diaries, which are prone to recall bias and thus not effective for accurate tracking. Digital technologies, including mobile health applications and artificial intelligence systems, now play a significant role in migraine care, and they are revolutionizing treatment approaches. The new generation of applications uses AI to process biometric and behavioral data to enhance diagnostic accuracy and support individualized treatment plans, thereby supporting both patient autonomy and clinical decision-making. This review evaluates scientific evidence on mobile applications and artificial intelligence systems that support migraine diagnosis, tracking, and treatment. Research indicates the need for randomized controlled trials to establish the clinical value and advantages of these innovative solutions.

THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, LIFESTYLE, AND SUPPLEMENTATION IN REGULATING ENDOGENOUS TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN MEN

2025-12-29T17:54:29+00:00

Introduction: Testosterone is a crucial hormone for men's health, regulating metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychological functions. In recent decades, a global trend of declining levels has been observed, carrying serious health implications, including an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and reduced quality of life. Although pharmacological treatment for hypogonadism is available, the importance of non-pharmacological interventions is growing. Modifiable factors such as lifestyle (diet, sleep, stress, physical activity), exposure to environmental pollutants (endocrine disruptors), and supplementation (including vitamin D, zinc, adaptogens) are recognized as key regulators of endogenous testosterone production. A systematic analysis of these elements is fundamental for developing effective preventive strategies.

Objective: The aim of this review is to review and synthesize current scientific knowledge regarding the impact of environmental factors, lifestyle, and supplementation on endogenous testosterone levels in men.

Methods: A review of the available scientific literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases published within the last 20 years was conducted, using keywords related to testosterone, lifestyle, environmental factors, and supplementation.

Results: The review indicates that lifestyle factors such as obesity, poor sleep quality, and chronic stress are strongly associated with lower testosterone levels, while resistance training shows a positive effect. Environmental exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (e.g., BPA, phthalates) and heavy metals (e.g., lead, cadmium) are also linked to hormonal disruption. Supplementation with vitamin D and zinc appears effective primarily in correcting deficiencies, while evidence for adaptogens like Ashwagandha is promising but requires further investigation. The impact of diet composition (e.g., fat intake) is significant, whereas the link between smoking and testosterone remains paradoxical.

Conclusions: Endogenous testosterone levels are influenced by a complex interplay of modifiable lifestyle and environmental factors. Obesity, sleep deprivation, and stress emerge as major negative regulators. While environmental toxins pose a risk, targeted supplementation can be beneficial, particularly for deficiencies. A holistic approach emphasizing lifestyle modifications should be considered the first-line strategy for optimizing male hormonal health.

CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY: DEFINITION, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND PREVENTION

2025-12-29T18:23:42+00:00

Introduction: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a prevalent, progressive condition affecting the lower-limb venous system. It results from venous valve dysfunction, sustained venous hypertension, and chronic inflammation. Despite advances in diagnostic technologies and therapeutic strategies, CVI remains a significant cause of morbidity and decreased quality of life worldwide.

Aim: This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of CVI, highlighting its definition, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and prevention. The review emphasizes evidence-based guidelines and the latest diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, offering an updated perspective on the condition.

Methodology: A total of 28 publications were reviewed, consisting of clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, and recent original studies related to CVI. The sources were obtained through PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases, focusing on articles published between 2010 and 2025.

Results: CVI typically develops due to venous reflux and microcirculatory dysfunction, leading to symptoms such as edema, skin changes, and ulceration. Duplex ultrasonography is currently the diagnostic gold standard for assessing venous reflux. Advanced imaging techniques, including MR venography, CT venography, infrared thermography, and near-infrared imaging, can improve diagnostic accuracy. Management of CVI involves a multimodal approach, combining compression therapy, pharmacologic treatment, and minimally invasive endovenous techniques. Preventive measures, including weight control, regular physical activity, and consistent use of compression, are crucial to slowing disease progression and reducing the risk of recurrence.

Conclusions: CVI remains a significant health and socioeconomic burden globally. Early diagnosis, patient education, and adherence to both conservative and interventional treatments are essential for achieving optimal outcomes. Future directions in CVI management include personalized medicine, digital health integration, and biomarker-driven approaches for earlier detection and targeted therapy.

THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN DIET AND HORMONAL REGULATION: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

2025-12-29T18:43:54+00:00

Diet is one of the key external factors that can modify hormonal activity across the major endocrine axes and affect metabolic and appetite-regulating hormones including insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and cortisol. A literature search conducted between October and November 2025 using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar identified peer-reviewed studies examining the effects of caloric restriction, macronutrient distribution, glycemic load, micronutrient intake, and structured dietary interventions on endocrine function. The evidence shows that diets high in glycemic load, saturated fats, and low in fiber can disrupt insulin sensitivity, alter leptin and ghrelin signaling, affect cortisol responses, and contribute to thyroid and reproductive hormone imbalances. In contrast, Mediterranean-style and low-glycemic diets, time-restricted feeding, and adequate intake of iodine, selenium, and zinc appear to support metabolic health and more stable hormonal activity. Diet also plays a therapeutic role in endocrine-related conditions including polycystic ovary syndrome, Hashimoto’s disease, acne vulgaris, endometriosis, and thyroiditis, with improvements seen in inflammation, insulin regulation, and hormonal homeostasis. Overall, the review emphasizes that diet can both disturb and restore endocrine balance. Well-structured, nutrient-dense dietary strategies may serve not only as preventive measures but also as valuable tools in supporting long-term hormonal health.

CROHN’S DISEASE: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT – A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-12-29T19:09:36+00:00

Introduction and purpose: Crohn’s Disease (CD) is a condition characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation that penetrates all layers of the intestinal wall and can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract – from the oral cavity to the anus. This condition may be accopanied by extraintestinal manifestations. CD carries numerous complications that negatively impact patients’ well-being. The course of the disease is chronic with alternating periods of exacerbation and remission; nevertheless, symptoms are often persistant. This review summarizes the current knowledge, focusing on pathopisiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. By integrating current knowledge and new findings, it aims to enhance and optimize patient care.

Description of the State of Knowledge: Crohn’s disease is a condition with an incompletely understoos etiopathogenesis, in which disturbances in the microbiota – modulated by environmental factors (including diet) – are considered a likely cause, with genetic mutations contributing to susceptibility. Clinical diagnosis of the disease can be challenging, and faecal calprotectin may be a useful tool not only for diagnosis but also for monitorig disease activity. The introduction of biological therapies, particularly anti-TNF antibodies, has demonstrated satisfactory therapeutic efficacy.

Conclusions: The „treat-to-target” startegy in therapy provides optimal conditions as long as continuous monitoring and assessment of treatment outcomesare maintained. The lack of standardized treatment methods allows for a wide range of therapeutic approaches; nevertheless, complications leading to surgical intervations remain a major clinical challenge.

Matherials and methods: A review of recent clinical studies and scientific articles was conducted, focusing primarily on pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment, suplemeted with the latest findings.

PARATHYROID CARCINOMA: CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-12-29T20:11:15+00:00

Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare malignancy of the parathyroid glands, accounting for only a minute fraction of all cancers worldwide. Although uncommon, it poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges because its clinical features often resemble those of benign primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). This review summarizes current understanding of PC, integrating recent advances in epidemiology, genetics, diagnostics approaches and management. The global incidence is estimated at 3–6 new cases per 10 million people annually, affecting men and women equally and typically presenting around the fifth decade of life. Genetic alterations play a central role in pathogenesis. Mutations in CDC73 with consequent loss of parafibromin function are the most characteristic finding, especially in the hereditary hyperparathyroidism–jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome. Other hereditary conditions such as multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 2 (MEN1 and MEN2) or isolated familial hyperparathyroidism may also involve the parathyroid glands, though carcinoma remains rare in these syndromes. Additional molecular abnormalities, such as alterations in RB1, TP53, BRCA2, and CCND1, and activation of PI3K/AKT-/mTOR and MAPK pathways - have been linked to tumor progression.

The cornerstone of treatment is early, complete en bloc resection, offering the best chance of cure. For recurrent or metastatic disease, therapy focuses on controlling hypercalcemia using cinacalcet, denosumab, and, in selected cases, adjuvant radiotherapy. Early recognition, genetic testing, and multidisciplinary care are crucial for improving long-term outcomes in this rare but challenging endocrine malignancy.

BLOOD DONATION AS A HEALTH INTERVENTION: BENEFITS, RISKS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS

2025-12-29T20:27:02+00:00

Background: Blood donation, traditionally regarded as a „priceless gift of life” and altruistic act of supporting healthcare systems, has increasingly been examined as a potential health - modifying intervention for donors themselves. This review synthesizes current evidence on the physiological benefits, potential risks and adaptive responses associated with regular blood donation. Health benefits of blood donation include reductions in body iron stores, which can transform into decreased oxidative stress, improved metabolic profiles and lower long - term cardiovascular risk in selected populations. Clinical trials suggests potential modulations in inflammatory markers and improved vascular function following regular donation. However, blood donation is not procedure without risk. There are some acute side effects such as for example vasovagal reactions, temporary weakness and reduced exercise tolerance, while long - term concerns include iron - deficiency anemia, impaired physical performance in high - demand athletes and possible cumulative effects of frequent phlebotomy. Physiological adaptations to recurrent blood loss are for example enhanced erythropoiesis, plasma volume expansion, and changes in iron - regulatory pathways which play a central role in shaping donors’ responses and may differ according to sex, age, nutritional status and donation frequency. By integrating data from clinical trials, epidemiological studies and research this review highlights the complex interplay between the therapeutic potential and physiological cost of blood donation. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing donor safety, refining eligibility and recovery guidelines and exploring whether periodic blood removal could serve as a targeted intervention in specific clinical or metabolic contexts.

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the physiological, metabolic and cardiovascular effects of regular blood donation, in particular donor safety, risk factors and potential health benefits associated with regular blood donation.

Methods: A review of scientific articles published on ResearchGate and PubMed from 1998 to 2025.

Results: Regular blood donation leads to many physiological adaptations, including reduced iron stores, improved lipid profiles, decreased oxidative stress and lower inflammation. Cardiovascular benefits such as for example reduced risk of myocardial infarction have been reported too. Common side effects include vasovagal reactions, temporary hypotension, and, rarely, iron - deficiency anemia in frequent donors. Overall, blood donation can provide health benefits when monitored appropriately.

Conclusion: Blood donation is not only a altruistic act but also a physiological and metabolic intervention. Regular donations are associated with improved cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, reduced oxidative stress and enhanced iron regulation, while side effects remain generally smooth and manageable. With adequate donor screening and monitoring, blood donation can provide significant health benefits, supporting both individual well - being and societal needs for blood supply.

RECENT ADVANCES IN UV SKIN PHOTOPROTECTION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF MODERN UV FILTERS, NANOPARTICLE SAFETY, AND SUNSCREEN EFFICACY (2023–2025)

2025-12-30T01:46:39+00:00

Sunscreen products represent a critical intervention in preventing ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage, including photoaging, DNA damage, and cutaneous malignancies. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence from 2023-2025 regarding sunscreen safety, efficacy, and technological innovations. A comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed articles reveals substantial progress in understanding both traditional and emerging UV filter technologies. Key findings include the development of novel inorganic nanoparticles with enhanced safety profiles, advancement of organic filter formulations with improved photostability, and innovative delivery systems including liposomal and nanocarrier-based approaches. Evidence demonstrates that two-dimensional titanium dioxide nanoparticles achieve over 99% visible light transmittance while maintaining UV protection efficacy, addressing aesthetic concerns that limit sunscreen adherence. Safety evaluations indicate that properly formulated inorganic filters exhibit minimal skin penetration and reduced reactive oxygen species generation compared to conventional formulations. Emerging concerns regarding endocrine disruption potential of organic UV filters warrant continued surveillance, particularly for benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, and octinoxate. Natural and bioinspired alternatives, including polydopamine nanoparticles and plant-derived compounds, demonstrate promising photoprotective properties with favorable safety profiles. DNA repair enzyme incorporation represents a paradigm shift toward active rather than passive photoprotection. Environmental considerations, particularly aquatic ecosystem impacts, increasingly influence formulation strategies. This review identifies critical knowledge gaps requiring further investigation, including long-term safety data for novel nanomaterials, standardized assessment methodologies for broad-spectrum protection including visible light and infrared radiation, and personalized photoprotection approaches. The synthesis of current evidence provides clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive understanding of contemporary sunscreen science to inform clinical recommendations and future research priorities.

STRAIN-SPECIFIC EFFICACY OF PROBIOTICS IN MANAGEMENT OF INFANTILE COLIC – A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-12-30T02:15:19+00:00

Introduction and purpose: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), such as infantile colic (IC), are conditions that occur without any identified structural or biochemical abnormalities. It is estimated that nearly 20% of infants under five months of age experience infantile colic, which is characterized by episodes of excessive crying that are difficult to soothe. The condition causes significant emotional and economic impact on families and healthcare systems. This review aims to analyse efficacy of various probiotic strains in managing symptoms of infantile colic.

Results: Probiotic strains vary in the effects on treating infantile colic. The most extensively analysed probiotic for IC is Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (formerly named Lactobacillus). However, its effectiveness in formula-fed infants is still questionable. Other strains, including Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, Bifidobacterium breve CECT7263, and combinations such as Bifidobacterium longum KABP042 with Pediococcus pentosaceus KABP041 have shown promising results, often outperforming L. reuteri and even pharmacological treatments for example with simethicone.

Conclusions: Probiotic therapy offers a safe and promising approach to reducing symptoms of infantile colic, especially in breastfed infants. However, its efficacy is strain-dependent and not universal. Further large-scale, high-quality randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish standardized recommendations and explore long-term outcomes. Personalized probiotic interventions targeting the infant gut microbiota may be included in the future of colic management.

MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (MTC): A CURRENT REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND THERAPY

2025-12-30T02:34:35+00:00

Background: Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor (1–5% of all thyroid cancers) characterized by disproportionately high mortality (13%), often complicated by advanced-stage diagnosis and early metastasis. This malignancy is uniquely driven by RET proto-oncogene mutations.

Aim: This review aims to comprehensively analyze contemporary MTC management strategies, focusing on advancements in precision diagnostics, targeted therapies, and identifying critical challenges related to therapeutic resistance and clinical guideline standardization.

Materials and Methods: An extensive synthesis of the current literature, prioritizing comprehensive review articles and meta-analyses published within the last five years, was conducted using multiple electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus).

Results: Recent breakthroughs include the highly effective and well-tolerated selective RET inhibitors (selpercatinib, pralsetinib), which offer improved outcomes compared to older multikinase inhibitors (MKIs). Diagnostic modalities are enhanced by advanced functional imaging (e.g. [18F]F-DOPA-PET/CT). Despite improved overall survival, the major clinical hurdle remains acquired drug resistance, mediated by RET kinase domain mutations and activation of bypass signaling pathways (MET, EGFR). Furthermore, substantial variability persists across international guidelines regarding optimal prophylactic surgery timing and criteria for initiating systemic treatment.

Conclusion: Future efforts must concentrate on establishing unified, dynamic risk stratification protocols, standardizing advanced imaging utilization, and implementing liquid biopsy (ctDNA) guided sequential therapy to effectively overcome acquired resistance and ensure durable long-term disease control.

DIETARY INFLUENCES ON ACNE VULGARIS: INSIGHTS FROM KEY NUTRITIONAL MODELS

2025-12-30T03:08:11+00:00

Introduction: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a prevalent inflammatory dermatosis with substantial psychosocial burden. Diet can modulate AV via insulin/IGF-1/mTORC1 signalling, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress, yet many patients self-modify diet without structured guidance.

Aim: To synthesise how key dietary patterns and components influence acne biology and clinical severity, and to distil pragmatic counselling points.

Materials and Methods: Structured analysis of PubMed (2020–2025) using “acne” AND “diet.” A broad range of study types was considered. Priority was given to evidence on AV in populations without comorbid conditions (e.g., PCOS). The synthesis focused on dietary patterns and specific food groups; studies centred primarily on vitamins, supplements, or the microbiome were not the focus.

Results: Glycaemic load (GL) is a key modifiable driver. Low-GL patterns show the strongest clinical signal and are directly actionable. Higher intake of sugary drinks, sweet snacks, and refined grains aligns with greater acne burden, consistent with insulin–mTORC1 activation. Mediterranean-style eating associates with lower severity and favourable metabolic markers. Plant-forward diets appear beneficial when emphasising whole-food, low-GL choices; veganism per se and routine gluten-free eating lack support without specific indications. Dark chocolate may aggravate lesions in some individuals through non-glycaemic mechanisms. Dairy may warrant cautious, personalised reduction while maintaining micronutrient adequacy. Shifting fat quality toward MUFA/omega-3s and away from saturated fat aligns with lower inflammatory burden.

Conclusions: Dietary counselling should complement dermatological therapy. Low-GL and Mediterranean-style patterns show the most consistent associations with reduced acne burden; rigorous trials of whole-diet interventions remain needed.

A THREE-DIMENSIONAL REVOLUTION IN MEDICINE—THE USE OF 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN ORTHOPEDICS, SURGERY, AND NEUROSURGERY

2025-12-30T03:27:21+00:00

3D printing has become one of the most dynamically developing technologies in medicine in recent years, and the use of products made using a 3D printer is increasingly influencing medicine in areas such as medical education, surgery planning, personalizing implants and tissue engineering. Despite how quickly this field is developing, research and discussions are still ongoing whether this technology is safe for the patient, cost-effective and how it affects the health care system in the long term. The aim of this work is to present the applications of 3D printing in medicine and to assess its benefits, development prospects and limitations.

Brief description of the State of Knowledge: The narrative review presents the current state of knowledge about 3D printing in medicine, with particular emphasis on the operation of this technology in the fields of orthopedics, surgery and neurosurgery. The most popular methods of producing 3D models, the main advantages and disadvantages of the technology and predictions for the future development of the field of 3D printing in the development of medicine were discussed.

Methodology: A narrative literature review was conducted. The analysis covered scientific publications on 3D printing in healthcare. Sources from 2019-2025 were included, searching for terms such as: “3D printing in medicine,” “additive manufacturing in healthcare,” “personalized implants,” “3D printing,” “surgical models,” and “the future of 3D printing in medicine.”

THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, RECOVERY AND SLEEP QUALITY IN ATHLETES – A LITERATURE REVIEW FROM THE LAST 5 YEARS

2025-12-30T22:21:58+00:00

This review summarizes current evidence on the multifaceted effects of caffeine supplementation in the context of physical performance and recovery. Caffeine has been shown to enhance endurance, strength, power, and cognitive functions essential for competitive sports through physiological and neurological mechanisms. Additionally, caffeine contributes to recovery by reducing muscle soreness, accelerating neuromuscular restoration, and supporting mental readiness. However, its impact on sleep quality and duration presents a significant challenge, as improper timing or excessive intake can impair recovery and performance. Individual variability in caffeine metabolism and sensitivity necessitates personalized strategies to maximize benefits while minimizing adverse effects such as gastrointestinal discomfort, cardiovascular stimulation, nervousness, and dependence. Careful consideration of dosage, timing, and individual health status is crucial for safe and effective caffeine use in athletic populations. Overall, caffeine remains a valuable ergogenic aid when integrated thoughtfully into training and recovery regimens.

L-CITRULLINE AS A NATURAL ERGOGENIC SUPPLEMENT: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW OF ITS EFFECTS IN NITROGEN METABOLISM AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE

2025-12-31T01:43:26+00:00

Purpose: This study aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the role of L-citrulline in human physiology, with a particular focus on nitrogen metabolism and its potential applications in sports and exercise science. L-citrulline, a non-essential amino acid synthesized endogenously, participates in the urea cycle where it contributes to the detoxification of ammonia, a byproduct of protein catabolism. In addition, it plays an important role in the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, thereby influencing vascular tone and blood flow regulation. These biochemical functions have attracted considerable scientific attention, as they may translate into practical benefits for physical performance and recovery. Specifically, L-citrulline supplementation has been investigated for its ability to enhance exercise capacity, support training adaptation, reduce muscle soreness, and improve post-exercise recovery. Furthermore, there is growing interest in its potential to delay fatigue by improving oxygen delivery and nutrient utilization during strenuous activity. Beyond performance outcomes, the safety profile of L-citrulline has also been evaluated, with current evidence suggesting that it is well tolerated when consumed at doses commonly used in clinical and sports settings. Taken together, these factors highlight the multifaceted relevance of L-citrulline as both a physiological substrate and a promising ergogenic aid.

Methodology: A systematic review of scientific articles was conducted, focusing on studies related to the ergogenic effects of L-citrulline. The review mainly includes clinical trials, meta-analyses, and research on various populations.

Findings: Regular L-citrulline supplementation appears to enhance NO production, improve vasodilation, and facilitate ammonia clearance, which collectively support endurance and strength performance. The review suggests that L-citrulline also reducing muscle soreness, improving recovery, delaying fatigue, although effects vary by dose, training status, sex, and the long-term safety of regular use. Synergistic effects have been noted when L-citrulline is combined with other supplements like malate or BPFG.

Conclusions: Current evidence supports the potential of regular L-citrulline supplementation as an metabolic enhancer. However, further research is warranted to elucidate its precise role in broader aspects of metabolic health and to determine optimal dosing strategies. These remain important areas for future investigation.

MONOCYTOSIS AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION: A CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEW

2025-12-31T02:03:31+00:00

Background: Monocytosis (monocyte count >0.8–1.0 x 10⁹/L) signals chronic inflammation or infection. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a widespread gastric pathogen causing chronic gastritis, has been linked to systemic inflammatory responses, including hematologic changes.

Objective: This review examines clinical and pathophysiological evidence linking H. pylori infection to monocytosis, focusing on mechanisms and clinical implications.

Key Findings:

Clinical Association: Numerous studies show H. pylori-infected individuals have elevated monocyte counts. Eradication therapy reduces these counts, suggesting a causal relationship.
Pathophysiology: H. pylori induces chronic gastric inflammation and systemic cytokine release (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β), along with bacterial products (HP-NAP, urease), stimulating bone marrow monocyte production and systemic low-grade inflammation.
Clinical Relevance: Monocytosis in H. pylori is often mild (≤2.0 x 10⁹/L) and reversible after eradication. It may aid diagnosis in endemic regions, especially in patients with dyspepsia or unexplained inflammation, after ruling out other causes.
Systemic Impact: This link illustrates H. pylori's broader inflammatory role beyond gastritis. It may contribute to conditions like immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) or metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions: Monocytosis is a recognized hematologic feature of H. pylori infection, driven by immune activation and bone marrow stimulation. Though non-specific, it highlights the systemic effects of H. pylori. In high-prevalence areas, clinicians should consider H. pylori in cases of unexplained monocytosis. Post-eradication monocyte normalization may serve as a biomarker of inflammation resolution. Further studies should explore monocyte subsets and their utility in clinical practice.

EFFECTIVENESS OF CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION IN STRENGTH SPORTS – A REVIEW

2025-12-31T02:22:33+00:00

Background. Creatine monohydrate is one of the most widely researched and effective ergogenic supplements used to enhance performance and body composition in strength-based sports. Although creatine is known to be effective, researchers are still learning how to use it in the best way, how different people respond to it, and what other benefits it might have. .

Aim. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of creatine supplementation in improving muscle strength, lean body mass, endurance, recovery, and related functional parameters, based on evidence from 49 scientific publications..

Material and methods. Studies included in this review examined creatine use in both short- and long-term protocols across varied populations, including athletes, recreationally active individuals, and older adults. Outcomes assessed included changes in 1RM strength, lean body mass, power output, quality of life, and biochemical markers. .

Results. Creatine consistently improved strength and lean mass when combined with resistance training, regardless of dosing strategy or timing. Younger adults experienced faster and larger gains, while older individuals showed moderate improvements in physical function and well-being. Creatine monohydrate was more effective than alternative forms, and loading phases were not required for results. However, its effects were minimal without concurrent exercise and limited in some clinical populations. Additional benefits, such as enhanced sleep or antioxidant status, were reported in specific groups.

Conclusions. Creatine supplementation is a safe, cost-effective, and well-supported strategy for enhancing resistance training outcomes. Its consistent efficacy across populations makes it a valuable tool for both athletic and clinical applications, particularly when paired with structured exercise.

VITAMIN D3 DEFICIENCY AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBLINGUAL SUPPLEMENTATION – A REVIEW OF CLINICAL STUDIES

2025-12-31T03:05:01+00:00

Introduction and Aim: Vitamin D3 plays a crucial role in numerous metabolic processes, and its deficiency remains a global public health concern, particularly among children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with obesity or chronic diseases. Limited sunlight exposure and inadequate dietary intake contribute to this deficiency. Traditional oral forms of supplementation (capsules, drops) may lead to variable absorption and reduced adherence, especially in populations with swallowing difficulties. The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of sublingual vitamin D3 supplementation compared with conventional oral formulations.

Materials and Methods: A review of randomized and controlled clinical trials published between 2015 and 2021 was conducted. Studies comparing sublingual (buccal) spray with oral capsules or drops in adults and children were analyzed for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, bioavailability, and patient acceptability.

Results: Clinical evidence indicates that sublingual vitamin D3 spray demonstrates comparable or greater efficacy in increasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations relative to oral capsules. In adults, sublingual administration provided faster absorption and improved bioavailability, especially in patients with intestinal malabsorption. In pediatric populations, sprays were equally effective as oral drops and showed higher acceptance due to ease of use. Improved compliance was observed across studies.

Conclusions: Sublingual vitamin D3 supplementation is an effective and well-tolerated alternative to traditional oral administration, particularly beneficial for individuals with absorption disorders or swallowing difficulties. Further research is needed to optimize dosage and duration in different risk groups.

NAD METABOLISM IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THERAPY OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE

2025-12-31T03:19:56+00:00

This paper explores the rapidly increasing incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the limitations of current dopamine-based therapies, which only address symptoms rather than underlying causes. This has spurred research into novel treatment approaches rooted in the disease's pathophysiology. A key pathological hallmark of PD is mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly affecting complex I, a critical component of cellular energy metabolism. This discovery has directed investigations toward individual elements of mitochondrial pathways, including the NAD+/NADH redox balance. Studies indicate reduced NAD+ levels in the brains of individuals with PD, prompting research into the therapeutic effects of NAD+ supplementation. This review summarizes recent scientific findings on how augmenting NAD+ and its derivatives may influence Parkinson's disease. It discusses the impact of NAD+ precursor supplementation on mitochondrial function and NAD+ levels in neurons carrying the GBA mutation. The paper also covers defects in PINK1 expression, their link to PD development, and the potential role of Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) in this context. Additionally, it assesses the safety of oral NAD+ precursor supplementation and its effects on brain NAD+ levels and metabolism in PD patients. A deeper understanding of PD pathophysiology and continued research into raising NAD+ levels are vital for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Modulating NAD+ holds significant promise as a supportive or disease-modifying therapy for this neurodegenerative condition.

DIABETES IN POLAND: EPIDEMIOLOGY, MORTALITY AND DIAGNOSTICS

2025-12-31T03:39:59+00:00

This paper presents current knowledge on diabetes mellitus (ICD-10 E10-E14) and its clinical impact. Diabetes is a growing global problem, with over 3 million adults affected in Poland alone. The disease develops as type 1, caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, or as type 2, driven mainly by insulin resistance and obesity. Both forms lead to impaired glucose uptake and abnormal fat and protein metabolism. Common symptoms include thirst, polyuria, fatigue, weight loss, and recurrent infections, though type 2 diabetes often remains silent for years. Persistent hyperglycemia promotes toxic metabolite accumulation, microangiopathy, neuropathy, and multiorgan complications. Cardiovascular manifestations, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias, significantly increase morbidity and mortality. Early detection, lifestyle modification, and improved diagnostic strategies remain essential to reduce the burden of disease.

COMPARISON OF LAPAROSCOPY AND ROBOTIC SURGERY IN CHOLECYSTITIS – LITERATURE REVIEW

2026-01-01T22:05:03+00:00

One of the most common diseases in general surgery remains cholecystitis. This is related to the prevalence of gallstones, which affects 10 to 15% of the general population. There are various types of treatment like conservative and surgical treatments, with a distinction between laparoscopic and robotic techniques. Numerous studies have been conducted which prove that laparoscopy is a safe method that significantly reduces the time of convalescence and recovery after surgery. The lack of a clear assessment of the effectiveness of treatment techniques is presented in the following paper.

Advances in medicine have led to the widespread use of robotic arms in surgery, which has resulted in shorter hospital stays due to faster recovery times after surgery. This is related, among other things, to increased precision when operating instruments, and thus reduced trauma to the tissues in the abdominal cavity compared to laparoscopic surgery. However, robotic surgery has certain limitations related to the availability of equipment in specific hospitals and, above all, the increased costs of surgery compared to the use of a laparoscope.

When analyzing the collected material on gallbladder surgery and possible treatment techniques for this pathology, it is not possible to clearly determine which treatment technique should be used as the gold standard in treating patients. However, it is important to remember that complications may occur in both cases, resulting in conversion to open surgery.

INNOVATIVE DIAGNOSTIC TECHNOLOGIES AND TARGETED THERAPEUTICS IN HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY: IMPLICATIONS FOR PERSONALIZED PATIENT CARE

2026-01-01T22:07:29+00:00

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic myocardial disease characterized by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte disarray, and fibrosis. It presents a broad spectrum of symptoms, from asymptomatic cases to heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death. Advances in diagnostics and treatment have significantly improved clinical management.

Methods: This review examines hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, focusing on its pathophysiology, genetics, clinical features, and recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. It highlights new imaging and genetic testing methods, risk assessment strategies, emerging myosin inhibitors, and prospects for gene therapy, including current trial data and associated challenges.

Results: Echocardiography and cardiac MRI are essential for assessing left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Genetic analysis identifies sarcomere gene mutations. Cardiac myosin inhibitors, combined with conventional therapy and septal reduction, reduce outflow tract gradients, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life. Surgical myectomy, alcohol septal ablation, and ICDs relieve symptoms and lower sudden death risk in high-risk patients. Digital tools enable individualized treatment monitoring.

Conclusion: Advances in genetics, imaging, and targeted therapies have improved HCM management, enabling personalized treatment and reducing the risk of sudden death. Future studies should evaluate long-term efficacy and integration with genetic testing and telemedicine.

THE IMPACT OF THE TIKTOK APP ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF YOUNG USERS

2026-01-01T22:42:04+00:00

Introduction: In the 21st century, media significantly influences mental health. The TikTok app allows easy creation of videos and its algorithm adapts content to users interests.

Aim: The following paper aims to analyse the impact of TikTok on the mental health of young users in the context of mood, eating and addiction disorders.

Materials and Methods: Due to the dominance of users aged 16-24 on the TikTok platform, the research focused on the impact of the app on adolescent and young adult mental health. A review of papers available in bibliographic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science was conducted, using the keywords: "TikTok", "mental disorders", "mental health", "eating disorders", "social media".

Description of knowledge: Using TikTok can have both positive and negative effects. Positive aspects include an increased sense of social connection, reduction of stress and anxiety, and promotion of mental health issues by professionals. However, the app also carries risks, such as addiction, FOMO, misinformation, cyberbullying, impact on sleep quality and exposure to harmful content, and most importantly, exacerbates symptoms of mood and eating disorders. In order to minimise the negative effects of TikTok use, education about the potential risks is necessary.

Conclusion: TikTok has the potential to have a positive impact on mental health as long as users use it consciously and in moderation, and the platform, educators and parents take steps to minimise the negative effects of children and young people using the app.

EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT – A REVIEW

2026-01-01T23:07:54+00:00

Introduction: Physical activity is vital for the holistic development of children, benefiting physical, cognitive, social, and emotional domains. Engaging in regular physical activities from an early age fosters a healthy body, emotional and social well-being, and cognitive development.

Aim: This study explores the diverse benefits of physical activity on childhood development, focusing on physical health, cognitive functions, social skills, and emotional well-being.

Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing existing research on the impact of physical activity on various aspects of childhood development. Searches were performed across databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords like "childhood physical activity" and "childhood sport."

Results: Physical activity promotes healthy growth, enhances cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health, and helps maintain a healthy weight, reducing obesity risks. It improves memory, attention, and executive functions, contributing to better academic performance. Socially, it fosters peer relationships, enhances social skills, and cultivates leadership qualities. Emotionally, it aids in emotional regulation, boosts self-esteem, and reduces anxiety and depression.

Discussion: The findings highlight the multifaceted benefits of physical activity on children's development, corroborating existing literature. Despite robust evidence, limitations such as reliance on self-reported data and cross-sectional study designs constrain causal inferences. Future research should use objective measures and longitudinal approaches, considering interactions with diet, sleep, and lifestyle factors.

Conclusion: Physical activity significantly benefits childhood development across physical, cognitive, social, and emotional domains. Addressing limitations in existing research will enhance the understanding and application of physical activity in promoting holistic child development.

THE EFFECTS OF COLD SHOWERS ON HEALTH – A REVIEW OF THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

2026-01-01T23:27:36+00:00

Introduction: Cold water immersion (CWI), increasingly practiced through activities such as wild swimming, triathlon, and winter swimming, has gained attention for its potential health benefits. Recent scientific studies are beginning to substantiate traditional claims, indicating that regular cold exposure may yield positive physiological and psychological outcomes. These effects are mediated through both shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, involving muscle activity and brown adipose tissue, which contribute to thermal homeostasis and may underpin longer-term adaptive health benefits.

Aim: The aim of this review paper is to evaluate the effects of cold showers on physical and mental health.

Materials and methods: A review of literature available in databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science conducted, using keywords including "cold showers", "health benefits", "immune system"

Summary: This review examines current research on the health effects of cold showers, focusing on immunity, cardiovascular health, mood, metabolism, and post-exercise recovery. Evidence suggests cold showers may enhance immune function, improve mood, increase metabolic rate, and support muscle recovery. However, cold exposure can pose risks for individuals with cardiovascular conditions, such as arrhythmias or hypertension. While the benefits are promising, further clinical studies are needed to confirm long-term effects and identify safe, effective protocols for different populations.

Conclusions: Regular cold showers may offer health benefits such as improved immunity, enhanced mood, and metabolic support. They can acutely raise blood pressure but may contribute to long-term cardiovascular regulation. Psychological and analgesic effects are likely mediated by sympathetic activation and hormonal responses. Despite promising findings, more rigorous studies are needed to confirm efficacy and safety across diverse populations.

THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

2026-01-01T23:58:10+00:00

The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in sustaining physiological homeostasis, and its disruption–referred to as dysbiosis – has been increasingly associated with the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatic diseases. Growing evidence underscores the complex bidirectional interactions between the gut microbial community and the host immune system, interactions that may critically influence the initiation and progression of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

This review synthesizes current knowledge on the relationship between gut microbiota composition and rheumatic disease, with particular emphasis on the underlying immunological mechanisms. It delineates characteristic alterations in microbial profiles reported in patients with selected rheumatic conditions and evaluates how such perturbations may shape immune responses.

Furthermore, the paper examines emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the gut microbiota, including probiotics, prebiotics, targeted dietary interventions, and the increasingly explored approach of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). By critically assessing existing evidence, the review addresses the efficacy and safety of microbiota-centered interventions and outlines prospective avenues for their integration as adjunctive therapies in rheumatic disease management.

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF NATIONAL SECURITY IN MONGOLIA AND AN ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT

2026-01-02T03:23:45+00:00

This article examines the legal framework for ensuring national security in Mongolia and provides an analytical assessment of its structure, governance effectiveness, and reform needs. Drawing on contemporary security studies and human security theory, the study conceptualizes national security as a multidimensional governance system encompassing individual, societal, and state security. Using doctrinal legal analysis, systems analysis, and normative evaluation, the article assesses the coherence between constitutional provisions, national security policy documents, and sectoral legislation.

The findings indicate that while Mongolia’s national security legal framework is formally comprehensive, it remains functionally constrained by weak policy-law-implementation linkages, fragmented institutional responsibilities, and limited accountability mechanisms. In addition, emerging non-traditional security threats-including information insecurity, socio-economic vulnerability, and declining public trust-are insufficiently addressed within binding and enforceable legal norms. Human security principles, although present in strategic discourse, remain largely declarative rather than operationalized in law.

The article argues that advancing a human-centered, adaptive, and accountable legal governance model is essential for strengthening national resilience. By focusing on Mongolia as a small state operating in a complex security environment, the study contributes to broader debates on national security governance and legal reform in transitional and developing contexts.

INFORMAL RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IN ADJARA: A SOCIAL ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE

2025-12-31T02:43:15+00:00

This study examines the informal religious practices of the Muslim communities in Adjara, Georgia, with a particular focus on elements of Sharia law that have persisted as “silent norms.” The research aims to identify these Sharia elements, analyze their social functions, gender dimensions, and normative significance, and explore the hybrid normative environment created through their integration with local cultural traditions.

Methodologically, the study employs a qualitative, interdisciplinary approach combining historical and comparative analysis, ethnographic fieldwork, semi-structured interviews with local elders and religious leaders, and documentary analysis. Ethical standards were strictly observed, ensuring respondent anonymity and informed consent. Data were analyzed through thematic coding and comparative analysis, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the historical, social, and legal coexistence of Sharia norms in the region.

The findings reveal that despite the formal abolition of Sharia institutions following Russian and Soviet rule, certain elements continue to function as informal norms within the community. These practices-encompassing marriage rituals (Aqdis Gachra), inheritance, funeral rites, oaths on the Quran, and other life-cycle ceremonies-play a significant role in maintaining social order, gender arrangements, community identity, and cultural memory. They represent a hybrid normative system where secular state standards and religious-cultural norms coexist and shape everyday social life.

In conclusion, the study demonstrates that Adjara’s Muslim communities maintain historical religious heritage alongside contemporary social standards. Informal Sharia norms function not only as cultural and religious practices but also as mechanisms of social regulation, intercultural continuity, and community cohesion, illustrating a unique example of normative pluralism and cultural resilience.

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN ENHANCING CUSTOMER VALUE WITHIN B2B MARKETS

2025-12-27T19:06:34+00:00

This study explores the impact of digital communication strategies on customer value within the B2B oil and gas services sector, focusing on email marketing, websites, social media, and search engines. A descriptive-analytical research design was used, with data collected from 42 clients of Lorus Company through a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 26), employing Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis to examine the relationships between digital communication strategies and customer value. The results indicate that email marketing has a significant positive effect on customer value, while websites, social media, and search engines show weak or statistically insignificant impacts. The study recommends that companies prioritize personalized email marketing to enhance customer engagement and value, while also refining website and search engine strategies to improve their effectiveness in B2B contexts.