International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science

HISTORICAL / DOCUMENTARY REPRESENTATION OF THE TEACHER THEME IN CONTEMPORARY MONGOLIAN LITERATURE

2025-10-24T04:53:16+00:00

This study examines how the portrayal of historical figures—specifically teachers—in contemporary Mongolian literature draws on both factual/historical materials and artistic imagination. Memoirs that recall historical personalities, and contemplative musings that express longing, help to consolidate the possibility of rendering historical figures into canonical form in literary works. The degree to which a literary work reflects actual historical events depends significantly on the individual author’s disposition: some are willing to modify documentary excerpts, while others strictly adhere to them.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONFLICTS AND MODERN WARS

2025-10-16T16:45:56+00:00

The evolution of science, particularly weapons technology, has transformed traditional wars, commonly understood as wars between two states or between two regular armies, into guerrilla warfare, world wars, preventive or pre-emptive wars, and subsequently into a new mode of warfare, namely, asymmetric wars (Les Guerres Asymétriques). These arise in geographies that enable their continuity and effectiveness, which in turn lay the foundations for failed states (État défaillant, L’État en déliquescence). Within these contexts, parallel armies and terrorist organisations find fertile ground for asserting their existence and ideology, striving to dismantle the nation-state. With these developments in the security and military spheres, both locally and globally, geopolitics assumes a new trajectory in international relations and may even anticipate the redrawing of boundaries.

MECHANISM OF THE CONTEXTUAL APPROACH IN THE EXEGESIS OF THE QUR’AN

2025-10-17T04:43:24+00:00

There is no doubt that the contextual approach is a contemporary linguistic methodology, particularly in modern semantics, which has played a significant role in the study of texts. Accordingly, these new mechanisms can be applied to the exegesis of the Qur’anic texts while maintaining adherence to the general principles of the Qur’anic interpretation. This article examines the contextual approach and its mechanisms for understanding both the clear and the elusive aspects of the Qur'an. It addresses a specific question: does the study of Qur'anic texts via a contextual approach yield a new semantic dimension distinct from prior approaches? Do these new mechanisms offer linguists potential solutions to issues that have proven problematic? Does this, in turn, enrich linguistic research in general and Qur'anic studies in particular? Moreover, is it possible to benefit from modern linguistic studies in applying the contextual approach to the exegesis of its verses while taking into account the peculiarity of the Qur’anic text as being “divine in origin,” “Arabic in language,” and “universal in message”?

MULTIDIMENSIONAL TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS – THE ROLE OF NUTRITIONAL, PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

2025-10-08T19:51:39+00:00

Endometriosis is a chronic, progressive gynecological disease characterized by the presence of active endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Endometriosis impacts around 10% of women in their reproductive years, often leading to persistent pain, cycle disturbances, and challenges with conception. Conventional management, which includes medication and surgery, is often insufficient due to high recurrence rates and suboptimal outcomes, prompting increased focus on complementary treatment strategies.

The main aim of this work is to analyze the role of three key areas of supportive therapy: diet, physiotherapy and psychotherapy in relieving the symptoms of endometriosis and improving the quality of life of patients. This is a review-based study that analyzes scientific sources from 1997 to 2025. Analysis of current studies highlights the potential of an anti-inflammatory diet, regular pelvic-focused physiotherapy, and psychotherapy as effective complementary strategies alongside conventional treatment. An integrated therapeutic approach, taking into account the somatic and psychological needs of patients, seems to be crucial in the effective management of endometriosis.

METFORMIN VERSUS PHARMACOLOGIC AND NON-PHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS IN PCOS: A REVIEW OF METABOLIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC OUTCOMES

2025-10-09T05:15:04+00:00

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder in reproductive age women, marked by insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, and increased cardiometabolic risk. This review synthesizes current evidence on the clinical effectiveness of metformin versus alternative strategies across anthropometric, glycemic, and lipid outcomes in women with PCOS.

This narrative review synthesizes secondary data from systematic reviews and meta-analyses retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar, comparing metformin with other interventions in reproductive-age women with PCOS across anthropometric, glucose, or lipid outcomes.

Metformin showed modest benefits in reducing body mass index, body weight, and waist circumference, with greater effects in overweight and obese individuals. Combined therapies, especially with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, were more effective than metformin alone. In glucose metabolism, metformin outperformed placebo and oral contraceptives in reducing fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, especially in women with higher insulin resistance. Effects on lipid profiles were moderate; metformin lowered total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, particularly when combined with statins. Its effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was limited and sometimes less favorable than that of oral contraceptives.

Metformin remains a core treatment in PCOS, with consistent, modest benefits across metabolic and anthropometric domains. Its effectiveness improves when matched to patient profiles and combined with other agents or lifestyle changes.

TACKLING ANOREXIA: CURRENT TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS IN TREATMENT STRATEGIES

2025-10-09T05:42:31+00:00

Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent food restriction, distorted body image, and an intense fear of weight gain. It exhibits one of the highest mortality rates among mental illnesses, second only to opioid use disorder. This review synthesizes current evidence on the etiology, diagnosis, comorbidities, and treatment of anorexia nervosa. The multifactorial pathogenesis includes genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and sociocultural components. Diagnostic criteria according to ICD-11 emphasize low body weight and behavioral patterns of restrictive eating. anorexia nervosa frequently coexists with medical complications affecting cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal systems, which contribute to its high morbidity and mortality. The review evaluates established psychological treatments, and family-based therapy, and highlights the limited and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy, including antidepressants and antipsychotics. Emerging treatments ranging from intranasal oxytocin, cannabinoids, and ketamine to neuromodulatory methods like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and virtual reality therapy show promise, but require further validation. The paper also explores inpatient care, alternative therapies (acupuncture, electroconvulsive therapy), and interventions targeting complications such as bone density loss. Despite significant advancements, relapse rates remain high, and recovery is often incomplete, underscoring the urgent need for individualized, multidisciplinary treatment approaches and further research into mechanism-based and integrative therapies.

OTITIS MEDIA: CURRENT INSIGHTS INTO ACUTE, CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE, AND EFFUSIVE FORMS

2025-10-09T16:13:04+00:00

Otitis media, encompassing acute otitis media (AOM), chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), and otitis media with effusion (OME), is among the most prevalent pediatric disorders worldwide and a leading cause of medical consultations and surgical interventions in children. Acute otitis media is most common in infants and young children, with Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae as the primary bacterial pathogens, often in association with viral infections. Management strategies vary according to disease type and severity, ranging from observation and antibiotic therapy to surgical approaches in complicated cases. Chronic suppurative otitis media represents a long-standing inflammatory condition characterized by persistent ear discharge and tympanic membrane perforation, frequently requiring surgical management such as tympanoplasty. Otitis media with effusion, in turn, is primarily associated with middle ear fluid accumulation and hearing impairment, often managed with tympanostomy tube insertion or adenoidectomy in recurrent or persistent cases. Preventive measures, especially pneumococcal vaccination, play an essential role in reducing the incidence of otitis media and its complications. Despite advances in diagnostics and treatment, the growing number of intratemporal and intracranial complications highlights the importance of early recognition, individualized therapeutic approaches, and interdisciplinary collaboration. In conclusion, effective management of otitis media requires integration of pharmacological, surgical, and preventive strategies, supported by evidence-based guidelines and further clinical research to optimize outcomes and reduce disease burden.

CUTANEOUS MELANOMA – DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

2025-10-09T16:35:20+00:00

Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer, with its incidence steadily increasing worldwide. Although it accounts for a minority of skin cancer cases, it is responsible for the majority of skin cancer–related deaths. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and histopathological features of the main melanoma subtypes, including superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), nodular melanoma (NM), lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM), and acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM). Particular attention is given to current diagnostic strategies, ranging from the gold standard of histopathological examination to emerging non-invasive techniques such as dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS), and the novel tape stripping method. These approaches have improved early detection and the accurate assessment of tumor margins, supporting more personalized therapeutic planning. Treatment remains primarily surgical in early-stage melanoma, while advanced cases increasingly benefit from immunotherapy and targeted therapies, which have significantly improved survival outcomes. Additionally, this article explores the potential association between physical activity and melanoma risk, emphasizing that outdoor activity may increase susceptibility due to greater ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Prevention strategies, including public education and effective photoprotection, remain essential in mitigating disease burden. In conclusion, despite significant advances in diagnosis and therapy, malignant melanoma continues to pose major clinical and public health challenges, underscoring the importance of early detection, prevention, and ongoing research.

ADHD TREATMENT: FROM MEDICATION TO BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2025-10-09T17:04:32+00:00

Introduction: Nowadays, ADHD is one of the most common diagnoses in the mental health field. It presents a wide spectrum of clinical presentations that affect patients’ everyday life. Variety of symptoms make each patients’ needs individual, and because of that, treatment of ADHD must be adjusted to each person separately to achieve the best possible outcome.

Materials and methods: This article, based on a PubMed review of available research, examines ADHD treatment

Key findings and conclusions: Options in first line medications are limited, therefore formulation technologies are one of the few methods to modify the therapy. Alternative to that, especially for patients that cannot take stimulants, are non-stimulant medications generally used in other medical fields. Additionally, psychotherapy is inherent for patients to understand their disorder, which allows them to accept it. The aim of this article is to present the basis of a complex issue, as ADHD treatment is.

THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

2025-10-09T18:44:45+00:00

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the most serious public-health challenges, affecting approximately 25 % of the adult population worldwide and more than doubling the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is characterised by the coexistence of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension, which translates into markedly increased mortality risk. Physical activity (PA) has been identified as a key modifiable factor in the prevention and treatment of this cluster of disorders. The aim of this review is to discuss in detail the impact of various forms of PA on the components of MetS and on CVD risk.

Methods and Materials: A systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out, analysing randomised trials, meta-analyses and observational studies that assessed the effectiveness of aerobic, resistance and high-intensity interval training.

Conclusions: Regular PA exerts a multidirectional influence on all components of MetS, effectively reducing abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Aerobic training shows the greatest efficacy in improving metabolic parameters, whereas the combination of aerobic and resistance modalities provides the most favourable therapeutic outcomes. In secondary prevention of CVD, PA achieves effectiveness comparable to pharmacotherapy and significantly surpasses it in post-stroke patients. The underlying mechanisms include improvements in insulin sensitivity, enhanced glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, and beneficial modulation of adipokine and cytokine profiles. The review underlines the importance of regular PA as a public-health strategy and highlights the need for further research aimed at optimising intervention programs.

LESCH – NYHAN SYNDROME (LNS) - THE REVIEW

2025-10-09T19:17:46+00:00

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the HPRT1 gene, which encodes an important enzyme in the purine salvage pathway. Symptoms of LNS include dystonia, gout, intellectual disability, and self-harm. Although the disease was described in 1964, it remains unclear how abnormalities in hypoxanthine and guanine recycling can lead to such significant neurological deficits. Several studies have proposed different hypotheses regarding the etiology of the disease and various treatment options have been proposed, but none have led to a satisfactory explanation of the pathophysiology of the disease. New technologies such as sequencing, optogenetics, genome editing, and induced pluripotent stem cells may provide a unique opportunity to map the precise sequential pathways from genotype to disease phenotype.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF WINTER SWIMMING: A COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL REVIEW

2025-10-09T20:36:54+00:00

Winter swimming, defined as immersion in cold water, is gaining popularity as a form of physical activity and a natural health-enhancing intervention. This article provides a comprehensive medical review of the physiological and health effects associated with cold water exposure. Acute bodily responses to cold immersion are discussed, including activation of thermoregulatory mechanisms, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuromuscular changes, as well as the risks of hypothermia and cold shock. Chronic adaptations observed in regular winter swimmers are also presented, encompassing hormonal, metabolic, and immunological modifications that enhance cold tolerance and support homeostasis. The health benefits of winter swimming are analyzed, highlighting improvements in cardiovascular performance, immune system modulation, mood enhancement, and metabolic regulation. Concurrently, potential risks are emphasized, particularly for individuals with chronic illnesses, children, and the elderly. The article concludes with a comparative analysis of winter swimming and other cold therapies, noting differences in exposure intensity and therapeutic efficacy. This review underscores the need for further research to standardize protocols and better elucidate the long-term effects of winter swimming.

SWIMMING AGAINST THE CURRENT: ASTHMA AND UPPER AIRWAY DISORDERS IN COMPETITIVE SWIMMERS

2025-10-09T22:29:55+00:00

Purpose of the research: This review aims to assess the frequency of asthma and upper airway disorders in competitive swimmers, as well as identify potential environmental and training factors that contribute to the development of these conditions.

Materials and methods: The review of research literature was conducted through databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, including studies from 2007 to 2025.

Results: Competitive swimmers have been shown to have a significantly higher incidence of exercise-induced asthma and chronic upper respiratory tract syndromes than in the general population. Particularly frequently observed cough, nasal congestion, wheezing, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. There was also a correlation between the length of exposure to the swimming pool environment and the severity of the symptoms.

Conclusions: The environment of indoor swimming pools, especially exposure to chlorination byproducts, may contribute to the development of asthma and chronic upper respiratory tract diseases in swimmers. There is a need for further research and implementation of preventive measures, such as improving swimming pool ventilation and monitoring the health of athletes.

DEMENTIA – DIFFERENTIATION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS

2025-10-10T04:29:05+00:00

Dementias are a complex group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive functions, significantly affecting patients' daily lives. Differentiating between types of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia, is essential for appropriate therapy planning, disease prognosis, and optimizing care.

Diagnosis is based on a comprehensive assessment of clinical symptoms, neuroimaging studies, and analysis of fluid biomarkers. Clinical symptoms, such as memory impairment, attention deficits, executive dysfunction, and behavioral changes, are the basis of diagnosis; however, differentiation requires support from brain imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), which allow the identification of characteristic structural and metabolic changes. Biomarkers, particularly tau and beta-amyloid proteins measured in cerebrospinal fluid and serum, are important tools for confirming the diagnosis and monitoring disease progression.

Early diagnosis of dementia is crucial for the effectiveness of therapy and improving patients’ quality of life. It enables the implementation of interventions that slow disease progression and provides appropriate psychosocial support for patients and their families.

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has played an increasing role in the diagnosis of dementia. Advanced algorithms analyzing clinical, neuroimaging, and biomarker data support more accurate and faster differentiation of dementia types and help identify at-risk individuals at early disease stages. The implementation of AI in clinical practice opens new opportunities for personalized treatment and patient care.

THE ROLE OF CREATINE IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-10T16:30:04+00:00

Creatine, widely known as a performance-enhancing supplement for athletes and bodybuilders is increasingly recognized for its potential neuroprotective properties. Beyond its well-established role in energy metabolism and muscle physiology, creatine appears to influence brain function by supporting ATP homeostasis, reducing oxidative stress, and stabilizing neuronal membranes. Recent studies have suggested that creatine supplementation may benefit individuals with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, preliminary findings indicate a potential role for creatine in mitigating the effects of acute brain injuries and mood disorders, including major depressive disorder. Despite promising experimental data, the clinical efficacy of creatine in neurological settings remains under investigation, with inconsistent results across human trials. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the neuroprotective effects of creatine and critically assess the quality of available evidence.

THE ROLE OF COLLAGEN SUPPLEMENTATION IN KNEE JOINT DISORDERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CLINICAL STUDIES

2025-10-10T17:21:27+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Collagen is essential for maintaining the structure and function of the knee joint, making it a promising option for managing joint-related conditions. This review explores current clinical research on the impact of collagen supplements on knee pain, mobility, and overall joint health in individuals with osteoarthritis, early arthritis, meniscal injuries, and functional joint discomfort.

Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies from 2016 onward. Keywords included "collagen," "knee joint," "supplementation," and "osteoarthritis" to identify relevant clinical trials and studies.

Main Findings: The review indicates that collagen supplementation, particularly types I, II, and III, offers notable benefits for knee joint health. In patients with osteoarthritis and early joint degeneration, undenatured type II collagen and collagen peptides significantly reduced pain, stiffness, and improved mobility, as measured by standardized tools like WOMAC, KOOS, and VAS. Similar improvements were noted in athletes and active individuals experiencing activity-related knee discomfort, with reported reductions in joint pain and decreased reliance on additional treatment. Certain collagen formulations also improved range of motion and flexibility in both healthy subjects and those with minor joint issues. Additionally, recent studies show that collagen can help those with meniscal injuries by reducing pain, boosting leg strength, and enhancing quality of life.

Conclusion: Collagen supplements appear to be a safe and effective option for improving knee joint health, particularly in cases of osteoarthritis and functional joint discomfort. While outcomes vary depending on the collagen type and dosage, overall evidence supports their potential in reducing pain and enhancing joint function across a range of populations.

THE ROLE OF DIET AND MICRONUTRIENTS IN MIGRAINE PREVENTION

2025-10-11T05:13:44+00:00

Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of throbbing headache, often unilateral, accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. Dietary factors and deficiencies in micronutrients, such as magnesium, riboflavin, coenzyme Q10, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids, play a significant role in modulating the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.

This article analyzes the biological mechanisms linking diet to migraine, the effectiveness of supplementation with selected micronutrients, and the importance of eliminating potential trigger factors, such as tyramine, monosodium glutamate, or aspartame.

Based on a review of scientific literature, including Polish and English-language sources, it was demonstrated that a properly balanced diet, including the Mediterranean and ketogenic diets, and individually tailored supplementation can significantly reduce the risk of migraine attacks. The need for further research to optimize dietary strategies and personalize interventions to improve the quality of life of migraine patients was emphasized.

HOW VITAMIN D AFFECTS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2025-10-11T05:36:55+00:00

Vitamin D is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system, modulating the immune response through the activation of vitamin D receptors (VDR) in various immune cells. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in protecting against infections, particularly respiratory infections, and its deficiency is associated with an increased risk of autoimmune diseases. Although the results of studies on vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of autoimmune diseases are mixed, there is growing interest in its potential impact on the course of these diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms of vitamin D action in the context of the immune system and its significance in preventing infections and autoimmune diseases. Research indicates the need for further analysis to establish optimal supplementation doses of vitamin D and its effectiveness in different patient groups.

THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF METFORMIN IN THE TREATMENT OF HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS: REVIEW

2025-10-11T19:13:32+00:00

Background: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, with a noticeable increase in incidence observed in recent years. Despite its high prevalence, current treatment options remain limited and primarily focus on managing the consequences rather than addressing the underlying causes of the condition. Metformin, although primarily prescribed for diabetes, has demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties in several autoimmune disease models.

Aim: This review aims to evaluate the potential role of metformin in the management of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, with a particular focus on its effects on immune regulation and thyroid function.

Methods: An electronic literature search was performed using PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect and Evidence‑Based Medicine Reviews. Search terms included ‘Metformin’, ‘Hashimoto disease’, ‘Thyroiditis’, ‘Thyroid’, ‘autoimmune disease’ as keywords. Only articles in English were considered.

Conclusions: Preliminary data suggest that metformin, through its anti-inflammatory properties and modulation of AMPK/mTOR pathways, may influence immune responses in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Despite promising preclinical findings, further clinical trials involving human participants are required to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy and safety in this context.

SLEEP AND MENTAL HEALTH: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP DISORDERS AND DEPRESSION

2025-10-12T03:52:02+00:00

Sleep disturbances are a core feature of depressive disorders, occurring in most patients during both acute episodes and remission. Insomnia is the most prevalent form and significantly affects treatment response and relapse risk. The relationship between sleep and depression is bidirectional—sleep problems may precede, co-occur with, or result from depression. Non-pharmacological approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) have proven effective in improving both sleep quality and depressive symptoms, especially when combined with antidepressants. Somatic interventions like chronotherapy, light therapy and sleep cycle manipulation also show promising outcomes. Recognizing and treating sleep disturbances as a primary therapeutic target can enhance the overall effectiveness of depression management and support long-term remission.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SLEEP DISORDERS AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND OTHER AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: A SCIENTIFIC REVIEW

2025-10-12T20:02:47+00:00

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is an autoimmune disease and is increasingly recognised for its bidirectional relationship with sleep disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that sleep disturbances not only exacerbate UC symptoms but may also influence disease activity and relapse rates. Sleep deprivation is increasingly recognized as a significant factor influencing the pathogenesis and progression of autoimmune diseases. This review also synthesizes current evidence on the bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbances and autoimmune conditions, focusing on underlying mechanisms, clinical implications, and potential therapeutic strategies.

THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-13T18:18:00+00:00

Background: Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disorder characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue, leading to inflammation, chronic pelvic pain and reduced quality of life. While hormonal and surgical treatments remain standard, interest in non-pharmacological interventions, including physical activity, has grown due to its potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and psychosocial benefits.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of physical activity on the course of endometriosis

Material and Methods: Information was collected using the english language literature databases such as PubMed and GoogleScholar. The literature from 1985-2025 was reviewed to evaluate the pain management in endometriosis. Specific attention was paid to publications on the impact of physical activity and exercises on endometriosis associated pain and the quality of life.

Results: The reviewed literature consistently indicated that physical activity contributed to a reduction in endometriosis-related symptoms, most notably chronic pelvic pain. Despite methodological heterogeneity, all studies reported either clinical or statistically significant benefits of PA in endometriosis symptom management. However, several authors emphasized the need for further standardized, large-scale trials to determine optimal exercise type, duration, and intensity.

Conclusions: Physical activity appears to be a promising complementary therapy for managing endometriosis symptoms, particularly pain and fatigue, by modulating inflammation, stress responses, and hormonal balance. While current data are encouraging, further high-quality, longitudinal studies are required to establish standardized exercise protocols and confirm long-term benefits.

FOOD, MICROBES, AND THE MIND: INTERVENTIONS AND TECH-FOR-HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

2025-10-13T20:44:08+00:00

Research objectives: To synthesise recent evidence on microbiome-brain relationships across Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder, depression and schizophrenia; to summarise therapeutic strategies (diet, probiotics/prebiotics, psychobiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation) and biological mechanisms; and to outline translational considerations relevant to technology and society.

Methods: Structured narrative review with a PRISMA-style workflow.

Sources: PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science (Core Collection), plus handsearch/citation chasing (English/Polish; 1 Jan 2013–31 Mar 2025). Ten authors performed duplicate screening and data charting. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. Included n=21 studies after databases identified n=1,500 records, duplicates n=540, screened n=960, and full texts assessed n=252 (databases) and n=48 from other sources; the reference list also cites background/methodological works not counted in PRISMA.

Key findings: Across conditions, a consistent signal is loss of short-chain-fatty-acid (SCFA)–producing taxa, increased intestinal permeability and immune activation. High-fibre/polyphenol diets and multi-strain probiotics/prebiotics show the

clearest-though modest-improvements in inflammatory markers and selected mood/quality-of-life outcomes; cognitive effects are mixed. Psychobiotics show preliminary benefits; faecal microbiota transplantation remains experimental in neurology. Mechanistic strands include SCFAs, tryptophan/kynurenine metabolism, vagal signalling and HPA-axis modulation.

Conclusions: The gut microbiome is a modifiable contributor to brain health. Low-risk dietary optimisation is warranted, and probiotic use should be strain-specific. Priorities include adequately powered, preregistered trials with harmonised microbiome pipelines and mechanistic endpoints, plus evaluation of precision-nutrition and data-driven decision support under robust privacy governance.

ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT – A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-14T16:24:58+00:00

Introduction and purpose: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity and instability of the posture. Millions of people suffer from the disease around the world, affecting not only the patients, but also public health systems. Pharmacological interventions exist, although aside from reducing symptoms, no drugs that stop the progression of PD have been developed.

That is why interventions from outside the realm of pharmacology have garnered increased focus of the academics, one of them being physical activity. In recent years, an extensive research was done to prove or disprove a link between exercise and PD’s prevention and management.

What this study aims to do, is to comprehensively gather and review current state of literature in the field of physical activity’s role in prevention and management of Parkinson’s disease.

Material and methods: Our method of research was to scan the databases of academic articles easily accessible on the Internet, such as PubMed, Google Scholar and others. Our team searched for “Parkinson’s disease” together with various terms, such as “physical activity”, “exercise”, “prevention”, “management”, “symptoms” and “treatment”. Following that, the obtained data were manually analysed.

Conclusions: This review, based on quoted research, points to physical activity as a valuable addition to the standard pharmacological treatments, with its potentially beneficial effects all across the PD’s development timeline. From disease prevention and modification, to management of the symptoms, both motor and non-motor alike.

Additional research ought to be conducted in the field to explain the mechanisms and to maximize the effect of the interventions. Nevertheless, contemporary state of knowledge heavily suggests incorporating physical activity into standard treatment strategies for Parkinson’s disease.

A STUDY REVIEW OF CANNABIS USE WITH CANCER PATIENTS

2025-10-16T01:34:49+00:00

Introduction: Cancer patients frequently experience debilitating symptoms such as pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), and cachexia, significantly impacting their quality of life. Cannabinoids have been suggested as potential therapeutic agents for these conditions. Our review takes a look into medical studies to show potential benefits and side effects of the drug.

Aim of Study: This systematic review is looking for evidence on the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids in managing chronic cancer pain, CINV, and cancer-related appetite and cachexia.

Materials and Methods: A systematic review of PubMed and Google scholar literature was searched using the terms "cannabis" "cancer," and either "pain" or "CCINV” and "cachexia" with studies read for relevance and objectivity.

Results: The evidence regarding cannabinoids for chronic cancer pain is mixed, with some studies suggesting benefits for neuropathic pain, while others show limited efficacy, particularly in opioid-resistant cases. For CINV, certain cannabinoid combinations (e.g., THC:CBD, nabilone) demonstrated effectiveness when standard antiemetics were insufficient, however with potential side effects. The impact of cannabinoids on appetite and cachexia is also inconclusive, with some studies showing potential benefits, but larger trials often failing to demonstrate significant advantages over placebo.

Conclusion: There are many myths and disinformation about cannabis in the public eye. Some glorify it, others condemn it. Studies on CINV and neuropathic pain clearly show that cannabis has antiemetic and analgesic properties. Unfortunately, cannabis does not have an analgesic effect in cancer pain, especially when it comes to pain that is resistant to opioid treatment. When it comes to stimulating appetite and cachexia, the research is very inconclusive, and further studies are needed to evaluate this problem.

THE COSTS OF DEMOCRACY – HOW ELECTION-RELATED STRESS AFFECTS HEALTH

2025-10-16T02:21:11+00:00

Introduction: Electoral campaigns represent significant sociopolitical stressors that may have notable implications for public health. The aim of this article is to present an in-depth overview of the documented health effects associated with election-related stress.

Methods: PubMed was searched using keywords such as “sociopolitical stress” and “presidential election AND health”, applying a time filter 2016-2025. After removing duplicates, titles and abstracts were screened for relevance, and the most pertinent articles were included in this review.

Results: Election periods were associated with increased psychological distress. Sociopolitical stress was related to higher incidence of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular and arrythmic events, elevated blood pressure, preterm births, heightened interest in long-acting reversible contraceptives, and altered birth sex ratio. These effects were particularly pronounced among supporters of the losing candidate, women, ethnic and racial minorities, and younger populations.

Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for enhanced mental health support and public health preparedness during major political events.

MIRIKIZUMAB – THE EFFICACY OF TREATMENT IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

2025-10-16T02:52:09+00:00

Mirikizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the p19 subunit of interleukin IL-23. In recent years, it has been the subject of numerous clinical trials as a potential new therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Additionally, mirikizumab has been evaluated in clinical trials as a possible treatment for plaque psoriasis. Clinical trial results in ulcerative colitis led to its approval in the European Union, the United States, Canada, and Japan for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active disease. Despite promising clinical trial outcomes, mirikizumab has not yet been approved for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. This review focuses on summarizing findings from clinical trials investigating mirikizumab in inflammatory bowel diseases. The information is derived from scientific publications indexed in PubMed, searched using the terms “mirikizumab” and “IL-23” and published up to February 2025, as well as from published clinical trial results on mirikizumab.

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF PACIFIER USE - A NARRATIVE REVIEW ON THE MEDICAL IMPACT OF PACIFIER USE DURING INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD

2025-10-16T03:23:08+00:00

Background: Pacifier use remains a common practice during infancy and early childhood worldwide that has both benefits and risks. Its use has become highly prevalent in recent years and is sometimes considered overused, as it provides an easy and convenient method for calming and soothing children.

Objective: This review aims to summarize current scientific evidence regarding pacifier use focusing on both positive and negative outcomes to provide an overview that may help with the establishment of the clinical recommendations.

Methods: A narrative review of different randomized controlled trials and cohort studies investigating the positive and negative impacts of pacifier use such as SIDS risk, pain management, otitis media, dental malocclusions and breast-feeding.

Results: The reviewed studies indicate that pacifier use reduces risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and is an effective way of pain management during minor medical procedures. However, evidence shows an association between pacifier use and increased incidence of acute otitis media, dental malocclusions in cases of prolonged use and negative impact on breastfeeding when introduced before lactation is well established.

Conclusion: The evidence supports selective use of pacifier, particularly during the first year of life with its introduction delayed until breastfeeding is well established, which happens usually around 1 month of age. Its use should be limited mainly to sleep periods and gradually limited by 12 months of age. Proper timing and restricted duration are key to maximising benefits while reducing risks.

NARRATIVE REVIEW: THE IMPACT OF BLUE LIGHT EXPOSURE ON MENTAL HEALTH AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

2025-10-16T03:55:16+00:00

Increasing exposure to blue light is a major problem in the modern lifestyle of individuals. The increasing use of digital devices and LED lighting is recognised as a major environmental factor affecting human health. While it has a positive effect on alertness during the day, excessive or late-night exposure disrupts the circadian rhythm by affecting the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which regulate melatonin secretion and the sleep-wake cycle. The main negative consequences of evening blue light exposure include: disrupted sleep architecture, particularly by reducing slow-wave and REM sleep, which are essential for recovery processes, impaired cognitive performance, increased daytime sleepiness and a higher risk of mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. Interventions and prevention strategies aimed at reducing evening blue light (through filters, night mode settings or glasses) and morning exposure to bright light have been shown to be beneficial for sleep quality, circadian phase regulation and mood stabilisation. Despite progress in this area, there are still significant research gaps, particularly in relation to individual differences in light sensitivity, long-term effects and the optimal timing and intensity of interventions. This review summarises the latest results of 33 studies and provides a structured overview of the current evidence on the short- and long-term effects of blue light on circadian rhythms, sleep and mental health. It highlights practical measures to minimise harmful exposure suggesting the directions for future research to promote circadian health and general well-being in the context of modern lifestyles.

THE GLUTEN – FREE DIET BEYOND CELIAC DISEASE: TRENDS, RISKS AND NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES

2025-10-16T17:29:42+00:00

Introduction: Gluten-free diet is effective treatment for celiac disease patients. However, the gluten-free diet has become increasingly popular in recent years, not only as a medical intervention for celiac disease but also as a lifestyle preference for individuals who perceive it as a healthier option. Additionally, there has been a growing number of studies investigating the use of gluten-free diets in the management of various medical conditions. Nevertheless, there are growing concerns regarding possible nutritional deficiencies associated with the exclusion of gluten-containing grains, as well as skepticism regarding the purported health benefits of a gluten-free diet in individuals without diagnosed gluten-related disorders.

Aim of the study: We aimed to systematically review the current knowledge about nutritional deficiencies and risks associated with gluten-free diet.

Methodology: An extensive search was conducted using electronic database PubMed to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and 2025. The search was based on keywords such as: ‘gluten-free diet’, ‘celiac disease,’ ‘nutritional deficiencies,’ and ‘diet therapy,’.

Results and Discussion: Analysis of existing research suggests that individuals adhering to a gluten-free diet may be prone to inadequate intake of dietary fiber and several key micronutrients, including vitamins D, E, and B-group, along with critical minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium. Additionally, those consuming an imbalanced gluten-free diet often have a higher intake of total fat, particularly saturated fatty acids and cholesterol.

Conclusion: Current research indicates that adherence to a gluten-free diet is associated with specific micronutrient deficiencies. Individuals complying with this dietary regimen should be informed of the potential nutritional risks and adopt strategies to maintain an adequate and balanced nutrient intake. Clinical dietary oversight is recommended to identify and address common deficiencies linked to gluten exclusion.

BETWEEN EFFICACY AND RISK: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF METAMIZOLE’S PHARMACOLOGY, CLINICAL USE AND REGULATORY STATUS

2025-10-16T18:07:08+00:00

This review critically assesses metamizole's pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety profile, with particular focus on its widespread over-the-counter (OTC) availability in Poland versus more restrictive approaches elsewhere. The primary research objective was to evaluate whether the clinical benefits of metamizole outweigh its well-documented risks, especially severe adverse effects such as agranulocytosis and immune-mediated liver injury. During the research PubMed, Google Scholar, and institutional sources were used, applying keywords: “pyralgin,” “metamizole,” “analgesic,” “side effects,” “synergy,” and “combination”. Publications from 2000 to 2025 were screened for relevance, with a primary focus on articles in English and Polish. Abstracts were initially analyzed, followed by full-text review; 20 pertinent sources were ultimately selected for appraisal, comparing indications, mechanisms, and interactions with other analgesics, notably paracetamol, NSAIDs, opioids, and gabapentin. Findings demonstrate that metamizole shows unique spasmolytic, analgesic, and antipyretic properties, and offers therapeutic synergism with various analgesic combinations, aiding multimodal pain management when minimizing opioid or NSAID use is preferred. However, serious adverse events, while infrequent, are potentially fatal and unpredictable, with no effective preventive measures or reliable individual risk prediction identified. The review concludes that the unrestricted OTC availability and mass media promotion of metamizole pose disproportionate public health risks. It recommends limiting access to prescription-only status and ending promotional advertising for common ailments, given the availability of safer first-line analgesics.

SOMATIC CONSEQUENCES OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA: AN UPDATED REVIEW

2025-10-16T18:44:05+00:00

Anorexia nervosa is a group of symptoms based on conscious restriction of food intake. Anorexia disrupts the body's homeostasis, so that the functioning of many organs is impaired. These dysfunctions involve the neuroendocrine system, the cardiovascular system, the skeletal system, the digestive system, and the reproductive system. Knowing the symptoms makes it possible to make an accurate diagnosis at an early stage of the disease. This is especially important given the increasing incidence and mortality rates. This article reviews the main clinical manifestations of AN. Attention is given to both pharmacotherapies and psychotherapy.

The aim of the study: The purpose of this paper is to summarize the existing knowledge on mental anorexia nervosa. The article presents etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, differentiation, clinical picture and treatment. The topic of eating disorders in pregnant women is also described.

Material and method: In our article we used English databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. We selected the articles according to key words such as eating disorders, osteoporosis, cardiomyopathy, hypoglycemia, psychotherapy, medical assessment, treatment.

Conclusions: Eating disorders are a topic that unites many medical disciplines. The array of symptoms accompanying the disease clearly demonstrates the correlation of mental health with somatic health. Negative effects affect the skeletal system, neuroendocrine system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system and reproductive system. Treatment is based on the use of pharmacotherapy, mainly using SSRI group drugs, as well as psychotherapy. A particularly appreciated current, among specialists, is cognitive-behavioral therapy.

MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES IN COMBAT SPORTS: PREVALANCE AND PREVENTION – A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-17T04:25:43+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: An increasing number of individuals are engaging in combat sports. Although these activities offer numerous health benefits, they also carry a significant risk of maxillofacial injuries.

Such injuries may include facial bone fractures, dental trauma, soft tissue damage, as well as injuries to the nose and eyes. There are effective methods to reduce this risk, such as the use of mouthguards, helmets, and face masks. However, awareness regarding the use of this protective equipment remains low, and there are no formal requirements mandating their use. The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence of different types of maxillofacial injuries in combat sports and to explore strategies for their prevention.

Materials and Methods: The review is based on throughout analysis of the materials selected from PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar using following keywords: maxillofacial trauma, maxillofacial injury, combat sports, martial arts, orofacial injury, dental trauma, dental injury, mouthguards, helmets, facemasks

Conclusions: Research shows that the level of awareness regarding the prevention of maxillofacial injuries is low among both athletes and coaches. This highlights the importance of increasing education and awareness in this area. Furthermore, there is a clear need for additional long- term randomized controlled trials to investigate the incidence and characteristics of these injuries, which would contribute to the development of evidence-based prevention strategies.

POLISH DOCTOR WŁADYSŁAW JABŁONOWSKI AND HIS MEDICAL OBSERVATIONS IN TURKEY: CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF DERMATOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE

2025-10-17T17:41:55+00:00

Medicine in the Polish lands in the nineteenth century developed through both the reception of western achievements and the creation of its original approaches adapted to local conditions. Political repression under the partitions forced many Polish physicians into exile where they continued their professional and scientific work contributing to the development of other countries’ medicine. One of them was Władysław Jabłonowski who after the January Uprising (1863-1864) emigrated to the Ottoman Empire and served as a military doctor in Baghdad.

His series.“ Pol. Kazuistyka lekarska w Turcyi – Eng. Medical Casuistry from Turkey” published in Przegląd Lekarski (Cracow medical journal) between years: 1882 and 1886 offered a unique perspective on nineteenth-century medical practice in the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. The writings provided valuable descriptions of dermatological diseases such as scabies, herpes zoster and leprosy. Jabłonowski also emphasized the role of cultural habits, hygiene and therapeutic limitations in those countries. Authors’ observations bridged Eastern and Western medical traditions, contributing not only to Polish medical literature but also to the broader history of medicine in a global context.

EXERCISE-INDUCED ANAPHYLAXIS: CURRENT INSIGHTS FROM THE LITERATURE

2025-10-21T03:04:16+00:00

Background: Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening disorder triggered by physical activity. Its food-dependent form (FDEIA), most frequently associated with wheat and ω-5 gliadin, is the most prevalent subtype. Despite increasing recognition, both EIA and FDEIA remain underdiagnosed due to their heterogeneous presentations and multifactorial pathogenesis.

Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted, focusing on publications from 2023–2025 retrieved through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Emphasis was placed on recent clinical trials, case reports, and mechanistic studies addressing epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.

Results: Recent evidence highlights the interplay between allergens, exercise, and cofactors such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alcohol, and infections in lowering the threshold for reactions. While wheat and ω-5 gliadin remain the dominant triggers in FDEIA, newly described allergens, including banana, shellfish, and soy, broaden the clinical spectrum. Advances in molecular allergology, particularly component-resolved diagnostics, enhance sensitivity in identifying culprit allergens, although accessibility remains limited. Management continues to rely on trigger avoidance and the availability of self-injectable epinephrine. Promising developments include hypoallergenic wheat formulations, biologics such as omalizumab, and experimental approaches targeting mast cell signaling, notably Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Conclusion: EIA and FDEIA are clinically significant disorders with diverse presentations and considerable diagnostic challenges. Progress in molecular diagnostics and biologic therapies suggests a shift toward proactive, disease-modifying strategies. Future priorities include standardized diagnostic protocols, validation of emerging therapies, and enhanced clinical awareness to improve patient safety and quality of life.

UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAFFEINE AND SLEEP - A REVIEW

2025-10-21T03:33:03+00:00

Research objectives: Sleep is a fundamental physiological process essential for the proper functioning of the body and mind. It supports physical restoration, emotional regulation, cognitive performance, and overall health. Due to its complexity, even slight disruptions in sleep patterns can significantly affect well-being. Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance worldwide. Found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, and various medications, it is used daily by the majority of the population to enhance alertness and reduce fatigue. Given its popularity and stimulating properties, it is important to examine how caffeine consumption affects sleep.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing 44 studies from the PubMed database (English-language, up to 2025) that assess the relationship between caffeine and sleep.

Key findings: This work reviews existing research on how caffeine intake, particularly in moderate to high doses, influences sleep timing, duration, architecture, and recovery, with a focus on timing of consumption and habitual use.

Conclusions: Caffeine disrupts sleep by reducing total sleep time and altering key sleep stages, impairing recovery and daytime functioning. Even caffeine consumed hours before bedtime affects sleep quality. Limiting afternoon and evening intake is important to maintain healthy sleep. Further research is needed on individual sensitivity and long-term effects.

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE

2025-10-21T19:06:08+00:00

Introduction and Purpose:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and systemic manifestations. Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, have been suggested to modulate inflammatory processes and immune responses. This review aims to summarize current evidence on the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the pathophysiology and clinical management of RA.

Material and Methods:
A literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify original studies, randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and reviews examining the effects of omega-3 supplementation on RA. Key outcomes included disease activity, inflammatory markers, pain, morning stiffness, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Results and Conclusion:
Omega-3 fatty acids demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties through modulation of cytokine production, competition with omega-6 fatty acids in eicosanoid pathways, and generation of pro-resolving lipid mediators. Clinical studies indicate that supplementation may reduce morning stiffness, pain, and NSAID requirements in RA patients, although heterogeneity in doses, sources, and study duration limits generalizability. Omega-3 fatty acids represent a promising adjunctive therapy for RA, but further standardized clinical trials are warranted.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AS A THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CANCER-RELATED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT - A REVIEW

2025-10-22T20:53:16+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: After cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors are the second most common cause of death, disability, and reduced quality of life. Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) encompasses transient or persistent cognitive dysfunction, either subjectively reported by patients or objectively confirmed through neuropsychological testing.

The aim of this study is to discuss the current state of knowledge and research on the impact of non-pharmacological interventions, especially the impact of various forms of physical activity (aerobic, strength, mixed) on the cognitive functions of cancer patients during and after treatment.

Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, BioMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Keywords included: physical activity, cognitive function, cancer survivors, quality of life, chemotherapy, and cancer-related cognitive impairment. References cited within selected articles were also reviewed.

Studies from the past 10 years were analyzed, applying carefully defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. This review presents the latest clinical evidence and current strategies for the management of cancer-related cognitive impairment.

Conclusions: CRCI is a prevalent condition among cancer patients, significantly impacting their quality of life and overall well-being. Cognitive dysfunction may arise from various cancer therapies, not solely chemotherapy.

The findings underscore the need for systematic monitoring of cognitive function in oncology patients, along with the integration of preventive and rehabilitative measures into comprehensive care plans. Early detection of CRCI and the implementation of cognitive rehabilitation and physical activity interventions are crucial for improving patient outcomes.

THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON DEMENTIA IN ELDERLY AGE

2025-10-23T17:30:34+00:00

Population aging represents one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century. As global life expectancy continues to rise, the number of individuals affected by dementia is steadily increasing. Dementia is currently the seventh leading cause of death worldwide and a major contributor to disability and dependence among older adults. It is a clinical syndrome characterized by the progressive decline of cognitive functions such as memory, thinking, comprehension, and planning.

The gradual loss of these abilities profoundly affects individuals’ daily functioning and quality of life, ultimately leading to increasing dependence, reduced autonomy, and social isolation. This imposes a significant burden not only on patients and their families but also on healthcare and social support systems.

In the absence of effective disease-modifying therapies, preventive strategies and the identification of modifiable risk factors have become a primary focus of research and public health policy. Physical inactivity is now widely recognized as one of these modifiable risk factors.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the relationship between physical activity and the risk of developing dementia in older age. Other modifiable risk factors for this condition will also be highlighted. The paper will discuss both the biological mechanisms through which physical activity affects cognitive functions and the findings of epidemiological and interventional studies supporting its protective role. Recommendations for physical activity as a component of preventive strategies in aging populations will also be outlined.

Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using the PubMed database, focusing on studies published between 2010 and 2025. Search terms included "dementia", "cognitive disorders", “elderly” and "physical activity". As part of our methodological analysis, we selected 27 publications that met the criteria of evidence-based medicine (EBM). The reviewed literature included studies based on meta-analyses as well as the most recent guidelines issued by leading international scientific societies. Relevant articles were selected and critically assessed to extract and evaluate key findings and conclusions.

Conclusions: Recent evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses underscores the critical role of modifiable risk factors in accelerating brain aging and cognitive decline. As life expectancy increases, there is a growing need to prioritize public health education and promote physical activity to prevent dementia and maintain quality of life in aging populations.

EATING DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-23T18:33:50+00:00

Introduction: Diabetes affects over 422 million people worldwide, with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) increasing by 3–4% annually, particularly in children. Effective T1D management requires lifelong insulin therapy, which is psychologically demanding and may contribute to Disordered Eating Behaviors (DEB). Such behaviors heighten the risk of developing diabetes-specific eating disorders.

Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search of PubMed (2020–2024) identified case-controlled studies examining the occurrence (n=5) or risk (n=4) of eating disorders (EDs) among children and adolescents with T1D.

Results: Across 3025 T1D patients, 861 (28.5%) were diagnosed with EDs. Females were more frequently affected (496; 57.6%) than males (331; 38.4%). Risk-focused studies involving 612 patients found 199 at risk of developing EDs, with a similar predominance among females (63; 31.7%) compared to males (62; 31.2%).

Conclusions: This review underscores the high prevalence and risk of EDs in children and adolescents with T1D, with females disproportionately affected. These disorders are strongly associated with anxiety, depression, insulin omission, and restrictive eating, contributing to poor glycemic control. Vigilant monitoring, particularly through HbA1c measurement, is essential. Early recognition of symptoms and the integration of comprehensive psychological support into diabetes care are crucial for prevention and management. Strategies such as establishing structured routines, encouraging physical activity, and promoting stress management may mitigate the risk of ED. Addressing these challenges is imperative for optimizing both metabolic and psychological outcomes in young patients with T1D.

EFFECTIVENESS OF SEMAGLUTIDE IN OBESITY TREATMENT AND THE ROLE OF LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS

2025-10-25T04:15:41+00:00

Background: Obesity is a global epidemic, affecting ~13% of adults and driving type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other comorbidities (World Health Organization, 2021). In Europe and the U.S., prevalence reaches 30–40%, with >20% in Poland (Gajewska & Harton, 2023). Lifestyle interventions alone often fail to ensure durable results, creating demand for adjunctive pharmacotherapy.

Aim: To review obesity epidemiology and evaluate once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg regarding mechanism, efficacy, safety, and synergy with lifestyle changes.

Materials and Methods: Narrative review of publications (2018–2025) from PubMed, Google Scholar, and other databases on obesity, GLP-1 analogs, and lifestyle trials. STEP program data, meta-analyses, and guidelines were included.

Results: Risk factors include genetics, aging, sedentary lifestyle, and poor diet. Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, enhances insulin secretion, delays gastric emptying, and reduces appetite (Papakonstantinou et al., 2024). In STEP Phase 3 trials, semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly produced ~15% mean weight loss over 68 weeks, versus ~2–5% with placebo (Wilding et al., 2021) (Davies et al., 2021). About 69–79% achieved ≥10% loss, over half ≥15% (Davies et al., 2021). Safety was consistent with GLP-1 class, dominated by mild-to-moderate gastrointestinal events (Davies et al., 2021). Lifestyle modification alone yields 5–10% reduction, but in STEP 3, semaglutide plus intensive behavioral therapy achieved 16.0% versus 5.7% with lifestyle alone (Wadden et al., 2021). Continued lifestyle support is crucial to maintain outcomes and limit post-withdrawal regain.

Conclusions: Semaglutide represents a breakthrough in obesity pharmacotherapy, approaching bariatric surgery efficacy in some patients. Optimal outcomes occur with integration of diet, activity, and education. Future dual/triple agonists may enhance efficacy, but issues of cost, access, and adherence persist. Broad, equitable availability is essential for public health.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC STRESS AND THE INTENSITY AND RECURRENCE OF PSORIATIC SYMPTOMS

2025-10-26T18:59:33+00:00

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that significantly impairs quality of life and often presents with systemic manifestations. While its exact etiology remains unclear, stress is increasingly recognized as a major factor in triggering and exacerbating the disease. This paper reviews the current scientific literature on the complex bidirectional relationship between psychological stress and psoriasis, with particular focus on the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms and clinical consequences. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic–adrenal–medullary (SAM) system plays a key role in stress-related immune activation, promoting inflammation and impairing skin barrier function. Patients identified as "stress responders" experience more frequent and severe flare-ups and often show reduced responsiveness to standard dermatologic therapies. Moreover, the visible and chronic nature of psoriatic lesions contributes to emotional distress, forming a vicious cycle of stress and symptom aggravation. Integrative therapeutic approaches—including relaxation techniques, psychotherapy, and pharmacological treatment with antidepressants or anxiolytics—have demonstrated potential in reducing symptom severity and improving patient well-being. These findings support the implementation of a multidisciplinary model of care that addresses both dermatological and psychological dimensions of psoriasis for more effective, patient-centered management.

BOVINE COLOSTRUM SUPPLEMENTATION IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: BENEFITS AND ITS ROLE IN GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH

2025-10-27T05:57:32+00:00

Growing evidence suggests that many gastrointestinal and some systemic diseases involve dysfunction of the mucosal barrier. Colostrum is the milk produced during the first few days after birth. Bovine colostrum, a nutrient-rich fluid containing growth factors, hormones, and paracrine substances, shows promise in promoting mucosal healing in various inflammatory, infectious, and injury-related conditions. This review outlines the structure and function of the intestinal barrier and how its disruption contributes to diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

IBD comprises chronic, relapsing disorders with unclear causes, and current treatments -targeting immune dysregulation and microbiota imbalances - remain inadequate. Therapies include anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, biologics, and supportive interventions like diet and supplements. We explore bovine colostrum as a potential complementary therapy for IBD, reviewing its active components and their gastrointestinal effects based on in vitro and in vivo studies, while also considering its benefits.

BEYOND THE GUT: EXPLORING NEUROLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CELIAC DISEASE

2025-10-27T16:08:50+00:00

Introduction and purpose: The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the neurological manifestations associated with celiac disease (CD), a systemic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Although CD is traditionally associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, its neurological effects are increasingly recognized and require further analysis.

Material and methods: This narrative review was conducted using literature sourced from scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.

State of knowledge: Neurological symptoms in CD, such as cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment, seizures, and”brain fog, ” may precede or occur without gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnostic strategies include genetic and serological testing, neuroimaging, and neurological assessments. Although a gluten-free diet remains the cornerstone of therapy, additional treatments such as vitamin E supplementation and intravenous immunoglobulin have shown promise in specific cases.

Results: Neurological symptoms affect a significant proportion of patients with celiac disease, and early diagnosis combined with strict adherence to a gluten-free diet improves treatment outcomes. Quality of life and mental well-being also improve, which is particularly noticeable in the first year of treatment. Celiac disease is characterized by a diverse spectrum of neurological symptoms that may remain undiagnosed without a multidisciplinary approach.

RED LIGHT PROTOBIOMODULATION – THE WAY TO STAY YOUNG AND CURE DISEASE – A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2025-10-27T16:53:46+00:00

Red light and infrared light are key in application of Low level laser therapy and Photodynamic therapy. Their use ranges from wound healing and acne therapy to skin rejuvenation and treatment of androgenic alopecia. Many clinical studies have proven its effectiveness and compatibility with other treatment forms.

Background: Visible red light (RL, 620-700 nm) and the near-infrared (NIR, 700-1440 nm) are key in process called photobiomodulation (PBM) in which absorbed light causes physiologicaleffects in the skin at cellular level. Light of this wavelength penetrates into the dermis and interacts with melanocytes, as well as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells residing within the dermal layer. Changes in biological processes resulting from this include: increased RNA and protein synthesis, and increases in oxygen consumption, membrane potential, and NADH and ATP synthesis. Observed physiological effects range from enhancement in cell signaling and growth factor synthesis to reduction of oxidative stress and decrease in IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α levels.

Aim: The aim of this article is to present different ways red light therapy has been utilized in medical fields and the results accomplished with it.

THE ROLE OF DIET IN THE PREVENTION OF LIFESTYLE DISEASES: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-27T17:37:28+00:00

Lifestyle diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers are still on the rise globally due to poor diet and global adoption of the Western diet. The literature review is investigating how nutrition compounds with chronic disease, as well as both harmful dietary elements and safe diets. The article responds to the impacts of sugar-sweetened beverages, processed food, artificial food components, and red meat with attention to the preventative benefits of fiber, antioxidants, and healthy fat. Proof for diets such as the Mediterranean, DASH, plant-based, and ketogenic diets is addressed, along with their metabolic, cardiovascular, and neuroprotective benefits. This review points out the value of public health programs in encouraging healthy dietary behavior as part of chronic disease prevention.

INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ANTICOAGULANT TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND MORTALITY RISK

2025-10-27T18:12:10+00:00

Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, profoundly increasing the risk of thromboembolic events, particularly debilitating ischemic stroke. Oral anticoagulation (OAC) is the cornerstone of stroke prevention in AF. The therapeutic landscape has been revolutionized by the advent of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), challenging the long-standing dominance of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). This review critically examines the integrated approach to anticoagulant treatment in AF, delving into comparative efficacy, safety profiles, and the crucial aspect of mortality risk associated with different OAC regimens. We inquire into which therapeutic strategies offer the most favorable outcomes, considering the nuanced evidence from recent PubMed literature. Emphasis is placed on personalized medicine, comprehensive risk stratification, the indispensable role of multidisciplinary care, adherence optimization, and tailored management for diverse patient populations.

BURNOUT AS AN “OCCUPATIONAL PHENOMENON” AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND COPING STRATEGIES – A REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2025-10-27T19:22:03+00:00

Introduction: Burnout is a syndrome that has become a major problem in modern, hectic lives. It is scientifically proven that the medics report higher level of burnout than any other working field. It has been recognized as a exhaustion, depersonalization and decreased satisfaction and efficiency at work. It leads to severe states like depression, anxiety and permanent weariness. It can cause drastic deterioration in the health care system and have negative consequences for the patients. Therefore, we undertook this study to investigate the scale of the problem.

Materials and Methods: A detailed review of literature was conducted to investigate the problem of burnout and to focus on possible coping strategies using PubMed, Google Scholar and MEDLINE databases.

Keywords: burn-out, medical burn-out, occupational stress, coping strategies, physicians, medical students, mindfulness, exhaustion, occupational burn-out

Results: Data shows that 50% of physicians are affected by burnout syndrome. Documented symptoms are both mental and physical, most common are depression, anxiety and lack of work satisfaction. The scale of the suffering healthcare workers reached its peak during COVID-19 pandemic. Women declared higher levels of burn-out, comparing to male coworkers. The problem occurs at the early stages of medical career, as around 20% of medical students declared adequate symptoms.

Conclusions: Burn-out phenomenon must be taken under further research, as it becomes worldwide health issue among healthcare workers. It is essential to spread awareness, encourage medics to seek for professional help and collect a significant amount of data to prepare a concrete strategies and treatments programs.

PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND ITS ROLE IN THE COURSE OF PSORIASIS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2025-10-27T21:09:09+00:00

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease whose course is significantly modulated by psychosocial factors, especially stress. Increasing evidence suggests that stress can both initiate the first symptoms and exacerbate disease activity and promote recurrence. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon include activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, dysregulation of the neuroimmunological response, and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which maintain chronic skin inflammation. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the relationship between stress and psoriasis and to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological interventions and stress reduction techniques as adjuncts to standard dermatological treatment.

A review of the literature shows that interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness programs (MBSR/MBCT), relaxation training, and biofeedback consistently improve mental well-being (including reducing anxiety and depression) and quality of life. Some studies have also reported a beneficial effect on the severity of skin changes. Furthermore, attention has been drawn to the importance of coping styles and social support, which can modify the response to stress and the course of the disease.

The limitations of the available studies include small sample sizes, heterogeneity of protocols, and short follow-up periods, which make it difficult to compare results and assess the durability of effects. In the future, well-designed randomized trials with longer follow-up periods are needed, as well as research on neurological and immunological biomarkers that will facilitate objective assessment of efficacy. The integration of psychological components into the biopsychosocial model seems to be a reasonable direction for optimizing the care of patients with psoriasis.

UMBILICAL HERNIA: DISEASE MECHANISM, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS – A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2025-10-28T05:49:32+00:00

Introduction: Umbilical hernia (UH) is a common abdominal wall defect characterized by the protrusion of abdominal contents through the umbilical ring. UH accounts for 6–14% of adult abdominal wall hernias, with higher prevalence in specific populations such as obese individuals and those with ascites. Untreated UH can lead to complications like incarceration or strangulation. Clinical symptoms include a palpable bulge (90–100%), discomfort (50–70%), and pain (20–40%). Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supplemented by imaging in complex cases.

Objective: This review aim is to discuss current literature on UH, focusing on its epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches and treatment options, with an emphasis on various methods of surgical treatment, their possible effectiveness and when non-surgical management is advised.

Treatment: Surgical treatments, including mesh and suture repairs via open or laparoscopic approaches, are the mainstay, with mesh repairs showing lower recurrence rates (2–8%) compared to suture repairs (6–54%). Laparoscopic techniques offer reduced postoperative complications for larger hernias. Non-surgical management, such as watchful waiting, is limited but may be suitable for small, asymptomatic hernias.

Conclusion: Mesh-based surgery, particularly laparoscopic, are preferred for most umbilical hernia cases due to lower recurrence rates, though treatment should be individually tailored to patient and hernia characteristics.

THE ROLE OF E-HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES IN IMPROVING HEALTHCARE ACCESSIBILITY AND EQUITY FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

2025-10-28T06:10:19+00:00

Introduction and Objective: E-health technologies have the potential to transform healthcare accessibility and quality for people with disabilities. However, multiple barriers limit their effective use and exacerbate health disparities. This narrative review aims to synthesize current knowledge on e-health interventions designed for disabled populations, identify challenges and best practices, and explore future perspectives to enhance health equity.

Review Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, case studies, and official reports published primarily between 2013 and 2022. Searches were performed across databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on keywords related to e-health, disabilities, accessibility, and health equity. Literature was qualitatively analyzed to identify key themes around accessibility barriers, successful e-health implementations, strategic interventions, and emerging technologies.

State of Knowledge: Findings reveal that accessible design, digital literacy support, inclusive policies, community engagement, and robust privacy measures are critical for effective e-health adoption among people with disabilities. Case studies demonstrate improvements in healthcare access and outcomes when these factors are addressed. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and virtual reality offer promising avenues for personalized and adaptive care. Nonetheless, economic, technological, and socio-cultural challenges persist, necessitating coordinated efforts across disciplines.

Conclusion: E-health holds significant promise to reduce health disparities for people with disabilities. Realizing this potential requires integrating universal design principles, enhancing digital inclusion, fostering policy reforms, and maintaining ethical vigilance. Collaborative, inclusive innovation can ensure that future digital health solutions contribute meaningfully to equitable healthcare and improved wellbeing for all.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR SPORTS HERNIA REPAIR IN ATHLETES - MINIMIZING COMPLICATIONS AND ENSURING SAFE RETURN TO SPORT

2025-10-28T17:57:42+00:00

Athletic pubalgia or sports hernia is a multifactorial and dynamic condition frequently found in sportsmen engaged in high-level sports involving sudden change of direction with repetitive stress to the groin. The present surgical strategies to repair sports hernia in sportsmen are discussed below, keeping in mind the precautions against complications and early safe return to sport. The pathophysiology of sports hernias is composed of core instability, recurrent microtrauma, and potential systemic and genetic connective tissue disorders. Proper diagnosis - aided by both physical examination and high-technology imaging studies such as MRI and dynamic USG - is needed to distinguish true hernias from the myriad other causes of groin pain. While conservative treatment in certain cases may be beneficial, surgery is the yardstick for symptomatic or refractory athletes. The open and laparoscopic techniques, including the Lichtenstein, TAPP, and TEP techniques, share similar benefits based on anatomical and technical criteria. Innovations such as robot-assisted repair and biomaterial creation of biocompatible mesh material, i.e., self-adhesive and biologic types, have also promoted good results. Prevention of early postoperative complication, in the form of chronic pain and infection, is founded on careful technique selection, mesh optimization, and reduction in risk factors. A carefully planned, phase-specific rehabilitation protocol - early mobilization, core strengthening, and sport-specific training is crucial to successful functional recovery. Last but not least, success with surgery relies on careful patient selection, rehabilitation compliance, and coordination of a multidisciplinary provider. This combined strategy provides superb rates of return to play and results on the long term from a clinical point of view, such that surgical treatment is an extremely effective method of treatment of sports hernia in sporting people.

MECHANISMS, EFFICACY, AND SAFETY OF SUZETRIGINE COMPARED WITH OTHER ANALGESICS IN ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT

2025-10-28T23:48:54+00:00

This review aims to compare the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles of suzetrigine with established analgesic classes, including Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids, in the management of acute pain. The objective is to assess whether suzetrigine offers clinical advantages over traditional therapies and to define its potential role in modern multimodal pain strategies.

POSTPARTUM OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: PREVALENCE, SYMPTOMS, OUTCOMES, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

2025-10-29T04:48:42+00:00

Introduction: Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder (PP-OCD) is a mental health condition that affects new mothers during a time of biological and emotional vulnerability. Characterized by intrusive obsessions, frequently involving fears of harming the infant, and accompanying compulsions such as checking or avoidance, PP-OCD can significantly impair maternal functioning. This review aims to synthesize current research regarding the prevalence, symptom profile, risk and protective factors, consequences, and treatment approaches for PP-OCD to improve diagnosis and intervention strategies.

Description of the state of knowledge: Prevalence estimates of PP-OCD vary widely, from 1.7% to 16.9%, depending on diagnostic criteria and methodology. Obsessions typically involve harm-related intrusive thoughts, while traditional OCD features like contamination concerns are less common. Risk factors include poor sleep, prior mental illness, high neuroticism, and maladaptive cognitive interpretations. Protective traits such as resilience and hyperthymic temperament may buffer risk. There is no evidence linking PP-OCD to actual infant harm. Treatments effective in general OCD, such as CBT with ERP and SSRIs, are applicable, though specific postpartum research is still limited. Preventive CBT-based interventions show emerging promise.

Conclusions: PP-OCD is a significant but underdiagnosed condition that impacts maternal well-being and can influence the bond between the infant and the mother. Increased awareness among healthcare providers and the public is essential, as misdiagnosing can lead to inappropriate care. Targeted screening, evidence-based treatments, and preventive strategies are crucial.

INTEGRATING HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND SPORT: THE IMPACT OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTION AND COVID-19 VACCINATION ON BREASTFEEDING, NEONATAL IMMUNITY, AND EARLY PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

2025-10-29T17:30:40+00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical role of public health education in promoting maternal and neonatal well-being. This systematic review examines the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination on breastfeeding practices, with a focus on viral transmission, the transfer of antibodies, and the broader implications for health education and early physical development. A comprehensive literature search covering studies from 2020 to 2024 was conducted. The review analyzed research on the presence of

SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk, antibody responses following natural infection and vaccination, and the subsequent effects on newborn health.

The results indicate that active transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via breast milk is extremely rare, with detected viral RNA not corresponding to infectious virus particles. Importantly, breast milk from both infected and vaccinated mothers contains significant levels of IgA and IgG antibodies, which confer passive immunity to newborns. Beyond immediate nutritional and immunological benefits, breastfeeding plays a pivotal role in fostering early physical development—a foundation that may influence later engagement in sports and active lifestyles. Moreover, the excellent safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines for breastfeeding women reinforces the integration of vaccination into public health education strategies aimed at promoting comprehensive maternal and child health.

These findings support the continued promotion of breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic, not only for its direct health benefits but also for its broader educational and developmental impacts. The study advocates for interdisciplinary public health initiatives that integrate health education, vaccination campaigns, and the encouragement of early physical activity as essential elements in optimizing long-term health outcomes.

Objective: The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination on breastfeeding, with a focus on the potential transmission of the virus and the transfer of antibodies through breast milk to newborns.

Materials and Methods: A systematic review of current scientific literature from 2020 to 2024 was conducted, focusing on studies examining the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk, levels of anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after infection and vaccination, and the clinical implications for newborn health. The search utilized a combination of keywords and logical operators such as "SARS-CoV-2, "“COVID-19, "“coronavirus, "“breastfeeding, "“lactation, "“human milk, " “transmission, "“antibodies, "“vaccination, " and”immunization." Electronic databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. The review encompassed publications released from January 2020 to September 2024.

Conclusions: The analysis of available data indicates that the transmission of active virus through breast milk is extremely rare and does not pose a significant risk to the newborn. Detection of viral RNA in breast milk does not equate to the presence of replication-competent virus. Additionally, studies have shown that breast milk from both SARS-CoV-2-infected and COVID-19-vaccinated mothers contains specific antibodies, predominantly IgA and IgG. These antibodies may provide passive immunity to the newborn, potentially protecting against infection or mitigating disease severity. COVID-19 vaccination in breastfeeding women has been proven safe, with no significant adverse effects observed in mothers or their infants. The findings suggest that the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the potential risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Breastfeeding is recommended both during maternal infection and after COVID-19 vaccination. The available scientific evidence supports policies promoting breastfeeding as a safe and beneficial practice in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

AESTHETIC MEDICINE IN GYNECOLOGY: REVIEW OF SELECTED METHODS

2025-10-29T17:51:49+00:00

Background: Aesthetic gynecology is a rapidly evolving branch of medicine that integrates aesthetic, functional, and psychosexual aspects of women’s intimate health. Procedures within this field aim not only to improve the appearance of the external genitalia but also to address symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and postpartum or oncological changes.

Aim: The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of selected aesthetic procedures used in gynecology, with a focus on their indications, mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety, as well as the psychological and ethical aspects surrounding their use.

Materials and Methods: This work was based on a narrative literature review. Sources included peer-reviewed medical journals, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and current clinical guidelines from both Polish and international databases. The selection criteria prioritized recency, clinical relevance, and scientific credibility.

Results: The review revealed a wide range of procedures available in aesthetic gynecology, including injectable treatments, energy-based therapies, surgical techniques, and supportive care. Most procedures were found to be safe and well tolerated, with high levels of patient satisfaction. They demonstrated benefits in improving both physical symptoms and psychosocial well-being, particularly in postmenopausal and postpartum women. However, limitations include the lack of standardized protocols and long-term outcome data for some methods.

Conclusions: Aesthetic gynecology holds significant therapeutic and psychological value, especially when applied within a multidisciplinary, individualized care model. Ethical practice requires proper patient qualification, informed consent, and education regarding both risks and realistic expectations. Further research and professional training are essential to ensure safe, evidence-based implementation of these procedures.

ONCOFERTILITY AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR CANCER PATIENTS TO HAVE CHILDREN – A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-29T18:22:12+00:00

Background: Oncofertility is a field that combines specialisations in oncology and reproductive medicine. Fertility preservation methods should be presented to the patient before the start of cancer treatment. Proposals should be tailored to the patient's age, gender, type of cancer and future treatment.

Aim: This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the impact of cancer treatment on the gonads and methods of fertility preservation after cancer treatment.

Material and Methods: An in-depth literature review was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect, including keywords such as: ‘oncofertility’, ‘oncology’, ‘cancer’, ‘gynaecological cancers’, ‘methods of fertility preservation’, “chemotherapy” and ‘cancer treatment’.

Results: Fertility preservation methods vary depending on gender and age. In women, we can use oocyte, embryo and ovarian tissue fragment freezing, hormonal suppression and oophorectomy. Research is ongoing to increase the range of methods offered, including uterine transposition, in vitro maturation, in vitro gametogenesis, uterine transplantation, and artificial ovaries. For male patients, options include ejaculate freezing, testicular tissue freezing, or hypothalamic-pituitary axis suppression. For patients before puberty, the only option for preserving fertility is to freeze fragments of the gonads.

Conclusion: The number of cancer diagnoses is increasing. Patients should be informed about all possible options for preserving fertility. Further research is needed to increase the options for having children for patients after cancer treatment.

METFORMIN AND THE GUT MICROBIOTA: CHANGES AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS – A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-29T18:57:37+00:00

Background: Metformin remains the first-line pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), traditionally understood to act through hepatic glucose suppression and improved insulin sensitivity. However, mounting evidence indicates that metformin significantly influences the gut microbiota, which may underlie some of its metabolic and gastrointestinal effects

Aim: This review explores metformin’s mechanisms of action via gut microbial modulation, its clinical effects, and side-effect implications, drawing upon recent primary and review literature.

Methods: We performed comprehensive searches in databases including PubMed and Google Scholar,using terms such as metformin, mechanisms of metformin, gut microbiota, side effects of metformin, metformin mechanisms gut, and related combinations. We included studies published up to mid-2025, prioritizing human clinical trials, systematic reviews, and mechanistic animal studies.

Results: Compelling evidence shows that metformin alters gut microbial composition—increasing taxa like Akkermansia muciniphila, Escherichia, and SCFA-producers—while reducing others. These shifts are linked to improved barrier integrity, altered bile acid signaling (e.g., FXR inhibition, GLP-1 increase), enhanced SCFA production, modulated metabolite profiles (e.g., BCAA, aromatic amino acids), and altered host glucose flux. Clinically, these microbiome changes likely contribute to metformin’s glucose-lowering, weight-modulating, and anti-inflammatory effects but may also underpin gastrointestinal side effects.

Conclusion: The gut microbiota is a significant mediator of both beneficial and adverse effects of metformin. Ongoing and future research—especially RCTs and mechanistic human studies—will be critical for harnessing this interaction therapeutically.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PRIMARY CARE - THREAT OR SUPPORT FOR THE GENERAL PRACTITIONER?

2025-10-29T19:57:04+00:00

Background: With the rapid development of information technology, artificial intelligence (AI) is finding more and more applications in medicine, including in primary care (PCP). The potential of AI in improving diagnosis, patient monitoring and practice management is presented, and the ethical and legal challenges of its use are highlighted.

Aim: The aim of this paper is to analyse the benefits and risks of implementing AI-based solutions in the daily practice of the family physician.

Materials and methods: The scientific literature documents a number of examples of successful use of AI in clinical practice, such as medical decision support systems, diagnostic image analysis, health risk prediction tools, patient telemonitoring or automation of administrative tasks. However, despite the high effectiveness of the technology, research points to a number of limitations: the lack of transparency of the algorithms, the risk of potential errors and biases in decision-making, risks to patient privacy and fears of over-automating the treatment process.

Results: Maintaining the doctor-patient relationship and ensuring doctors' decision-making autonomy in the context of AI-generated recommendations becomes particularly important.

Conclusions: AI can significantly support general practitioners (GPs) in their daily practice, but the implementation of such technologies must be thoughtful and responsible. Ethical aspects, patient trust, data security and legal liability are crucial. It seems reasonable to create uniform standards and guidelines governing the use of AI in PCPs, while developing digital competence among medical staff. Only then will technology become a real support and not a threat to the quality of healthcare.

TRANSFORMATIONS OF MEDIA PRACTICE IN ALGERIA WITHIN THE ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT AND EXECUTIVE DECREE NO. 20/332: A FIELD STUDY ON A SAMPLE OF ALGERIAN JOURNALISTS

2025-10-24T18:44:32+00:00

The objective of this study is to examine the reality of media practice in Algeria in light of Executive Decree No. 20/332, which regulates online media activity and the right of reply and correction, The issuance of this new decree comes at a time when the Algerian media landscape is witnessing intense debate over the increasing blocking of electronic news websites in recent months under various pretexts, while the government maintains that its intention is merely to regulate the sector rather than restrict freedoms.

Based on this premise, the study adopts the descriptive survey method to explore the state of media practice under the decree from the perspective of a sample of Algerian journalists. The participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique to respond to a questionnaire specifically designed to achieve the study’s objectives.