International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science

THE NEW FACE OF AN OLD TOXIN: BOTULINUM TOXIN IN THE PREVEN-TION OF POST-OPERATIVE HEART RHYTHM DISORDERS

2025-12-24T20:39:34+00:00

Botulinum toxin, previously used mainly in neurology and aesthetic medicine, is increasingly finding application in new fields, including cardiology. Its ability to selectively and temporarily block cholinergic conduction makes it a promising tool for modulating the activity of the autonomic nervous system, which is important in the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF). Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common postoperative complications in cardiac surgery, significantly affecting the course of recovery and patient prognosis. An imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of the heart rhythm plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on the therapeutic potential of botulinum toxin in the prevention of POAF. The data indicate that the use of botulinum toxin may lead to a reduction in the incidence of postoperative arrhythmias in selected patient groups. The need for further research to determine the optimal treatment regimen and identify the patient population most likely to benefit from this type of therapy was also emphasised.

MAYER-ROKITANSKY-KÜSTER-HAUSER (MRKH) SYNDROME IN GIRLS – DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS

2025-12-24T21:38:52+00:00

Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by agenesis or aplasia of the uterus and the upper part of the vagina in otherwise chromosomally and hormonally normal females (46,XX). It affects approximately 1 in 4500–5000 live female births and represents one of the most common causes of primary amenorrhea. Genetic and environmental factors are the main cause of the syndrome, although the pathogenesis is multifactorial. Diagnostics include both imaging tests (such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging) and genetic tests. Therapeutic management is aimed at forming a functional neovagina that allows for comfortable sexual intercourse, achieved through either non-surgical dilation techniques or surgical vaginoplasty, selected according to the patient’s preferences and existing indications or contraindications to a given type of procedure. Available reproductive approaches, including uterine transplantation, surrogacy, and adoption, provide women with MRKH syndrome the possibility of achieving motherhood. Psychological assistance is essential, since the diagnosis has a significant impact on a woman’s self-esteem, perception of her body, and sense of sexual identity. Multidisciplinary care including medical, surgical, and psychological interventions is vital to achieving the best therapeutic outcomes and enhancing the quality of life of patients with MRKH syndrome.

THE ROLE OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN BREAST CANCER PREVENTION -CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE

2025-12-24T22:07:34+00:00

Introduction and aim. Phytoestrogens -mainly isoflavones (soy) and lignans (flaxseed, whole grains) are the subject of intensive research in the context of breast cancer prevention and prognosis. This review evaluates epidemiological, experimental, and clinical evidence regarding the impact of phytoestrogens on disease risk and progression.

Material and methods. There were searched PubMed databases and Google Scholar.

Results. In meta-analyses and large observational cohorts, soy consumption is associated with a moderate reduction in the risk of breast cancer. After a diagnosis of breast cancer, soy consumption does not increase the risk of recurrence and may be associated with a reduction in overall mortality. Lignans (enterolactone) show beneficial correlations with prognostic endpoints, especially in postmenopausal women. However, data from randomized intervention studies and the effect of isoflavone supplements remain limited.

Conclusion. Consuming foods rich in phytoestrogens may be part of a strategy to reduce breast cancer risk and is generally safe for women diagnosed with breast cancer, but there is insufficient evidence to support routine supplementation with isoflavones. RCTs in Western populations, studies on dosage, exposure time, and the role of gut microbiota are needed.

THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOME IN PREVENTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

2025-12-24T22:29:26+00:00

Introduction and Purpose. The gut microbiome has been the focus of scientific attention for many years. Modification of its composition are used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge about the role of the gut microbiome in cardiovascular diseases, using atherosclerosis as an example.

Materials and methods. A literature review was carried out using the professional PubMed database. Articles were searched using keywords such as: "gut microbiome", "atherosclerosis", "diet", "physical activity".

State of knowledge. The review describes the mechanism linking the gut microbiome to atherosclerosis and the differences in the composition of the gut microbiota in people with atherosclerosis risk factors compared with healthy individuals. The effect of probiotics on atherosclerotic lesions and the role of appropriate donor selection in faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are discussed. The review describes also how the composition of the gut microbiome affects physical performance.

Summary. The gut microbiome plays a huge role in the human body. It affects the health of the entire body including the cardiovascular system. The composition of the intestinal microbiota varies between individuals. It has been found that the microbiome of people with risk factors for atherosclerosis is dominated by pro-inflammatory bacteria. The possibility of modifying the composition of the microbiome through diet, physical activity and the use of probiotics offers hope for the contribution of the gut microbiota to the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.

THE ROLE OF SOY AND OTHER SOURCES OF EXOGENOUS ESTROGENS IN MODIFICATION OF PCOS SYMPTOMS AND OTHER HORMONAL DISORDERS IN WOMEN

2025-12-24T23:58:05+00:00

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and metabolic abnormalities. Despite pharmacological and dietary advances, there remains a growing interest in natural therapeutic approaches. Phytoestrogens—plant-derived compounds structurally similar to endogenous estrogens—have gained attention as potential modulators of hormonal and metabolic balance.

Aim: This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of soy and other dietary sources of phytoestrogens in modulating PCOS symptoms and related hormonal disorders, with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and clinical effects.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar, including clinical trials, experimental studies, and meta-analyses assessing the effects of phytoestrogens—mainly isoflavones, lignans, and stilbenes—on hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS and during menopause.

Results: Soy isoflavones, particularly genistein and daidzein, selectively bind to estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, influencing hormonal profiles, insulin sensitivity, and the LH/FSH ratio. Flaxseed lignans may enhance SHBG levels and regulate estrogen bioavailability. The efficacy of phytoestrogens depends on their form, processing, and gut microbiota composition.

Conclusion: Phytoestrogens appear to be a promising adjunct in the management of PCOS and other hormonal disorders, offering potential benefits for endocrine and metabolic regulation. However, further large-scale, well-designed clinical studies are required to establish optimal dosage, long-term safety, and individualized therapeutic potential.

BLUE LIGHT EXPOSURE AND RETINAL HEALTH: MYTHS, EVIDENCE, AND THE ROLE OF BLUE LIGHT-BLOCKING INTERVENTIONS

2025-12-25T00:19:25+00:00

Aims: With the widespread use of digital devices and LED-based lighting, exposure to artificial blue light has significantly increased in recent years. This has raised concerns about potential retinal damage, disruption of circadian rhythms, and digital eye strain. At the same time, the market for blue light-blocking interventions, such as specialty eyewear and screen filters, has expanded rapidly. The aims of this review is to assess current scientific evidence on the biological effects of blue light on retinal health, evaluate the effectiveness of blue light-blocking strategies, and clarify common misconceptions.

Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2025 were included. The review focused on studies examining the retinal effects of blue light exposure, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved (including oxidative stress and phototoxicity), and clinical trials evaluating the use of blue light filters and digital ergonomics in reducing visual fatigue and sleep disruption.

Results: Although experimental models suggest that high-intensity blue light may contribute to retinal oxidative stress, current clinical evidence does not support a direct link between typical screen exposure and long-term retinal damage. Blue light-blocking glasses show limited efficacy in reducing eye strain or improving sleep in the general population. Misconceptions about blue light toxicity persist, often driven by commercial claims rather than scientific validation.

Conclusions: Blue light from screens poses minimal risk to retinal integrity under normal use conditions. Preventive strategies such as screen breaks, proper lighting, and digital ergonomics appear more effective than blue-blocking products. Health education efforts should focus on evidence-based practices rather than marketing-driven solutions.

THE ROLE OF CAFFEINE IN HEADACHE INDUCTION, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION - A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-12-25T00:33:42+00:00

Introduction: Migraine is a chronic disorder with which caffeine has been associated for many years. It acts as both a trigger and an alleviating factor. Caffeine consumption has a significant effect on the nervous system. Through its mechanism of action, it can trigger headaches, especially migraines. Both overuse and sudden withdrawal of caffeine can trigger migraine attacks, but can also be the cause of chronic migraine. People who suffer from migraines are advised to control their daily caffeine intake in order to avoid the symptoms associated with caffeine consumption. Caffeine has positive effects, boosting cognitive function, alertness, physical performance and endurance. Through its neuroprotective effects, it reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Aim of the study: The aim of this review is to summarise the existing knowledge on the effects of caffeine as an inducer of migraine headache, non-migraine headache, its role in withdrawal syndrome and its potential use in the treatment of various forms of headache.

Material and methods: Our research method involved searching publicly accessible online databases of academic articles, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and others. The research team used the keyword “migraine” in combination with various terms, including “caffeine consumption”, “treatment”, “prevention”, “caffeine intake” and “caffeine withdrawal”. The collected data were then manually analyzed.

Results and Conclusions: Caffeine has a dual role in migraine, acting both as a potential trigger and as an effective adjunct in treatment. Its impact on adenosine receptors explains both analgesic and pain-inducing effects. Controlled use can support acute migraine therapy, especially with analgesics, while awareness of withdrawal risks and individual tolerance is crucial to precluding headaches.

THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND AS A TREATMENT APPROACH FOR CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

2025-12-25T04:36:32+00:00

Introduction: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common compression neuropathy causing pain, paresthesia and impaired hand function. Conservative management includes activity modification, splinting, pharmacotherapy and physical modalities; surgical decompression is indicated for refractory or severe cases. Therapeutic ultrasound (US) is a widely used conservative modality that may exert thermal and non - thermal effects potentially reducing inflammation, promoting tissue repair and improving nerve conduction in CTS.

Aim: To review current clinical evidence on the use of therapeutic ultrasound for the management of mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, with emphasis on clinical outcomes, electrophysiological changes, treatment parameters and study quality.

Review Methods: A focused literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using combinations of the following keywords: “therapeutic ultrasound”, “ultrasonography therapy”, “phonophoresis”, “underwater ultrasound”, “carpal tunnel syndrome”, “conservative treatment”, and “randomized trial”. Randomized controlled trials, sham-controlled studies, and comparative clinical studies were prioritized.

Conclusion: Therapeutic ultrasound demonstrates potential as a conservative treatment for mild - moderate CTS: several randomized and controlled trials report improvements in pain, symptom severity and certain electrophysiological measures, while other studies show comparable clinical benefit in sham or splint-only groups. Heterogeneity in US dose, mode (continuous vs pulsed), frequency, treatment schedule, concomitant therapies (notably splinting) and short follow - up periods limits firm conclusions. Standardized treatment protocols and larger, well - powered randomized trials with longer follow-up are needed to define optimal parameters and to clarify whether therapeutic ultrasound confers clinically meaningful benefits beyond placebo or standard conservative care.

ENERGY DRINKS IN YOUTH: CARDIOVASCULAR, NEUROPSYCHIATRIC, AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES — A NARRATIVE REVIEW

2025-12-25T04:51:17+00:00

Introduction and Objective: Energy drink (ED) consumption has markedly increased among adolescents and young adults, raising clinical and public-health concerns. Evidence links EDs to acute cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, and metabolic disturbances, yet findings remain fragmented. This narrative review aimed to synthesize recent data on physiological effects, behavioral correlates, and regulatory responses to ED use in youth.

Materials and Methods: A narrative search of PubMed (1990–October 2025) identified randomized and crossover trials, observational studies, and PubMed-indexed reviews addressing ED exposure among individuals aged 10–35 years. Six domains were analyzed: cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, metabolic/gastrointestinal/dental, sport performance, policy and labeling, and medication interactions.

Results: Evidence consistently indicates transient increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart-rate variability changes, and QTc prolongation following ED intake. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies associate frequent ED consumption with reduced sleep duration, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and higher stress scores. Metabolic data show elevated insulin and glucose levels and rare cases of niacin-related hepatotoxicity. Co-use of EDs with alcohol amplifies risk-taking behaviors and cardiovascular strain. Despite labeling restrictions, marketing continues to target youth, with variable national policy enforcement.

Conclusions: ED use among adolescents and young adults exerts measurable short-term cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric effects and contributes to risky behavior patterns. Preventive efforts should combine clinical counseling on caffeine and alcohol co-use with regulatory strategies addressing marketing and accessibility.

THE IMPACT OF HIGH-PROTEIN DIET ON GUT AND METABOLIC HORMONES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW 2021-2025

2025-12-25T05:27:54+00:00

Objective: This systematic literature review evaluates the impact of high-protein diets on key gut and metabolic hormones in humans, emphasizing GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, ghrelin, and leptin.

Methods: A systematic review of scientific literature from 2021-2025 was conducted. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), crossover studies, and meta-analyses examining effects of high-protein diets (≥25-30% energy from protein) on hormonal and metabolic parameters were analyzed in healthy individuals and those with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic conditions.

Results: High-protein diets consistently stimulated GLP-1 secretion, with active GLP-1 increasing 87-156% after a single meal compared to controls. Whey protein demonstrated strong insulinotropic properties, with optimal effects at 15-55g consumed 15-30 minutes pre-meal. Significant postprandial glycemia reduction was observed (mean -1.4 mmol/L; up to -2.0 mmol/L in T2DM individuals) alongside improved insulin sensitivity indices (HOMA-IR, Matsuda index). Increased glucagon/insulin ratio promoted fat oxidation and preferential adipose tissue loss while preserving lean mass. High-protein diets suppressed ghrelin, modulated leptin, and enhanced satiety, though appetite hormone effects were more complex than incretin responses. Long-term interventions (6-12 months) demonstrated visceral and hepatic fat reduction (mean -42% IHL), improved lipid profiles, and beneficial gut microbiota changes.

Conclusions: High-protein diets beneficially impact gut and metabolic hormones through incretin stimulation, glucagon/insulin ratio modulation, improved insulin sensitivity, and appetite hormone regulation. These effects translate to clinically significant metabolic improvements, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Optimal dosing (25-35% energy from protein, 1.2-2.0 g/kg/day) and timing (preload 15-30 minutes pre-meal) maximize metabolic benefits, indicating potential for effective dietary intervention in preventing and treating metabolic disorders.

THE IMPACT OF PARTICULAR CHEMICALS IN CLOTHING ON HUMAN HEALTH — SUMMARY OF RECENT FINDINGS

2025-12-25T05:44:59+00:00

Recent studies clearly indicate that textile contamination with hazardous chemicals increasingly poses an emerging public health concern. Beyond its significant environmental implications, such contamination may lead to a variety of adverse health effects, including allergic skin reactions and an increased risk of autoimmune, metabolic, and oncological diseases. This comprehensive review highlights key chemical groups of concern frequently found in textiles that come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin, including heavy metals, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalates, and bisphenols. Their concentration in textiles, potential for bioaccumulation, and associated toxicological effects are concisely discussed in the context of human exposure and overall health risk. The following review synthesizes secondary data extracted from environmental studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses obtained from PubMed between 2017 and 2025. The primary aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the amounts, associated risks, and potential health effects of these chemicals.

CONTEMPORARY DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS FOR LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

2025-12-25T06:07:11+00:00

Lateral epicondylitis (LE), commonly known as tennis elbow, is a prevalent tendinopathy involving the extensor origin at the lateral humeral epicondyle. It represents a frequent cause of pain and functional limitation in adults performing repetitive upper-limb activities.

This review aims to summarize current evidence regarding the diagnosis and management of LE, integrating findings from clinical, radiological, and therapeutic studies.

A systematic search of the PubMed database and manual review of relevant literature were conducted, including studies published in English and Polish that addressed diagnostic techniques and treatment strategies for LE.

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by imaging modalities such as ultrasound and MRI in refractory or atypical cases. Conservative treatment - comprising patient education, ergonomic modification, and progressive loading - remains first-line management. Pharmacological interventions, including topical NSAIDs and short-term corticosteroid injections, offer temporary symptom relief but limited long-term benefit. Adjunctive modalities such as extracorporeal shock wave therapy and acupuncture may improve pain and function in selected patients, whereas low-level laser therapy shows inconsistent results. Surgical intervention, reserved for chronic and treatment-resistant cases, yields favorable outcomes with both open and arthroscopic approaches. Emerging regenerative therapies, particularly mesenchymal stem cell injections, demonstrate encouraging preliminary outcomes but require further validation through large-scale clinical trials.

The management of lateral epicondylitis should follow an evidence-based, stepwise approach emphasizing conservative care and individualized escalation. While novel regenerative modalities show promise, robust randomized data are needed to confirm their efficacy and establish standardized treatment protocols.

PAIN MANAGEMENT IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT - A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-12-25T07:02:16+00:00

Introduction: Pain is the most common presenting symptom in emergency departments and requires timely, accurate assessment and effective management to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes. This review focuses on the mechanisms, classification, and management strategies for acute pain in the ED, including common clinical presentations and evidence-based therapeutic approaches.

Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database to find recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses on pain management in emergency medicine. Keywords included: pain, analgesics, emergency department, injury.

Results: A review of the literature indicates that pain management in emergency medicine is primarily guided by the type, cause, and severity of pain. A multimodal approach offers significant therapeutic benefits. Despite local differences in drug preferences and clinical guidelines, accurate pain assessment and the prompt, appropriate adjustment of analgesics to symptom intensity remain a fundamental principle of pain management. Equally important is the use of adjuvant therapies and non-pharmacological interventions, including psychological support, individualized care and effective communication with the patient.

Conclusion: Effective pain management in emergency settings requires a structured, patient-centered, and interdisciplinary approach. Incorporating both pharmacologic and supportive strategies not only enhances acute symptom relief but also contributes to better long-term outcomes and healthcare resource utilization.

FOCAL THERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF ONCOLOGICAL EFFICACY AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES OF HIFU, IRE, AND CRYOABLATION METHODS

2025-12-25T07:27:53+00:00

This narrative review synthesizes current scientific evidence regarding oncological efficacy, functional outcomes, and safety profile of three leading focal therapy (FT) methods in the treatment of localized prostate cancer: high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), irreversible electroporation (IRE), and cryoablation. The analysis is based on 28 clinical studies published between 2022–2025, including prospective cohort studies, multicenter international trials, and meta-analyses. The results indicate that all analyzed ablative techniques offer acceptable oncological control while maintaining high patient quality of life. HIFU therapy provides the most established evidence, with a median biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCR-free survival) of 63 months and a low rate of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) detection in control biopsy (6.5%). Oncological outcomes for IRE are more varied, with a csPCa detection rate of 24.1% in a multicenter study, suggesting strong dependence of efficacy on the extent of ablation (hemi-ablation vs. focal ablation). Cryoablation presents promising early oncological data, with 78.6% of patients free from csPCa at 12 months, but is associated with higher risk of erectile function impairment. Functionally, FT demonstrates clear superiority over radical treatment, with urinary incontinence rates at ~2% and significantly better preservation of potency. Key success factors for focal therapy include rigorous patient qualification based on advanced imaging techniques and precise procedure planning. Focal therapy represents a real and valuable therapeutic option for carefully selected groups of men with prostate cancer, offering a compromise between oncological radicality and preservation of vital functions.

THE IMPACT OF THYROID DYSFUNCTION ON MOOD DISORDERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WITH NARRATIVE SYNTHESIS

2025-12-25T21:37:13+00:00

Background: Thyroid dysfunction is increasingly linked to depressive, anxiety, and cognitive symptoms, yet the mechanisms and long-term implications of these associations remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence suggests that hormonal imbalance, autoimmunity, and neural pathway alterations jointly contribute to psychiatric manifestations in thyroid dysfunction.

Aim: This systematic review with narrative synthesis synthesizes current evidence across epidemiological, clinical, cognitive, and neuroimaging domains to clarify the multidimensional relationship between thyroid function and mood regulation.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase (2010–2025) identified studies evaluating mood, anxiety, cognitive, or neuroimaging outcomes in adults with overt, subclinical, or autoimmune thyroid dysfunction. Eligible designs included randomized trials, cohort and cross-sectional studies, neuroimaging investigations, and systematic reviews. Data were synthesized thematically, and quantitative estimates from high-quality meta-analyses were incorporated where applicable. Risk of bias was assessed using NOS, AXIS, RoB2, and AMSTAR-2 tools.

Results: Forty-two studies met inclusion criteria. Thyroid dysfunction was consistently associated with increased depressive and anxiety symptoms, cognitive complaints, and alterations in hippocampal and prefrontal circuitry. Autoimmune thyroid disease was consistently associated with depressive, anxiety, and cognitive symptoms. A subset of patients continued to experience psychological symptoms despite biochemical normalization. Meta-analytic evidence indicated a modest but significant increase in depression risk in subclinical hypothyroidism, particularly among younger adults.

Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction affects mental health through intertwined hormonal, immune, and neural mechanisms. Persistent symptoms highlight the need for integrated endocrine-psychiatric care and standardized diagnostic approaches.

CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY AS A DIGITAL SOCIETY – THE PHENOMENON OF EXCESSIVE USE OF THE INTERNET AND SMARTPHONES

2025-12-25T22:20:22+00:00

Introduction: The pervasive utilisation of smartphones in contemporary society exerts a substantial influence on individuals' cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. The objective of this study was to analyse the consequences of intensive use of mobile devices in terms of attention span, working memory, emotional self-regulation and the quality of interpersonal relationships. A review of the extant literature indicates that excessive smartphone use is associated with impaired concentration, increased susceptibility to distraction, shallower learning processes, and an increased tendency towards media multitasking. Furthermore, a correlation has been identified between the compulsive utilisation of electronic devices and elevated levels of stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms, a phenomenon that is partially attributable to dopaminergic reward mechanisms. Within the social sphere, smartphones have been shown to contribute to the fragmentation of communication and a weakening of the sense of closeness. The most efficacious strategies for safeguarding well-being are moderate restrictions on digital stimuli and the cultivation of mindfulness and self-regulation. The results of the study emphasise the need for conscious and sustainable use of technology.

The aim of the study: the aim of this article is to examine the impact of intensive smartphone use on cognitive functioning, emotional well-being, and interpersonal relationships. The paper focuses on mechanisms related to attention fragmentation, media multitasking, dopaminergic reward pathways, and the resulting effects on concentration, memory, self-regulation, and the quality of social interactions.

Material and Methods of Research: The literature was collected through searches in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, as well as by reviewing the reference lists of initially selected articles. Keywords included smartphone use, media multitasking, cognitive function, digital well-being, digital detox and mental health. Additionally, statistical data on global smartphone and internet use were obtained from reputable research and analytics platforms,

including Paw Research Center, Global Overview Report, Gallup and HarmonyHit. These sources were used to provide up-to-date epidemiological context and quantify the scale of smartphone adoption in the general population.

Conclusion: The reviewed evidence indicates that intensive and poorly regulated smartphone use may contribute to diminished attention control, reduced memory efficiency, heightened emotional dysregulation, and a decline in the quality of interpersonal interactions. These effects appear to be mediated by mechanisms of attentional fragmentation and dopaminergic reward sensitivity, which promote habitual and compulsive patterns of device engagement.

Developing strategies that support self-regulation, digital awareness, and intentional use of technology is therefore essential for maintaining cognitive balance, emotional well-being, and healthy social functioning in the digital environment.

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CHRONIC LIMB-THREATENING ISCHEMIA: FROM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TO INNOVATIVE TREATMENT APPROACHES

2025-12-26T13:38:59+00:00

Introduction: Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (CLTI) represents the most advanced stage of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and is associated with a high risk of major amputation and mortality. Characterized by rest pain, non-healing ulcers, or gangrene, CLTI reflects severe systemic atherosclerosis with widespread cardiovascular involvement. The disease burden is increasing globally, particularly in aging populations with diabetes or hypertension.

Methods: A literature review of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar summarized current evidence on the definition, pathophysiology, classification, diagnostic strategies, and management of CLTI. It also highlights emerging research directions, including novel endovascular and surgical revascularization techniques, biologic and cell-based therapies, and evolving approaches to patient-centered care.

Results: Advances in imaging modalities and revascularization strategies particularly endovascular, surgical, and hybrid techniques have significantly improved limb salvage and survival rates. Recent studies emphasize the importance of individualized therapy and multidisciplinary management. Concurrently, innovative therapies focusing on angiogenesis, gene therapy, and regenerative medicine show promise for “no-option” patients, although further randomized trials are needed to validate long-term efficacy and safety.

Conclusions: CLTI remains a complex and life-threatening condition requiring early diagnosis, comprehensive risk factor control, and personalized treatment planning. The integration of precision medicine, advanced imaging, and regenerative approaches holds the potential to redefine therapeutic strategies and improve patient outcomes. Future research should focus on optimizing patient selection, expanding access to limb-salvage interventions, and reducing global disease burden through preventive care.

THE ROLE OF ORAL SUPPLEMENTS IN MITIGATING COMMON ISOTRETINOIN SIDE EFFECTS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

2025-12-26T14:00:44+00:00

Acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory dermatosis, affects approximately 9% of the global population. This condition arises from the multifactorial interplay of genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, excessive sebum production, hyperkeratinization of follicular infundibula, and proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes, culminating in inflammation and comedone formation. While various therapeutic modalities exist, including topical retinoids, antibiotics, and hormonal agents, oral isotretinoin remains one of the most efficacious treatments for acne vulgaris. Notwithstanding its superior effectiveness, the drug is associated with a spectrum of adverse effects that warrant mitigation strategies.

The primary aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the efficacy and rationale for employing oral supplements to alleviate the most prevalent isotretinoin-related side effects. By synthesizing extant research, this study appraises the benefits and limitations of select supplement interventions. The central clinical question addressed is: What is the role of oral supplements in mitigating common adverse effects among patients receiving isotretinoin therapy? Findings are expected to furnish clinicians and patients with evidence-based guidance on adjunctive supplement use to enhance treatment tolerability.

A NEW ERA IN MIGRAINE CARE: CLINICAL ADVANCES WITH RIMEGEPANT, UBROGEPANT, ATOGEPANT, AND ZAVEGEPANT – A NARRATIVE REVIEW

2025-12-26T14:17:19+00:00

Research objectives: To review and compare the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, safety, and unique clinical applications of four gepants - rimegepant, ubrogepant, atogepant, and zavegepant—in the management of migraine. To highlight the advantages of gepants over traditional migraine therapies, especially for patients with cardiovascular risks or medication overuse headache.

Methods: Narrative review synthesizing evidence from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses. Literature search conducted via PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2023 and 2025.

Key findings: Rimegepant is effective for both acute and preventive migraine treatment, with high patient satisfaction and a favorable safety profile. Ubrogepant is approved for acute treatment, showing efficacy particularly when administered early and in patients with cardiovascular contraindications. Atogepant is the first oral gepant approved specifically for migraine prevention, demonstrating significant reductions in monthly migraine days and acute medication use, even in patients unresponsive to other therapies. Zavegepant offers rapid relief via intranasal administration, making it suitable for patients with nausea or vomiting, though it has higher discontinuation rates compared to other gepants. All gepants exhibit generally mild and transient adverse events, with lower discontinuation rates than triptans.

Conclusions: Gepants represent a significant advancement in migraine management, providing effective and well-tolerated options for both acute and preventive treatment. Their distinct mechanisms and safety profiles allow for more personalized and safer migraine care, especially in populations unsuitable for older therapies. Future research should focus on direct comparative studies, long-term outcomes, and personalized treatment strategies to further optimize migraine management.

REHABILITATION IN PERSISTENT EFFECTS OF COVID-19 INFECTION REVIEW: IMPORTANCE OF TELE-REHABILITATION, INTEGRATED MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

2025-12-26T14:38:08+00:00

Given the global prevalence of Post-COVID-19 Condition, marked by a varied spectrum of persistent symptoms, the imperative for efficacious rehabilitation strategies is evident. This systematic review consolidates existing evidence concerning rehabilitation interventions, specifically examining their effectiveness in enhancing functional outcomes and the quality of life among affected individuals. The findings consistently indicate that rehabilitation substantially contributes to ameliorating physiological impairments, bolstering physical capacity, and fostering improvements in respiratory function, psychological well-being, and overall quality of life. Traditional, in-person rehabilitation modalities provide considerable advantages, especially when delivered under supervision and tailored to individual needs. Notably, telerehabilitation and integrated, multidisciplinary approaches have emerged as particularly effective and forward-looking solutions. Telerehabilitation mitigates geographical and logistical impediments, offering accessible and frequently comparably effective care for enhancing functional capacity and alleviating symptoms. Hybrid models, integrating virtual and in-person components, further optimize comprehensive patient care. Although ongoing research is essential to refine optimal protocols and address existing limitations, the evidence robustly supports the superiority of rehabilitation over its omission. Furthermore, innovative, personalized, and technology-driven approaches demonstrate considerable potential for fostering long-term recovery in Post-COVID-19 Condition.

PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF PTSD WITH PSYCHEDELICS: A FUTURE OUTLOOK

2025-12-26T14:56:03+00:00

Globally, approximately 3.9% of the population is estimated to experience Post Traumatic Stress Disorder during their lifetime. PTSD is characterized as a complex mental health condition that develops following exposure to traumatic events, manifesting through intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, and avoidance behaviors. Despite psychotherapy and conventional pharmacotherapy being the standard primary treatments, a significant number of individuals with PTSD continue to suffer from chronic symptoms and substantial psychiatric and medical comorbidities, underscoring a critical need for innovative therapeutic interventions.

A broad consensus in the literature indicates that existing PTSD treatments offer only marginal effectiveness for a considerable proportion of affected individuals. To address this, the present narrative review endeavors to synthesize the available knowledge regarding novel treatments for PTSD, specifically focusing on psychedelic drugs, acknowledging the current limitations in high-quality empirical literature on the subject.

The primary objective of this study is to conduct a narrative review on the efficacy of psychedelic therapy in managing PTSD. This involves examining current research and evaluating the benefits and drawbacks associated with various psychedelic interventions. The central clinical question explored is: For patients diagnosed with PTSD, what are the current and emerging psychedelic-based pharmacological treatments, and what is their prospective role in future clinical integration?

It is anticipated that this study will provide valuable insights to both practitioners and patients regarding the potential utility of psychedelic compounds within the therapeutic landscape of PTSD.

INTERPRETATION CHALLENGES OF ENGLISH ANALYTICAL TERMS FOR EFL LEARNERS: A LINGUISTIC STUDY OF SEMANTIC TRANSPARENCY AND CONTEXTUAL CUES

2025-11-11T05:29:01+00:00

This study explores the interpretation challenges posed by English analytical terms among B2-level EFL learners, emphasizing the multidimensional factors that influence semantic comprehension. Analytical terms—lexical units encoding complex, domain-specific concepts—are ubiquitous in academic and professional discourse but often lack semantic transparency, creating significant cognitive and linguistic barriers for non-native speakers. Employing a mixed-methods design, the research investigates learner engagement with selected terms from the EMN (European Migration Network) Asylum and Migration Glossary across three stages: a structured questionnaire, a multiple-choice test on isolated terms, and a contextualized comprehension task. The analysis examines how linguistic phenomena such as polysemy, synonymy, and homonymy contribute to semantic ambiguity and misinterpretation, and evaluates the role of contextual metadata—definitions, examples, and usage cues—in facilitating accurate comprehension. Findings indicate that learners struggle to interpret analytical terms when presented in isolation, particularly when lexical components do not transparently reflect the underlying institutional or conceptual meaning. Terms such as talent partnership and single permit exemplify how semantic opacity and cross-contextual variation hinder intuitive understanding. However, comprehension improves markedly when terms are embedded in authentic discourse, underscoring the importance of contextual framing.

The study also identifies learner strategies for decoding and retaining specialized vocabulary, including contextual inference, morphological analysis, and reliance on prior domain exposure. By integrating linguistic, cognitive, and contextual dimensions, this research contributes to both terminology studies and EFL pedagogy. It highlights the pedagogical imperative to incorporate term-focused instruction into curriculum design and to develop targeted resources that enhance learners’ accuracy, fluency, and confidence in navigating academic and professional texts.

ASSESSING ACADEMIC WRITING IN HIGHER EDUCATION : COGNITIVE, MOTIVATIONAL, AND PEDAGOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

2025-12-17T06:54:29+00:00

Despite long-standing formal instruction, the evaluation of students’ written production at university continues to reveal persistent shortcomings. This article identifies four interrelated challenges that hinder the development of academic writing: (1) students’ ambivalent relationship to French—vis-à-vis the growing prominence of English—which affects motivation; (2) pedagogical practices that privilege linguistic sub-systems and the final product over a process-oriented approach; (3) negative perceptions of drafting, often dismissed as time-consuming; and (4) the sacralization of writing as a rigid, intimidating act. Drawing on didactic and cognitive models of writing, the paper proposes concrete avenues to desacralize writing and cultivate competence: authentic communicative tasks, explicit teaching of the writing process (planning–composing–revising), and collaborative revision with formative assessment. These strategies aim to help learners progressively build both competence and confidence in academic writing.

FACTORS INFLUENCING BEHAVIOURAL INTENTION OF ACADEMICS IN USING MOODLE: AN APPLICATION OF THE UTAUT MODEL

2025-12-24T23:08:03+00:00

The study examines factors influencing the behavioural intention and actual usage of Moodle among academics at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), South Africa. The study is anchored on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. The research design utilised in this study is quantitative in nature, guided by the survey method where data are collected from 89 academic staff. Data collected are analysed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique. The analysis reveals that performance expectancy and social influence are the most relevant determinants of behavioural intention, while facilitating conditions significantly determines actual use. Behavioural intention is also a significant predictor of actual use where higher intentions to use Moodle led to higher usage. Notably, effort expectancy does not impact behavioural intention to use Moodle. Neither gender, age, nor experience, when considered as moderating variables, shows a significant effect on the relationships between constructs. Consequently, the applicability remains consistent across different user groups. The results of this study indicate that interventions aimed at increasing Moodle usage at UKZN, and similar institutions should focus on increasing the perceived usefulness of Moodle, capitalising on positive peer influence, and providing strong support systems. The study also contributes to the validation of the UTAUT model in the South African higher education setting and offers leads that can inform the design and implementation of e-learning strategies for developing countries and the setting of Learning Management Systems (LMS) platforms to maximise educational results.

THE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY

2025-12-25T05:14:53+00:00

Although emotional intelligence and creativity may seem like two different factors that are unrelated to each other, research has shown that they are interconnected and that this connection plays a crucial role in the comprehensive development of human potential. In this article, we will examine the symbiotic relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity, that is, how they mutually develop each other.

Aim and methods: The aim of this research was to examine relation between emotional intelligence and creativity of students. For this purpose, firstly various literature sources were analyzed to answer the main research questions. Survey material and assessment tool were chosen to analyze the relation between two factors.Measuring the direction and strength of the interaction between emotional intelligence and creativity, identifying specific psychological processes that explain how these two constructs improve each other, comparing how relationships change in different circumstances (age, culture, profession), and developing recommendations for training and education programs based on the results obtained are some of the important issues to be resolved today.

Conclusion: The definition of emotional intelligence as a person's ability to understand, manage, and express his or her own and others' emotions reveals its direct connection with the creative process. Creativity is a multidimensional factor that manifests itself not only in the field of art, but also in problem solving and everyday decision-making. Research shows that creative processes deepen emotional understanding and lead to the development of self-awareness and empathy.

Although the existing literature suggests a certain relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity, the mechanisms of symbiotic interaction between them, the dynamics of this relationship, and its consequences have not been systematically investigated. In particular, there is no unified model that explains the relationship between the components of emotional intelligence (self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, social skills) and the stages of creativity (preparation, incubation, insight, verification). In addition, there is a need to conduct research on the dynamic relationship between the components of emotional intelligence and the stages of creativity, the role of emotional activity in the preparatory stage, the importance of emotional tolerance during the incubation period, the relationship between emotional depth and creativity during enlightenment, the impact of the development of a creative personality on the development of emotional intelligence, and the limiting and enhancing factors between them.

Due to the lack of a single model and insufficient literature, we considered it more appropriate to conduct the study in the direction of determining the symbiotic relationship between emotional intelligence and creative potential. The additional section at the end of the article reflects the emotional intelligence and creative potential indicators of each of the respondents. When analyzing the results, it becomes clear that there is no direct significant relationship between emotional intelligence and creative potential. It is clear from the study that while all students with high creative potential have very high emotional intelligence indicators, not all students with high emotional intelligence have high creative potential.

The article focuses not on the one-way relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity, but on the mutual influence. This focus places the research within a deep, comprehensive, and at the same time constrained framework, which we hope will allow for a scientifically efficient and consequential study.

NATIONAL COSTUMES IN THE EPIC “THE BOOK OF DEDE GORGUD”

2025-12-26T01:07:03+00:00

In the article the information about the history of the creation of the national costumes, which is found in the epic “The Book of Dede Gorgud” is given. From the study, it becomes clear that the national costumes in the epic were created by the Oghuz Turks, improved over thousands of years and from here they spread throughout the world. One of the most valuable information given in the epic is the idea that has come down to us about the types of clothing. The various dresses of the heroes and ladies at ceremonies, jewelry and jewels remain relevant. One of the main features of the epic “The Book of Dede Gorgud” is Dede’s giving clothes along with the name to the heroes for the courage shown by them. According to the disclosing the ethnographic richness the epic is a fundamental resource.

THE PROBLEM OF THE HERO AND INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM IN THE ROMANTIC ERA (BASED ON SPANISH AND AZERBAIJANI LITERARY AND ARTISTIC EXAMPLES)

2025-12-26T01:23:13+00:00

The presented article is devoted to a comparative examination of heroism and individual freedom in the Romantic period through Spanish and Azerbaijani literary examples. It is noted that Romanticism introduced a new “world‐organism” concept in opposition to the mechanistic Enlightenment worldview, foregrounding the irrational depths of the human psyche and the role of chance. From the late 18th to the mid‑19th centuries, the theme of individual freedom and the figure of the hero became a hallmark of Romantic literature.

It is noted that the Napoleonic invasions, Ferdinand VII’s censorship, and the Carlist Wars (1833–1840) forced writers into exile and isolation, prompting them to place inner protest and the desire for liberty at the heart of their works. In Spanish Romantic drama, Ángel de Saavedra’s Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino (“Don Álvaro and the Force of Fate”) is analyzed: it is noted that fatalism (“force of fate”), the conflict between love and honor, and the motif of the curse serve as the principal elements shaping the hero’s tragic destiny.

Turning to Azerbaijan, it is noted that Romanticism there emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was intertwined with the spirit of national liberation. Beginning with Mirza Fatali Akhundzada, individual and social freedom were brought to the forefront of literary discourse. In Hüseyn Cavid’s tragedy Səyavuş, it is noted that the hero carries not only personal idealism but also a mission to alter his people’s fate and safeguard their national and spiritual identity.

The article concludes that both Spanish and Azerbaijani Romantic heroes struggle internally against constraints imposed by society, family, and inexorable fate. However, it is noted that Spanish examples tend to emphasize tragedy rooted in fatalism and curses, whereas Azerbaijani examples underscore national identity and collective freedom ideals. Thus, in the Romantic era, motifs of individual freedom and heroism are expressed in both traditions—under fatalism’s prism in Spanish theater and within the framework of national identity in Azerbaijani literature—through similarly resonant yet distinct artistic means.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND GEORGIAN PRACTICE OF GREEN FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2025-12-18T00:34:11+00:00

The research focuses on the challenges and prospects for developing green finance, which provides funds for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The objectives of the study are to assess the level of development and structure of green finance, as well as to identify the factors determining its development, taking into account recent trends in the global economy.

The article analyzes the state and development trends of the green finance market, identifies barriers to the development of green financial instruments, proposes solutions to emerging problems, and identifies the specific features of sustainable finance development In Georgia.

The study utilized the concept of sustainable development and a problem-oriented approach to green finance. The analytical work was conducted using methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and grouping, economic analysis, and modeling.

The study results showed that interest in green finance instruments is driven by societal demands for sustainable development and environmental conservation, which require stricter accountability requirements for green financial instruments, more stringent regulatory oversight, and reliable disclosure of information supported by more accurate data.

Conclusions were drawn regarding the need to stimulate the use of green financing instruments and develop a legal framework for sustainable development that will ensure the harmonization of green financing policies and standards not only at the national but also at the global level.

AN ARTICLE ON DATAMINING IN GAMES AND THE SCHEMA SYSTEM

2025-11-27T06:08:42+00:00

Data mining, the process of discovering patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data, has become an indispensable discipline in the 21st century. While its conceptual roots and the term itself emerged in the late 1980s and 1990s, the exponential growth in data generation and computational power has propelled it to the forefront of technology. Data mining is not a single method but a collection of techniques and algorithms used to transform raw data into valuable information and actionable insights. This practice has found a critical application in the video game industry, giving rise to the field of "game analytics." The ability to collect data on player behavior on a massive scale, especially with the rise of online and multiplayer games, allows developers to understand their audience, balance gameplay, and improve the user experience iteratively. This article provides an overview of data mining, traces its historical progression, and discusses its importance in modern game development. It concludes with a concrete example: an analysis of the schema system in Valve's Source 2 engine, which exemplifies how a modern game engine is architecturally designed to facilitate data-driven development and analysis.

THE BACTERICIDAL PROTEINS OF THE EPIDERMIS

2025-10-30T22:26:12+00:00

The skin is the biggest human’s organ. It is concerned with plenty of functions, such as: providing protection against harmful factors of the external environment, both chemical and physical, or regulating temperature and the amount of evaporating water. It is responsible for receiving sensory stimuli and vitamin D3 synthesis. However, this review focuses on an underestimated role of the skin as a barrier against bacteria, maintained thanks to the human’s natural antibiotics – the antimicrobial proteins of the epidermis.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF DENTAL IMPLANTS IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROSIS - A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-10-30T16:46:07+00:00

Introduction: Osteoporosis, a common metabolic bone disease affecting over 200 million people globally, causes decreased bone mass and structural deterioration, increasing fracture risk and reducing quality of life. Dental implants have become a standard treatment for tooth loss, providing functional and aesthetic restoration. However, in osteoporotic patients, compromised bone quality may challenge osseointegration and long-term implant stability, requiring careful assessment and individualized planning.

Methodology: A literature review of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses on dental implant outcomes in osteoporotic patients, focusing on implant survival, bone loss, and antiresorptive therapy, with studies ≥1-year follow-up included.

Results: Most studies show no significant difference in implant survival between osteoporotic and healthy patients, with rates typically above 90%. Slight but significant marginal bone loss was noted, though clinically minor. Bone density and osseointegration were generally comparable, particularly with individualized care and antiresorptive therapy. Osteonecrosis of the jaw was rare and mainly associated with bisphosphonate use. Age, systemic treatment, and local bone conditions influenced outcomes. Factors including patient age, systemic therapy, and local bone conditions influenced implant outcomes.

Conclusion: Dental implants in osteoporotic patients demonstrate high survival and predictable outcomes. Minor bone loss is manageable with monitoring and preventive care. Although antiresorptive therapy may increase osteonecrosis risk, interdisciplinary management minimizes complications. Osteoporosis should not be viewed as a contraindication for implant therapy, though further research is needed to refine treatment protocols.

EXPLORING THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

2025-11-07T18:42:57+00:00

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a microbiome-based therapeutic approach aimed at restoring a healthy microbial ecosystem.

Methods: A narrative review was performed, incorporating recent randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and meta-analyses published in peer-reviewed journals. The review focused on studies investigating FMT as a therapeutic approach for inducing or maintaining IBD.

Results: Originally validated for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, FMT has shown promising results in IBD, particularly in inducing clinical and endoscopic remission in patients with active UC. Evidence suggests that treatment response is influenced by factors including donor microbiota composition, disease severity, baseline microbiome of recipients, and administration protocols. Despite encouraging outcomes, heterogeneity in study design, stool preparation, delivery methods, and treatment schedules limits definitive conclusions. Moreover, the efficacy of FMT for maintenance of remission in UC or induction and maintenance of remission in CD remains uncertain. Safety data are generally favorable in the short term, though long-term risks and standardized procedural protocols require further investigation.

Conclusions: Overall, FMT offers a unique strategy to modulate gut microbial composition and investigate causal relationships in IBD pathogenesis, but well-designed, large-scale studies are needed to establish optimized protocols, long-term efficacy, and safety across diverse patient populations.

ANALGESIC PHARMACOTHERAPY IN DYSMENORRHEA AND THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC MIGRAINE

2025-11-08T20:04:37+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Dysmenorrhea, particularly primary dysmenorrhea, is a common gynecological condition characterized by cyclical and often severe pain, typically managed with analgesics such as NSAIDs, acetaminophen, and opioids. Habitual, suboptimal, or excessive use of these medications may facilitate the transformation of episodic headaches into chronic forms through central sensitization and receptor-level changes in the central nervous system. Despite widespread pharmacotherapy, comprehensive synthesis regarding its role in chronic migraine development is lacking. This review systematically summarizes data from cohort, case-control, and interventional studies to evaluate the relationship between dysmenorrhea pharmacotherapy and chronic migraine risk. The study examines whether medication type, frequency of use, and patient-related factors—including age at dysmenorrhea onset, pain severity, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and use of migraine prophylactic agents—modulate this risk.

Results: Medication overuse headache (MOH) arises from excessive use of acute headache medications in patients with primary headache disorders, most commonly migraine. Opioids, butalbital-containing analgesics, acetaminophen–aspirin–caffeine combinations, and triptans confer the highest risk of chronification, while NSAIDs carry moderate risk and hormonal therapies may reduce pain frequency and intensity, potentially decreasing the need for frequent analgesic use. Frequent acute medication use (NSAIDs or acetaminophen ≥15 days/month, opioids/triptans ≥10 days/month), early dysmenorrhea onset, severe pain, and comorbid psychiatric conditions significantly increase MOH and chronic migraine risk. Implementation of prophylactic therapies and patient education can reduce reliance on acute medications and mitigate headache chronification.

Conclusion: Analgesic use in dysmenorrhea carries a risk of chronic migraine development, particularly with high-frequency or high-risk medications. Hormonal therapies, prophylactic strategies, individualized treatment, and monitoring of acute medication use are critical to minimize MOH and optimize long-term outcomes.

PROPOLIS SUPPLEMENTATION - EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SKIN, BONE HEALTH, AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2025-11-11T05:52:39+00:00

Introduction: In recent years, many sports supplements have incorporated several natural ingredients. One notable example is propolis, a bee-derived substance rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and vitamins. Research indicates that bee glue has several therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. These mechanisms support wound healing, strengthen the immune system, combat respiratory infections, improve both recovery and physical capacity, all of which may collectively lead to enhanced athletic performance.

Aim of the study: This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of propolis properties. Through a detailed discussion and review of the evidence supporting the beneficial effects of propolis supplementation on the skin, as well as the muscular, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems.

Material and method: This article presents the current state of knowledge about the effects of propolis supplementation. A literature review was gathered using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar platforms, with a focus on papers from the last five years. The search included the keywords ‘propolis’, ‘antioxidant activity’, ‘anti-inflammatory’, ‘exercise’, ‘skin regeneration’, and ‘cardiovascular function’.

Results: Literature review revealed that propolis emerges as a multi-target phytocomplex that attenuates inflammation, augments antioxidant defenses, and favorably modulates vascular and musculoskeletal function across pre-clinical models. Synergistic effects with exercise, biomaterial carriers, and microbiota-directed strategies underscore opportunities for combination interventions.

THE PROTECTIVE POWER OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: INSIGHTS INTO COLON POLYPS AND COLORECTAL CANCER

2025-11-11T06:30:25+00:00

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Regular physical activity (PA) is increasingly recognized as a modifiable factor influencing both cancer prevention and patient outcomes. This review summarizes current evidence on the role of PA in CRC prevention, treatment, and survivorship, emphasizing its clinical significance and underlying biological mechanisms.

Methods: A narrative review of recent randomized trials, cohort studies, and meta-analyses published in peer-reviewed journals was conducted. Studies addressing PA in relation to CRC incidence, recurrence, postoperative recovery, and treatment-related outcomes were included.

Results: Evidence consistently demonstrates that regular PA reduces the risk of colorectal adenomas and cancer by approximately 20–30%. In CRC survivors, structured exercise programs improve physical and psychological well-being, mitigate treatment-related side effects, and may decrease recurrence and mortality risk. Randomized trials such as CHALLENGE and PHYSSURG-C highlight that supervision, intensity, and duration are critical for achieving clinical benefits. The beneficial effects of PA are mediated by metabolic, inflammatory, and immune pathways, including improved insulin sensitivity, reduced systemic inflammation, and enhanced immune function.

Conclusions: Regular physical activity should be considered as a component of colorectal cancer prevention and survivorship care, offering measurable benefits for both clinical outcomes and quality of life.

KNOWLEDGE OF RISK FACTORS FOR CERVICAL CANCER AND METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION AMONG THE PROFESSIONAL GROUP OF POLISH ARMY PILOTS AND STUDENTS OF THE JOHN PAUL II UNIVERSITY OF BIAŁA PODLASKA

2025-11-11T06:50:36+00:00

Introduction and aim of the study: Cervical cancer is a common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, developing in the cervix. Currently, cervical cancer is considered curable, provided it is detected at an early stage and appropriate treatment is promptly initiated. This work aims to present the results of research on the level of awareness on the cervical cancer, methods of diagnosis and prevention among the professional group of Polish Army pilots and students of the John Paul II University of Biała Podlaska.

Material and Methods: The study was conducted using an anonymous survey questionnaire. The data was collected between January and April 2025. 121 correctly completed surveys were collected and then analyzed.

Summary: The conducted research results allow us to conclude that the definition of cervical cancer, the risk factors for infection, and the methods of preventing infection are well-known terms for the studied group. Additionally, participants learn about new screening tests for cervical cancer.

NEUROIMMUNOLOGICAL MECHANISMS LINKING PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA AND MIGRAINE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2025-11-11T17:25:48+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Primary dysmenorrhea and migraine are among the most prevalent pain disorders in women of reproductive age, often coexisting and exhibiting overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms. This systematic review aims to identify and summarize the shared neuroimmunological pathways that may underlie both conditions, with particular emphasis on inflammatory mediators, neuropeptides, hormonal modulation, and glial activation.

Results: The analysis of studies published between 2000 and 2025 reveals consistent evidence of increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and prostaglandins (especially PGE₂) in both disorders. These mediators contribute to peripheral and central sensitization, amplifying nociceptive signaling. Pain-related neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P are involved in neurogenic inflammation, vascular dysregulation, and microglial activation within central pain pathways. Moreover, estrogen fluctuations appear to modulate both immune and neuronal responses, influencing microglial phenotype and cytokine release, thereby explaining the cyclic nature and female predominance of these conditions.

Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea and migraine share a common neuroimmune-endocrine framework, in which inflammatory mediators, neuropeptides, and hormonal fluctuations interact to enhance pain sensitivity. Recognition of these shared mechanisms provides a foundation for developing integrated therapeutic approaches targeting COX-2, CGRP, and microglial activation. Future translational research combining animal models with clinical data is essential to refine and personalize treatment strategies for both disorders.

BENEFITS OF SOCIAL DANCING AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITH COGNITIVE DECLINE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2025-11-11T20:08:41+00:00

Research objectives: This review aims to synthesize the current evidence on social dancing for older adults, with particular emphasis on its therapeutic benefits for individuals with Parkinson’s disease.

Methods: A literature review was gathered using PubMed and Google Scholar, emphasizing papers published in the last five years. The search included the keywords ‘dance’, ‘cognitive function’, and ‘physical activity’.

Key findings and conclusions: The expansion and ongoing advancement of modern medicine correlates with the increase in the older adult population. As a result, cognitive decline has become one of the major health problems associated with advanced age. Nearly 50% of individuals over 85 years are suffering from dementia and related neurodegenerative diseases. Extending healthy life expectancy has become a cardinal priority for public-health systems and biomedical research alike. Despite ongoing efforts, the search for low-cost, scalable interventions that can simultaneously preserve neural function, functional mobility, and psychosocial well-being remains incomplete. Studies show that dance-based exercise is a promising candidate. Accumulated findings indicate that dance constitutes a biologically and psychosocially potent intervention, simultaneously enhancing cardiovascular efficiency, maintaining neuromuscular integrity, promoting neuroplastic remodelling, and improving emotional well-being.

IS THERE A PATH TO LASTING RELIEF? A REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR VULVODYNIA

2025-11-18T01:59:44+00:00

Introduction: Vulvodynia is defined as discomfort of the vulva that lasts for at least three months and is clinically considered an idiopathic pain syndrome, presenting both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.While non-pharmacological interventions such as pelvic floor physical therapy and psychotherapy provide relief for some patients, many require pharmacological treatment for persistent discomfort. Despite the availability of various pharmaceutical options, standardized treatment protocols are lacking, and comparative efficacy data remain limited. This review examines current pharmacological approaches for vulvodynia and assesses their effectiveness in managing symptoms.

Results: Following a rigorous selection process, 29 articles met the inclusion criteria. The available evidence supports the efficacy of oral medications, particularly amitriptyline as a first-line treatment, and topical lidocaine in managing vulvodynia. Furthermore, the integration of physiotherapy alongside pharmacological management appears to enhance patient outcomes. Botulinum toxin injections did not yield statistically significant improvement in the studies included in the review.

Conclusions: Amitriptyline and topical lidocaine have demonstrated efficacy for vulvodynia, particularly when combined with physiotherapy. Future research should focus on investigating the long-term efficacy of combined therapies and exploring the underlying mechanisms of vulvodynia to develop targeted treatments.

ADVANCES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE TREATMENT

2025-11-18T04:54:38+00:00

Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine, serving as the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Despite decades of research, effective causal treatment is still not available, and current therapies mainly focus on alleviating symptoms. However, in recent years, there has been significant progress in therapies targeting pathological proteins – amyloid β (Aβ) and tau – offering hope for modifying the course of the disease. In this review, we discuss the latest achievements in AD treatment, including clinical trial results involving monoclonal antibodies (lecanemab, donanemab), the role of biomarkers in early diagnosis, and the impact of non- pharmacological interventions such as diet and physical activity. Additionally, we analyze the challenges associated with anti-amyloid therapy, including side effects and limitations of current methods. We also emphasize the importance of personalized medicine and future research directions that may lead to breakthroughs in Alzheimer's disease therapy.

Materials and methods: This review was conducted systematically to identify and analyze relevant scientific literature regarding advancements in the treatment and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The PubMed database was searched. Articles were searched using the following words: "Anti-amyloid therapies"; "Alzheimer's disease"; "Lekanemab"; "Donanemab"; "Alzheimer's biomarkers"; "Cerebrospinal fluid"; "CSF"; "Tau protein"; "Non- pharmacological interventions"; "Mediterranean diet"; "Dementia prevention"; "Amyloid- related imaging abnormalities"; "Disease-modifying therapies”; „traumatic brain injury”.

HOW TO EFFECTIVELY PROTECT THE HUMAN BODY FROM THE HARMFUL INFLUENCE OF XENOESTROGENS AND OTHER ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS: PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES

2025-11-24T05:56:07+00:00

Xenoestrogens constitute a group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals that, by mimicking or interfering with the actions of endogenous estrogens, can affect hormonal balance and reproductive function. Due to their widespread presence in the environment—including plastics, cosmetics, food, and everyday consumer products—complete avoidance of exposure is virtually impossible. However, studies indicate that proper education, lifestyle modifications, and dietary interventions can significantly reduce exposure to these compounds and the associated health risks. This article investigates various strategies for the prevention of xenoestrogen and other endocrine disruptors exposure, the reduction of existing body burdens of these chemicals. The effectiveness of dietary and behavioral interventions is discussed, such as avoiding canned foods and plastic products, as well as using personal care products free from phthalates, parabens, triclosan, and benzophenone-3, all of which have been shown to markedly decrease urinary levels of xenoestrogens and other endocrine disruptors. Therapeutic interventions are also presented, including the use of selected supplements and pharmacological agents such as Chlorella pyrenoidosa, cholestyramine, olestra, coenzyme Q10, melatonin, and multi-strain probiotics, which have demonstrated beneficial effects in reducing the concentrations of endocrine-active compounds and mitigating their toxic effects. These findings underscore the critical role of multifaceted approaches, combining preventative behavioral changes with targeted substance interventions, to effectively mitigate exposure and safeguard public health from ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).

MODERN PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER TREATED WITH BCT - A REVIEW ARTICLE

2025-11-25T19:27:25+00:00

Breast carcinoma maintains its status as the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women globally, with epidemiological data demonstrating the registration of over 2.3 million new cases annually. This trend is characterized by a persistent and concerning increase in incidence rates across various demographic strata. Consequently, optimizing both oncological efficacy and the subsequent quality of life (QoL) has become a primary focus in clinical oncology.

Among the established therapeutic modalities for localized breast cancer, Breast-Conserving Therapy (BCT)—typically involving lumpectomy or partial mastectomy followed by adjuvant radiotherapy—has achieved substantive clinical ascendancy and is now frequently regarded as the standard of care for early-stage disease. This preference is driven by robust Level I evidence indicating oncological outcomes non-inferior to radical mastectomy, coupled with superior patient-reported outcomes (PROs) concerning body image and psychological well-being.

The widespread adoption of this conservative surgical paradigm has generated a corresponding and significant surge in the volume of patients who require comprehensive, evidence-based rehabilitation following their primary treatment course. Despite its minimally invasive nature relative to mastectomy, BCT is frequently associated with long-term functional sequelae. These morbidities can encompass a restricted range of motion (ROM) of the ipsilateral shoulder, the development of lymphedema, chronic neuropathic or myofascial pain syndromes, and generalized functional decline.

In this context, specialized physiotherapeutic intervention becomes an indispensable component of the continuum of care. The structured implementation of rehabilitation protocols aims to mitigate these potential complications, restore optimal biomechanical function, and ultimately, enhance the overall QoL and long-term functional status of the patient population.

The aim of the current paper is to critically present and analyze the latest contemporary approaches and methodological advancements in the field of physiotherapy. This exploration focuses specifically on their application in improving the functional outcomes and addressing the complex physical morbidities encountered in patients who have undergone BCT.

KETOPROFEN IN THE TREATMENT OF SORE THROAT - EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF A NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG

2025-11-25T23:40:41+00:00

Sore throat is one of the most common symptoms reported during visits to the primary care physician. In most cases, its cause is a viral infection (90 to 95% of acute pharyngitis in adults and 70-85% in children), but there are also cases of other etiologies of infection or pain resulting from surgical procedures (including dental) or mechanical injuries.

In most cases, symptomatic treatment in the form of antiseptic, analgesic or anesthetic preparations is used to treat sore throat, regardless of the cause. Among the preparations available on the market, those containing ketoprofen have begun to gain popularity, which may prove to be an interesting alternative to the drugs currently used, both in the practice of a general practitioner and in hospital care.

The results of the study indicate that ketoprofen is highly effective in treating sore throats caused by both infections and surgical procedures, including dental procedures. Studies comparing ketoprofen with benzidamine have shown better efficacy of ketoprofen, longer duration of action and fewer side effects. The efficacy of ketoprofen in the pediatric population has also been proven for both the treatment of sore throats of infectious origin and those arising from surgical procedures.

Ketoprofen lysine salt is also effective in relieving pain occurring after tooth extractions, and has a good safety profile. Its efficacy is significantly higher than placebo and comparable to that of paracetamol, with no significant side effects. Thanks to its neutral pH, it also does not irritate the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.

The findings presented here suggest that ketoprofen may become an effective and safe alternative for the treatment of sore throat and localized oral pain in both outpatient and inpatient care. However, potential side effects should be monitored and further studies should be conducted to clearly assess the safety profile and efficacy of ketoprofen.

COFFEE – A DAILY PLEASURE OR A SILENT ENEMY TO YOUR HEALTH?

2025-11-26T04:39:22+00:00

Introduction and purpose of the study: Coffee has been one of the most commonly consumed stimulants for over 100 years. When it first became popular, it was praised as a remedy for various ailments, although at the time there was no scientific basis for such claims. Later publications reported on the harmful effects of coffee consumption, but over the last 20-30 years, studies have increasingly confirmed the benefits of moderate coffee consumption. The aim of this study is to review the literature on the effects of coffee consumption.

Material and methods: A review of publications in Polish medical literature and the PubMed database was conducted using the keywords: coffee, caffeine, health effects.

Results: Studies confirm the benefits of moderate coffee consumption for the cardiovascular system, neurological health, and metabolism. There is a group of contraindications, mainly related to excessive caffeine consumption, which causes a risk of addiction, adverse behavioral symptoms, and tachycardia.

Conclusions: Drinking coffee in moderate amounts is safe for health. Pregnant and breastfeeding women and people at risk of osteoporosis should consider avoiding coffee or limiting its consumption. The individual effects of coffee consumption should be identified to determine whether drinking this beverage causes headaches or sleep disturbances in a given case.

GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATIC MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS – A NARRATIVE REVIEW

2025-11-26T05:11:56+00:00

Introduction and purpose: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, multifaceted autoimmune disorder. Throughout its course, it affects multiple organ systems, such as the skin, joints, kidneys, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system, among others. Less frequently observed clinical presentations include gastrointestinal involvement and hepatic symptoms. The objective of this review is to present and familiarise readers with these atypical manifestations, which are mostly not included in the diagnostic criteria for lupus, and which can pose a significant diagnostic challenge.

Description of the state of knowledge: Gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic symptoms among patients with lupus may be related to the disease itself, but can also result from the side effects of treatment, viral infections, or emerge as a consequence of the overlap of two diseases. The gastrointestinal tract may exhibit symptoms of the disease at practically any point along its course, from the oral cavity to the anus. The most common GI manifestations include conditions such as oral ulcers, dysphagia, lupus enteritis, protein-losing enteropathy, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and pancreatitis. Rare, but clinically significant presentations of lupus involving the liver, which are important due to their chronic health consequences, include autoimmune hepatitis and lupus hepatitis.

Conclusions: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who present with gastrointestinal or hepatic symptoms require prompt diagnosis, as these conditions, if not properly managed, contribute to increased mortality. It is also possible for these manifestations to appear as the initial signs of SLE. Therefore, familiarity with their characteristics is crucial to avoid delays in diagnosis and in the implementation of appropriate treatment.

THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ORAL MICROBIOME AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: EXPLORING MUTUAL INFLUENCES AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

2025-11-26T05:43:34+00:00

Introduction and objective: Periodontitis (PD) is caused by dysbiosis of the oral microbiome (OMB). The prevalence of PD is increased in RA patients. Both conditions have the ability to activate common inflammatory pathways. The OMB shift contributes to more severe course of PD and RA. This paper aims to summarize the impact of OMB on chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of PD and RA.

Description of the state of knowledge: The OMB can influence chronic inflammation and protein citrullination. The presence of antibodies against citrullinated peptides (ACPA) correlates with an increased incidence and severity of periodontitis. While numerous studies have reported a relationship between the OMB, PD and RA, the role of specific bacteria in RA remains unclear.

Methodology: A literature review was conducted using two databases - PubMed and Google Scholar - with search terms such as "oral microbiome”, “rheumatoid arthritis", "periodontal health”, “oral microbiota”, “periodontal disease”. Articles published within the last eight years were prioritized.

Conclusions: PD is more prevalent and severe particularly in ACPA-positive RA patients. Alterations in OMB are associated with systemic inflammation, contributing to RA progression. and worsening periodontal conditions. Periodontal treatment shows a potential to reduce RA activity, emphasizing the importance of dental care in RA. Anti-inflammatory treatments may restore oral homeostasis. Targeting the OMB offers a potential for managing RA and PD. Further research is needed to establish guidelines for personalized therapies and prophylaxis.

UNCOVERING DERMATILLOMANIA: A REVIEW OF SKIN PICKING DISORDER

2025-11-27T02:23:53+00:00

Background: Excoriation disorder (dermatillomania) is a body-focused repetitive behavior characterized by recurrent skin picking that leads to tissue injury, emotional distress, and impaired functioning. Although formally classified in ICD-11 and DSM-5, the disorder remains underrecognized in clinical settings and often co-occurs with other psychiatric conditions. This review summarizes current evidence on the epidemiology, clinical profile, comorbidity patterns, and available treatment strategies, underscoring its clinical burden and therapeutic relevance.

Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed clinical studies, epidemiological analyses, neurobiological investigations, and treatment trials was conducted, focusing on prevalence, risk factors, clinical outcomes, and therapeutic interventions for excoriation disorder.

Results: The disorder affects approximately 3–4% of the population, predominantly females, with onset most often during adolescence and a chronic, relapsing course. Commonly affected areas include the face, arms, and hands, with episodes frequently preceded by anxiety or tension and followed by temporary relief. High rates of comorbidity, particularly with depression, anxiety, OCD, and body dysmorphic disorder, contribute to psychosocial disability, reduced quality of life, and an elevated risk of suicidal ideation. Clinical studies support behavioral therapies, especially cognitive-behavioral approaches such as habit reversal training, as first-line treatment. Pharmacological options, including serotonergic, opioid, or glutamatergic agents, as well as lamotrigine, show benefit in selected cases, although response rates remain variable.

Conclusions: Excoriation disorder is a prevalent and burdensome condition with substantial psychiatric overlap and functional consequences. Early detection and integrated treatment combining behavioral interventions with targeted pharmacotherapy when appropriate are essential to improving outcomes and reducing long-term morbidity.

NEW PERSPECTIVES ON ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS: FROM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT – A REVIEW ARTICLE

2025-11-27T03:20:13+00:00

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present the physiological changes occurring in the human body with increasing altitude and decreasing barometric pressure, and to summarize current knowledge on high-altitude diseases, with particular emphasis on Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). The article outlines the pathophysiological basis of its clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, differentiation from other conditions, and methods of prevention and treatment. It also aims to raise awareness of high-altitude risks and promote safe practices during mountain travel. This work is intended as educational material for medical students, health professionals, travellers, and those beginning their high-altitude journeys.

Materials and methods: This review paper is based on data obtained from peer-reviewed scientific articles and reports published in reputable databases and journals, including PubMed, Taylor & Francis, CDC, SAGE Journals, ScienceDirect, and Practical Medicine, as well as Modern Management Review, The American Journal of Medicine, PLOS One, and High Altitude Medicine & Biology. The analysis also draws on the official position of the UIAA Medical Commission. Clinical studies, reviews, guidelines, and reports on high-altitude diseases published between 2010 and 2025 in English or Polish were included.

Conclusions: Acute mountain sickness arises from inadequate acclimatization to high-altitude hypoxia. Key risk factors include rapid ascent and prior AMS episodes. Gradual acclimatization is the most effective preventive measure, while pharmacological support may aid high-risk individuals. Early symptom recognition and prompt intervention are essential to prevent severe, potentially life-threatening complications, underscoring the importance of understanding human physiological limits and adaptation in extreme environments.

ASSOCIATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS WITH REACTION TIME, COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND PHYSICAL FITNESS

2025-12-04T17:41:07+00:00

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with systemic complications that may impair cognitive and motor functions. Simple reaction time (SRT) is a measure of sensory-motor performance and an important indicator of central nervous system processing speed.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetes mellitus on simple reaction time and cognitive abilities decline comparing results between individuals with diabetes and healthy controls.

Methods: A review paper based on studies found on PubMed and Google Scholar. The majority of metanalyses and studies involve two groups: a diabetic group (patients diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes) and a non-diabetic control group. Participants performed a standardized computer-based simple reaction time test. Reaction times were measured and statistically analyzed to assess differences between the groups.

Results: The results indicated that individuals with diabetes had significantly longer simple reaction times compared to the control group. The findings suggest that diabetes mellitus negatively affects sensory-motor integration and neural processing speed.

Conclusion: The study concludes that diabetes mellitus can impair cognitive-motor function as reflected in prolonged simple reaction times. This highlights the need for cognitive assessment and monitoring in diabetic patients as part of their routine clinical care.

PRIMARY PULMONARY HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA: A CASE OF DIAGNOSTIC COMPLEXITY AND TREATMENT RESISTANCE

2025-12-04T18:25:57+00:00

Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's lymphoma (PPHL) arises from the lymphoid tissue of the alveolar mucosa or peribronchial lymph nodes. PPHL is extremely rare, representing only 1.5–2.4% of all cases of primary pulmonary lymphoma.[1] Its rarity and nonspecific presentation often lead to diagnostic delays. Symptoms such as cough, fatigue, or chest discomfort mimic other pulmonary diseases, complicating clinical evaluation. Here, we present a case of PPHL initially misdiagnosed as granulomatosis with polyangiitis due to overlapping clinical and histopathological findings. This case emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and highlights the critical role of thorough histopathological analysis in establishing an accurate diagnosis.

THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND NUTRITION IN THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

2025-12-04T18:50:39+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Alzheimer’s disease is a developing public health concern with significant social and economic interference. Given the limited capability of current drug therapies, attention is shifting to the preventive strategies. The goal of this article is to review the evidence supporting multimodal lifestyle interventions—combining physical activity, dietary changes, and cognitive stimulation—as effective methods for reducing the risk and progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

Materials and Methods: This narrative review draws upon recent clinical studies, meta-analyses, and guidelines related to non-pharmacological interventions for Alzheimer’s disease. Sources include peer-reviewed articles focusing on physical exercise, dietary patterns, nutrient supplementation, and their combined impact on cognitive health.

Results: Evidence indicates that regular physical activity—especially aerobic and resistance training—supports memory, executive function, and cognitive performance, even in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Malnutrition is common in individuals with AD due to factors such as poor appetite, swallowing difficulties, and behavioral symptoms. Deficiencies in B vitamins, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids are frequently observed and linked to faster cognitive decline. Tailored nutritional interventions, including adequate protein and caloric intake, may help stabilize cognitive and functional outcomes.

Conclusion: Multimodal lifestyle interventions—including regular physical activity, brain-healthy diets, and targeted nutritional support—offer a promising strategy for the prevention and management of Alzheimer’s disease. These approaches enhance cognitive function, address modifiable risk factors, and are most effective when implemented early and tailored to individual needs. Integrating such strategies into clinical care and public health policies could play a crucial role in reducing the future burden of Alzheimer’s disease.

USE OF CANNABINOIDS IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A REVIEW OF CLINICAL AND INTERVENTION STUDIES

2025-12-04T20:24:22+00:00

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a general term used to describe a group of chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract with complex etiologies. They mainly include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) .

Purpose of the work: The purpose of this paper is to present current knowledge on the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, with a particular focus on their impact on patient well being.

Material and methods: The study is based on a review of the scientific literature, including clinical and experimental studies on the effects of cannabinoids on the gastrointestinal tract and their use in the treatment of IBD.

Results: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in modulating many physiological processes, including maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, regulation of intestinal function, visceral sensation, modulation of gastrointestinal motility and immunomodulation of inflammation in IBD. Studies have shown that their use leads to a reduction in abdominal pain, emotional distress, stool frequency and anorexia nervosa. They also found higher rates of depression, smoking and alcohol consumption among IBD patients who used cannabis. The long-term safety profile of cannabinoids in IBD patients has not been established.

Summary: Cannabinoids have the potential to be effective supportive therapies for inflammatory bowel disease, but more research is needed to determine their long-term safety and optimal dosage.

THE ROLE OF LEGAL ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCES IN SKIN PATHOLOGIES: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-12-04T21:15:06+00:00

Introduction and Objective. The skin not only plays a fundamental role in protecting the body from external factors, but also participates in thermoregulatory, metabolic, immunological and sensory processes. More and more attention is being paid (both in the scientific community and among patients) to the impact of lifestyle, including the use of legal stimulants such as alcohol or products containing nicotine on the condition of the skin. The aim of this paper was to present the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of harmful, easily accessible and legal addictive substances on human skin and also to support an interdisciplinary approach to the prevention and treatment of skin pathologies associated with their use.

Review methods. The research was conducted as a literature review based on information obtained from PubMed, Embase, GoogleScholar using combinations of the following keywords: skin, cigarettes, alcohol, nicotine, lifestyle, substance, abuse, cancer.

The state of knowledge. Biological mechanisms through which alcohol and nicotine (in both traditional and e-cigarette forms) affect the condition of the skin include the induction of oxidative stress, microcirculation disturbances, modulation of the immune response and disruptions in collagen metabolism. These mechanisms influence wound healing, exacerbate the course of inflammatory skin diseases, contribute to the development of neoplastic lesions and accelerate the skin aging process. There are reports of potential therapeutic benefits of nicotine in certain dermatoses. However, researchers point out the methodological limitations in existing studies.

Conclusion. Alcohol and tobacco products have a negative impact on the skin – they disrupt microcirculation, weaken the epidermal barrier, slow down wound healing and accelerate aging. In the context of the growing popularity of e-cigarettes and alternative forms of nicotine consumption, the need for further, well-designed research in this area is emphasized.

SCARS AND KELOIDS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CURRENT TREATMENT MODALITIES

2025-12-05T18:04:34+00:00

A skin scar is a result of the healing process of skin trauma. It can occur as a proper structure or as an abnormal growth, such as a hypertrophic scar and a keloid. Scar differs in surface, location, impact on other structures, and cosmetic view. Abnormal hypertrophic scar increases the risk of further irritation, scarring, disturbs the natural barrier, decreases in cosmetic view, and impacts daily life. There are different types of treatment for an excessive scar that can be applied in different cases. The steroid tapes, steroid injections, surgery, post-surgical radiation, dry needling, silicone materials, laser therapy, cryotherapy, massage, ACE inhibitors, and fat grafting.

EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION, DIET AND FASTING ON INSULIN RESISTANCE

2025-12-05T18:38:37+00:00

Insulin resistance is a condition in which the decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, which consequently leads to impaired glucose metabolism. This condition is the starting point for many chronic diseases, primarily type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, PCOS, NAFLD and cardiovascular disease. This paper discusses the current state of knowledge on the effects of supplementation, diet and intermittent fasting on improving insulin sensitivity. The pathophysiological mechanisms of insulin resistance, diagnostic methods (including HOMA-IR, OGTT, metabolic clamp method), and its impact on the development and course of chronic diseases are presented.

Special attention was given to supplements such as vitamin D, magnesium, zinc, Myo-inositol and omega-3 fatty acids, which through a variety of mechanisms can support glucose metabolism and improve insulin action. Also discussed was the role of caloric restriction and intermittent fasting, which have positive effects on body weight, metabolic profile and, most importantly, insulin sensitivity.

The aim of the study was to highlight the importance of lifestyle modification and dietary interventions in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and its consequences. Due to the increasing prevalence of these disease entities in the general population, including among increasingly younger patients, it is necessary to implement appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies in daily clinical practice.

FROM AUTOIMMUNITY TO INNOVATION: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF VITILIGO AND ITS MANAGEMENT

2025-12-06T20:35:16+00:00

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder characterized by the development of hypopigmented or depigmented macules and patches, resulting from the loss of functional melanocytes in the affected areas. It is estimated to affect approximately 0.5% to 4% of the global population. Although the exact etiology remains unclear, vitiligo is considered an acquired, multifactorial condition involving complex interactions.

Aim: To summarize current knowledge on vitiligo, focusing on its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic principles, and therapeutic strategies.

Methodology: Literature review was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases.

Results: Vitiligo is now widely regarded as an autoimmune disorder. Current management centers on immune modulation through topical and systemic agents, phototherapy, and, in selected cases, surgical intervention. Adjunctive measures including camouflage techniques, nutritional optimization, and psychological support play an important role in improving quality of life.

Conclusions: Vitiligo results from complex autoimmune and oxidative processes leading to melanocyte destruction. First-line treatment typically includes topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors, with phototherapy serving as an effective and well-established adjunct. Combination and targeted immunomodulatory therapies, such as JAK inhibitors, represent promising future directions. Despite notable advances, complete and durable repigmentation remains uncommon, highlighting the need for continued research and individualized patient care.

NOVEL APPROACHES IN OBESITY TREATMENT: THE PROMISE OF GENE THERAPIES

2025-12-08T19:57:16+00:00

Introduction and Purpose: Obesity constitutes a significant global public health concern driven by multifactorial interactions among genetic, metabolic, and environmental determinants [2, 7, 13, 28]. Conventional interventions—including lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric procedures—frequently provide only limited or temporary benefits [2, 21]. This review evaluates emerging gene-based therapeutic strategies designed to target the molecular pathways responsible for obesity development and progression.

Current State of Knowledge: Preclinical animal studies utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have demonstrated effective adipose-tissue-specific gene delivery, resulting in enhanced thermogenesis, improved insulin sensitivity, and measurable reductions in adiposity [8, 10, 12, 16, 26]. Key metabolic regulators, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and elements of the leptin–melanocortin axis, have shown promising modulation in experimental models [4, 8, 9, 22,32]. Furthermore, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells are being explored as potential vehicles for targeted gene delivery, although these approaches remain in early developmental phases [14]. Clinically, the most advanced gene-based interventions include RNA interference (RNAi) platforms—particularly modulators of pathways such as ALK7 or INHBE—which are currently undergoing evaluation for obesity management [ 23, 31].

Summary: While gene therapy applications for obesity remain primarily experimental, emerging evidence underscores their potential to address fundamental metabolic dysfunction rather than merely mitigate clinical manifestations [8, 18, 24]. Advancements in vector precision, tissue-targeted delivery, and long-term safety evaluation will be essential for future translation into clinical practice [10, 11, 26]

PROGRESSIVE MYOCLONUS-ATAXIA SYNDROMES: DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES

2025-12-09T16:21:29+00:00

Background: Progressive myoclonus-ataxia syndromes (PMAs) are a heterogeneous group of rare neurological conditions characterized by the coexistence of myoclonus and cerebellar ataxia, frequently associated with epilepsy and cognitive decline. Their rarity, phenotypic overlap, and genetic variability create major diagnostic difficulties.

Aim: This article provides a narrative review of the principal PMA syndromes, emphasizing clinical features, diagnostic strategies, and management options.

Methods: A narrative review of PubMed and Embase publications (2013–2023), supplemented with earlier landmark studies, was conducted. The review highlights diagnostic algorithms and therapeutic approaches across the PMA spectrum.

Results: Classic syndromes include Unverricht–Lundborg disease, Lafora disease, sialidosis, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, North Sea progressive myoclonus epilepsy (GOSR2), and mitochondrial disorders (MERRF, MELAS). Key diagnostic clues involve age of onset, epilepsy phenotype, ophthalmologic findings, and neuroimaging. Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized diagnostic precision, although accessibility remains a challenge.

Conclusion: Early recognition of PMAs improves patient management and avoids harmful therapies. A structured diagnostic approach is essential, and recent developments in molecular genetics and enzyme replacement provide hope for future targeted interventions.

WHOLE-BODY AND PARTIAL-BODY CRYOTHERAPY: A REVIEW OF MECHANISMS, APPLICATIONS, AND SAFETY

2025-12-09T16:51:56+00:00

Introduction: Cryotherapy, encompassing whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) and partial-body cryotherapy (PBC), has gained increasing attention in sports, medicine, rehabilitation, and wellness for its potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and recovery-enhancing effects. Originally developed in Japan in the late 1970s for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, WBC has since evolved into a multidisciplinary therapeutic modality with a wide range of clinical and non-clinical applications.

Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase from 2013–2025 was conducted using the terms “cryotherapy,” “whole-body cryotherapy,” and “cryostimulation.”

Results: The evidence suggests that WBC elicits systemic anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of cytokines (e.g., decreased IL-1β, TNF-α, and hsCRP; increased IL-10), enhances antioxidant enzyme activity, and improves markers of oxidative stress. Clinical data further indicate beneficial outcomes in conditions such as rheumatic and osteoarticular diseases, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, mood disorders, chronic pain, and obesity. WBC may also support athletic recovery by reducing muscle soreness and improving performance adaptation. Despite its broad therapeutic potential, contraindications, including cardiovascular, neurological, and cold-related disorders, must be observed. Reported adverse effects are generally mild and transient.

Conclusions: Overall, cryotherapy appears to be a promising adjunctive modality, though further controlled studies are warranted to establish standardised treatment protocols and confirm long-term safety and efficacy.

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS – MECHANISMS OF ACTION, CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF THERAPY

2025-12-11T00:20:33+00:00

Introduction and objective: Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease that significantly reduces patients’ quality of life. The coexistence of comorbidities and persistent lesions makes treatment challenging. This review summarizes current knowledge on the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of modern therapies, focusing on TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23 inhibitors, and apremilast as a PDE4 inhibitor.

Review methods: This narrative review is based on publications from the last five years, including phase III clinical trials, meta-analyses, and updated dermatological guidelines, retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar.

Summary of current knowledge: Psoriasis management increasingly relies on targeted therapies. TNF-α inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab) are effective but may cause serious adverse effects. IL-17 inhibitors (secukinumab, ixekizumab, brodalumab) provide rapid responses with generally favorable safety, though caution is required in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. IL-23 inhibitors (guselkumab, risankizumab, tildrakizumab) combine high efficacy with good tolerability, making them among the most promising options. Apremilast, a PDE4 inhibitor, is less potent but safe and useful in patients unsuitable for immunosuppression.

Summary: Biological therapies have transformed psoriasis care, offering improved symptom control, quality of life, and reduced risk of joint involvement. These targeted agents ensure high remission rates while maintaining safety. Ongoing research and individualized approaches may further establish biological therapy as a mainstay of dermatological practice.

NEUROPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA - THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL IN ALZHEIMER'S AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE

2025-12-11T00:50:55+00:00

Introduction: Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) is a medicinal plant known for its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. The withanolides it contains have antioxidant and neuroplasticity-enhancing effects, making it a potential aid in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Aim of the study: The aim of this literature review was to analyse the mechanisms of action of Withania somnifera and to evaluate its potential efficacy and safety in the context of adjunctive therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.

Material and methods: The search was conducted in the PubMed database. Most of the publications from the last 10 years were included, covering in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. The following keywords and MeSH terms were used: ‘Withania somnifera’, “Ashwagandha”, ‘Alzheimer's disease’, ‘Parkinson's disease’, ‘neuroprotection’.

Results: The analysed preclinical and clinical studies indicate a positive effect of Withania somnifera on cognitive and motor functions, reduction of oxidative stress and inhibition of inflammatory and apoptotic processes in the central nervous system. These data suggest the possibility of using ashwagandha as an adjunct in the treatment of neurodegeneration.

Conclusions: Although the results of previous studies are promising, further high-quality randomised clinical trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of Withania somnifera in the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

MODERN LIFESTYLE AND DRY EYE DISEASE: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF MODIFIABLE RISKS AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES

2025-12-11T01:31:05+00:00

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular-surface disorder characterized by loss of tear-film homeostasis, resulting in ocular discomfort, visual disturbances, and progressive surface damage. While intrinsic factors such as age, sex, autoimmune disease, and systemic medications influence susceptibility, lifestyle and environmental determinants—including prolonged screen time, poor sleep, contact-lens wear, smoking, and suboptimal diet—have emerged as important, modifiable contributors to disease onset and severity. Addressing these factors is critical for effective prevention and management.

Methods: This narrative review synthesizes evidence from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (1990–2025) on associations between lifestyle behaviors and DED. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, cohort and cross-sectional studies, and systematic reviews published in English. Emphasis was placed on identifying modifiable behaviors that impact tear-film stability, ocular-surface inflammation, and symptom burden.

Results: Evidence indicates that extended digital-screen use, disrupted sleep, contact-lens wear, and smoking increase DED risk and exacerbate symptoms. Conversely, interventions targeting modifiable behaviors—such as scheduled visual breaks, hydration, improved sleep hygiene, eyelid hygiene, smoking cessation, and nutritional optimization—are associated with improved tear-film stability, reduced inflammation, and symptomatic relief.

Conclusions: Lifestyle behaviors play a critical role in DED pathogenesis and progression. Integrating behavioral counseling into clinical practice and public-health strategies provides a low-cost, patient-empowering approach to reduce disease burden and improve ocular-surface health.

EXPLORING THE GENETIC AND CLINICAL OVERLAP BETWEEN EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME, AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER, AND ADHD: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

2025-12-11T20:00:47+00:00

Background: Neurodevelopmental disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), manifest early in life and are characterized by impaired functioning in different life domains. A group of genetic tissue disorders known under the name Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) also manifest themselves in early childhood. Recent research points to a possible genetic and symptomatic link between EDS and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review focuses on similar manifestations and co-occurrence of the disorders mentioned above.

Objective: This review investigates the prevalence and significance of comorbid ASD and ADHD in individuals with EDS. Additionally, the genetic and symptomatic connections shared by those conditions are worth exploring, knowing that they could pave the way for joint diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Selected studies were chosen based on their focus on the prevalence of ASD and ADHD in EDS patients, genetic or neurobiological links, and statistical analyses of comorbid rates

Results: The prevalence of ADHD in individuals with EDS is significantly higher than in the general population; according to available data, nearly half of EDS patients meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. A similar occurrence has been found in individuals diagnosed with EDS - they have a significantly higher chance of being diagnosed with ASD. Shared gene variations between EDS and ASD/ADHD related to synaptic function and neural development have been identified by several genetic studies. The results indicate the possibility of common neurodevelopmental pathways between those conditions. Furthermore, both EDS and ASD/ADHD present with shared symptoms such as joint hypermobility, proprioceptive issues, and autonomic dysfunction.

Conclusion: Numerous reports highlight the higher than-in-population comorbidity rates of ASD and ADHD in EDS patients. This emphasizes the need to implement routine screening and improve the management of individuals suffering from these conditions. Further research into the genetic and neurobiological connections can help introduce new interventions focused on the complexity of the problem and improve results in patient care and quality of life.

CENTRAL SENSITIZATION IN CHRONIC PAIN: NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

2025-12-13T23:15:21+00:00

The definition of central sensitization encompasses enhanced processing and transmission of neural impulses within the central nervous system, ultimately leading to increased pain sensitivity. It is a key mechanism contributing to the development of chronic pain. This phenomenon is of great clinical relevance and plays a role in such conditions as migraine, chronic low back pain, fibromyalgia, and irritable bowel syndrome. The main aim of this review is to present the mechanisms underlying central sensitization, diagnostic methods, and potential therapeutic interventions in patients with chronic pain. Diagnostic tools that allow for the identification of patients with sensitization-related pain, as well as key neurophysiological mechanisms necessary for maintaining central sensitization, are also discussed. Future research should focus on developing therapeutic protocols targeting CS, identifying sensitization biomarkers, and improving diagnostic precision.

THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS ON NEUROPLASTICITY IN EPILEPSY: MECHANISMS, EVIDENCE, AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

2025-12-13T23:44:33+00:00

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures and long-lasting alterations in neuronal excitability and connectivity. Although pharmacological and surgical interventions currently play a primary role in epilepsy treatment, growing evidence indicates that non-pharmacological approaches-such as brain stimulation, cognitive training, and physical exercise-can induce neuroplastic mechanisms underlying this group of disorders, which may have important clinical implications.

The aim of this review is to summarize experimental and clinical evidence regarding the effects of non-pharmacological techniques on brain plasticity in epilepsy. Numerous animal studies suggest that physical activity-both aerobic and resistance training-may reduce seizure frequency, improve cognitive functions, and stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis. Physical exercise has also been shown to promote synaptic reorganization, modulate GABAergic and glutamatergic systems, improve mitochondrial function and cerebral perfusion, and increase the expression of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF and IGF-1. However, further research is needed to identify biomarkers of neuronal plasticity and optimize the effectiveness of these interventions. This review aims to highlight the importance of a multidirectional- including non-pharmacological-therapeutic strategy in epilepsy management.

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN NEURODEGENERATION: BIOMARKERS, DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND INTERVENTIONS

2025-12-14T02:21:15+00:00

In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and frontotemporal dementia, sleep disturbances and dysregulation of the sleep–wake cycle constitute a significant clinical problem. These disturbances are not only a manifestation of disease progression but may also contribute to its exacerbation through complex effects on physiological processes. This article analyzes the relationship between neurodegenerative disease progression and sleep disorders, considering molecular, neurophysiological, and digital biomarkers as well as the effectiveness of chronobiological interventions. The review indicates that circadian rhythm disturbances occur in all aforementioned disease entities and are strongly associated with motor and neuropsychological symptoms. Interventions targeting insomnia-such as lifestyle modification, melatonin supplementation, and light therapy-demonstrate moderate efficacy in improving cognitive function. Biomarkers used to assess their effectiveness include changes in EEG, cortisol and melatonin profiles, and the expression of clock genes (PER2, BMAL1).

THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND MOOD DISORDERS: MECHANISMS AND SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

2025-12-14T03:02:50+00:00

The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a complex, bidirectional communication system between the central and enteric nervous systems and the gut microbiota. Increasing evidence points to its key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and mood disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, and anxiety disorders.

Communication within the GBA occurs through neural, immune, and endocrine pathways, with microbial metabolites-including short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan derivatives, and cytokines-playing a crucial role in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. Gut dysbiosis, increased intestinal barrier permeability, and vagus nerve dysfunction link intestinal abnormalities with brain dysfunction.

Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that modulation of the microbiota-through diet, probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation-may have therapeutic potential in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. However, individual variability, methodological limitations, and ethical considerations hinder the practical implementation of these strategies in clinical practice.

Understanding the functioning of the gut–brain axis may open new avenues for the prevention and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders through targeted interventions on the gut microbiota.

NEUROMODULATION IN ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS: MECHANISMS OF ACTION, EFFICACY, AND DIRECTIONS FOR PERSONALIZED THERAPY

2025-12-14T04:08:50+00:00

The aim of this article is to present current research and conclusions regarding the effectiveness, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications of neuromodulation methods-such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), and noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS)-in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders, with particular emphasis on their neurobiological foundations.

Neuromodulation represents a novel, promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of affective and anxiety disorders, especially in patients resistant to pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Techniques using electrical and electromagnetic modulation have demonstrated antidepressant effects that may constitute an important component of the therapeutic approach in these disorders. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation influence prefrontal–limbic circuits, normalizing functional connectivity through the regulation of cortical excitability and activation of signaling pathways involving brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). More recent techniques such as tACS and tRNS enable frequency-specific modulation of neuronal oscillations, showing promising results in treatment-resistant depression. The routine use of neuromodulation in depressive and anxiety disorders-particularly when other treatments have proven ineffective-may become a new therapeutic paradigm in psychiatry. However, further clinical studies are required to standardize stimulation parameters and assess the long-term efficacy of these methods.

PALMITOYLETHANOLAMIDE (PEA) IN NEUROLOGY: MECHANISMS, CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES

2025-12-14T21:24:14+00:00

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a fatty acid amide with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties that acts on the endocannabinoid system and represents a potential therapeutic agent in neurological disorders as well as conditions accompanied by chronic and neuropathic pain. Numerous studies indicate that PEA plays a key role in modulating the neuroinflammatory response through the ALIA mechanism and activation of the PPAR-α receptor, thereby regulating mast cells, microglia, and astrocytes (1). These properties lead to reductions in neuropathic pain, inhibition of neurodegeneration, and improvements in neuronal function in various inflammation-related disorders. In recent years, the efficacy of ultramicronized PEA has been demonstrated in the treatment of chronic pain, neuralgia, migraine, and sciatica (2). However, large randomized clinical trials are still required to confirm its use in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.This article presents the current state of knowledge on PEA, its pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutic applications. Particular emphasis is placed on the innovative nature of PEA as an inexpensive, well-tolerated adjuvant therapy with significant potential in neurology.

THE USE OF STEM CELLS IN NEUROLOGY

2025-12-14T21:47:41+00:00

Stem cells, due to their ability to differentiate and self-renew, have found applications in various therapeutic processes, including the treatment of neurological diseases. Because the central nervous system has limited regenerative capacity, neurological disorders remain both a clinical and societal challenge. Clinical studies have shown that regenerative therapy using stem cells produces beneficial effects in the treatment of conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, and spinal cord injury. However, safety concerns - including the risk of tumor formation, variable cell survival, heterogeneity of cell preparations, and lack of standardized procedures- continue to be analyzed.

This article presents various sources of stem cells - embryonic stem cells (ESC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), and adult stem cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and neural stem cells (NSC). Therapeutic mechanisms and modern technologies, including biomaterials, tissue engineering, and gene therapy, which enhance the effectiveness of cell-based therapies, are also discussed. Current applications of regenerative therapy in selected neurological disorders are presented, with particular emphasis on mechanisms of action, results from preclinical and clinical studies, and ethical and legal issues. The article highlights the need for further clinical research and for advancements enabling controlled cell differentiation.The use of stem cells may transform the understanding and treatment of neurological diseases; however, fully utilizing their potential requires further multidisciplinary research.

WEARABLE HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES IN CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGEMENT: CURRENT APPLICATIONS, BARRIERS, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

2025-12-15T18:44:35+00:00

Wearable technologies are driving a paradigm shift in chronic disease management from clinics to patients 'everyday environments. Their applications are diverse: early arrhythmia detection in cardiology, optimal glycemic control in diabetology, remote monitoring in pulmonology, and opening new paradigms for objective assessment in neurology and medication adherence. This constant stream of data drives proactive, personalized & data-driven healthcare.

Many of those advances are still limiting widespread clinical integration. Technical challenges regarding data validation and algorithmic transparency remain, alongside complex ethical questions about data privacy and the risk of algorithmic bias. Also, unresolved economic issues like reimbursement models threaten to increase health inequalities The future of digital health will depend on integrating wearable data with artificial intelligence. It will unlock predictive analytics to forecast disease exacerbations and enable the development of reliable digital biomarkers within the vision of P4 medicine - predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory.

This narrative review critically summarizes the available data, identifies these ethical and practical obstacles, and suggests ways to safely, successfully, and fairly incorporate wearable technology into standard medical procedures.

AESTHETIC SATISFACTION AFTER THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF FACIAL NMSC - 5 YEAR STUDY

2025-12-18T01:13:26+00:00

Background: Skin cancers are the most common malignant tumors, with nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) being the predominant group. In recent years, the diagnosis of NMSCs has increased. Today, patients are more sensitive to aesthetic outcomes, necessitating that surgeons also focus on the final appearance of the scar, especially in facial procedures. A satisfactory visual outcome significantly influences patients' perception of comfort, quality of treatment, and overall quality of life.

Methods: In our study, we surveyed patients who underwent surgery for facial skin cancer to assess their aesthetic satisfaction. We analyzed their responses based on six criteria: age, gender, number of tumor foci, lesion location, extent of excision, and tumor type. The questionnaire addressed satisfaction with the overall aesthetic effect, scar visibility, preserved facial symmetry, and willingness to recommend our clinic.

Results and Conclusions: We collected responses from 698 patients. Among the questions, satisfaction was lowest for scar visibility. Gender did not show a statistically significant difference in satisfaction levels. Satisfaction with the aesthetic outcome decreased with age. Of the operated locations, the highest aesthetic satisfaction was noted for eye area excisions, and the lowest for the nose. The number of cancerous lesions did not affect aesthetic satisfaction. Both incomplete excisions and tumor recurrences lowered satisfaction, with recurrences having a more significant impact. Patients treated for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) reported greater satisfaction with the aesthetic outcome than those treated for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS, PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND GINGER SUPPLEMENTATION AS ACCESSIBLE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2025-12-18T02:33:35+00:00

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) constitutes the most prevalent gynecological disorder among women of reproductive age and is associated with a substantial reduction in quality of life and social functioning. While nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain the first-line treatment due to their proven analgesic efficacy, their use may be limited by the risk of adverse effects. Consequently, increasing scientific attention has been directed toward non-pharmacological alternatives, including physical activity and ginger supplementation, which demonstrate a more favorable safety profile.

Aim: The objective of this review is to systematize and evaluate the effectiveness of physical activity, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ginger supplementation in the management of primary dysmenorrhea.

Material and Methods: A comprehensive literature search in PubMed was conducted. The review covered RCTs, observational studies and meta-analyses on the effects of NSAIDs, exercise and ginger on menstrual pain intensity and duration in women with primary dysmenorrhea.

Results: The analysis of current literature indicates that NSAIDs, physical activity and ginger extract each contribute to alleviating pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea. Among the interventions examined, NSAIDs demonstrated the highest short-term analgesic efficacy. Physical exercise provided comparable reductions in pain intensity and duration, with the added benefit of improved psychological well-being. Ginger significantly reduced pain symptoms and showed efficacy comparable to NSAIDs.

Conclusions: According to current guidelines, NSAIDs remain the first-line pharmacological treatment for primary dysmenorrhea due to their proven efficacy. However, regular physical activity and ginger supplementation represent safe and effective alternatives, particularly for women who experience adverse effects from NSAID use.

RECENT ADVANCES IN THE UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGEMENT OF ANCA-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIDES

2025-12-18T03:41:53+00:00

Background. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) constitute a group of systemic vasculitides, comprising granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). They primarily affect small vessels, resulting in a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations involving multiple organ systems, particularly those critical for sustaining vital functions. In recent years, substantial advances have been made in our understanding of these conditions.

Aim. The objective of this study was to collect, analyze and synthesize the most recent evidence regarding ANCA-associated vasculitides.

Material and methods. A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed database was conducted focusing on ANCA-associated vasculitides. The analysis encompassed the most recent and relevant case–control studies, observational studies, meta-analyses, as well as the latest recommendations of rheumatology societies concerning the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of AAV.

Results and conclusion. ANCA-associated vasculitides are defined by the presence of specific autoantibodies directed against neutrophil antigens: proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA). These autoantibodies activate neutrophils and the complement system, leading to vascular wall injury. The upper respiratory tract and kidneys are the most commonly affected sites. Current therapeutic strategies are based on glucocorticoids in combination with immunosuppressive agents, with an increasing role for biologics such as rituximab and mepolizumab, enabling reduction of glucocorticoid exposure. Advances in the understanding of disease pathogenesis have facilitated the development of novel agents, including avacopan. Ongoing research efforts are directed toward the identification of new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, as well as improving long-term outcomes and minimizing organ damage.

MODERN MANAGEMENT OF GERD: INTEGRATING ADVANCED DIAGNOSTICS AND INTERVENTIONAL THERAPIES

2025-12-19T00:21:46+00:00

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a widespread gastrointestinal disorder with a significant global burden. Its multifactorial etiology is influenced by unmodifiable risk factors such as sex-based differences; men, for instance, show a higher predisposition for more severe complications like esophageal adenocarcinoma. GERDs pathophysiology is heavily connected with mechanical failure of the anti-reflux barrier, a two-component system that consists of the intrinsic lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the extrinsic crural diaphragm. Interference in the form of hiatal hernia, hypotensive LES pressure or transient LES relaxations leads to reflux. Modern approach highlights the critical role of microscopic mucosal damage, which causes visceral hypersensitivity and allows the distinction of various phenotypes like non-erosive reflux disease and reflux hipersensitivity. Diagnosis is guided by the Lyon Consensus 2.0 using endoscopy, manometry, and impedance-pH monitoring. Treatment is a multi-step process – it includes lifestyle modification, numerous pharmacological agents such as proton pump inhibitors or newer potassium-competitive acid blockers, and, for refractory cases, interventional treatment via laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, transoral incisionless fundoplication or magnetic sphincter augmentation.

THE IMPACT OF VARIOUS LIFESTYLE FACTORS ON BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL IN INDIVIDUALS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A REVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS

2025-12-19T03:01:02+00:00

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from peripheral insulin resistance and progressive β-cell dysfunction. The disease leads to micro- and macrovascular complications, significantly impairing patients' quality and length of life. Lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, body weight, sleep, stress, and substance use, play a key role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Numerous studies show that modifying these factors improves glycemic control, lowers HbA1c, reduces the need for hypoglycemic medications, and in some cases may induce disease remission. Low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, and low-calorie diets improve metabolic parameters and support weight reduction. Regular physical activity, including aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training, increases glucose uptake by muscles, improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces visceral fat. Optimal body weight, waist circumference, and sleep duration and regularity significantly affect blood glucose levels and HbA1c control. A comprehensive approach addressing diet, physical activity, weight management, and sleep improvement promotes effective glycemic control and reduces the risk of T2DM complications.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AXENFELD-RIEGER SYNDROME

2025-12-19T04:59:40+00:00

Introduction: Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by anterior segment dysgenesis and diverse systemic anomalies. Mutations in genes such as PITX2 and FOXC1 are most commonly implicated in its pathogenesis. The condition significantly affects vision, primarily due to structural disruption of the visual axis and the high incidence of secondary glaucoma.

Aim of the study: The purpose of this study is to provide an updated overview of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, with emphasis on its historical background, genetic mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and current therapeutic strategies.

Research materials and methods: A systematic review of scientific and medical literature was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

Conclusions: Genetic testing and comprehensive clinical evaluation are crucial for accurate diagnosis and optimal management of ARS. Due to its multisystem nature, care should be coordinated within a multidisciplinary framework. Early recognition of glaucoma and other systemic manifestations is essential to improve long-term outcomes.

DIGITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY IN CENTRAL ASIA: USING SEARCH DATA TO MONITOR INFLUENZA-LIKE ILLNESS TRENDS

2025-12-23T04:19:25+00:00

Seasonal influenza continues to pose a substantial burden on health systems worldwide, with an estimated 1 billion infections each year, including 3-5 million severe cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths. In Central Asia, this viral landscape is further complicated by the co circulation of multiple respiratory pathogens, heterogeneous climates and unequal access to laboratory diagnostics. At the same time, internet penetration and smartphone use have grown rapidly across the region, creating dense streams of search queries and other digital traces that potentially mirror population level concern about respiratory symptoms. Digital epidemiology uses such nontraditional data streams to complement, rather than replace, established surveillance networks. This article develops a regional framework for harnessing web search data to track influenza-like illness trends in Central Asia in close alignment with existing laboratory-based systems. The approach integrates global experience from search-based influenza surveillance with the specific institutional, linguistic and infrastructural features of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The results present a structured set of design outcomes: a data source matrix, a multilingual query taxonomy, and a maturity index for integrating digital indicators into public health decision making. The article concludes that search data can enrich influenza-like illness surveillance in Central Asia if embedded in transparent analytic workflows, governed by robust ethical safeguards and continuously validated against clinical data.