REHABILITATION IN PERSISTENT EFFECTS OF COVID-19 INFECTION REVIEW: IMPORTANCE OF TELE-REHABILITATION, INTEGRATED MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
Abstract
Given the global prevalence of Post-COVID-19 Condition, marked by a varied spectrum of persistent symptoms, the imperative for efficacious rehabilitation strategies is evident. This systematic review consolidates existing evidence concerning rehabilitation interventions, specifically examining their effectiveness in enhancing functional outcomes and the quality of life among affected individuals. The findings consistently indicate that rehabilitation substantially contributes to ameliorating physiological impairments, bolstering physical capacity, and fostering improvements in respiratory function, psychological well-being, and overall quality of life. Traditional, in-person rehabilitation modalities provide considerable advantages, especially when delivered under supervision and tailored to individual needs. Notably, telerehabilitation and integrated, multidisciplinary approaches have emerged as particularly effective and forward-looking solutions. Telerehabilitation mitigates geographical and logistical impediments, offering accessible and frequently comparably effective care for enhancing functional capacity and alleviating symptoms. Hybrid models, integrating virtual and in-person components, further optimize comprehensive patient care. Although ongoing research is essential to refine optimal protocols and address existing limitations, the evidence robustly supports the superiority of rehabilitation over its omission. Furthermore, innovative, personalized, and technology-driven approaches demonstrate considerable potential for fostering long-term recovery in Post-COVID-19 Condition.
References
45. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie5. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Thoraxchirurgie. (2021). Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 133, 1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-021-01942-8
Abdelwahab, S. İ., Taha, M. M. E., & Aldhahi, M. I. (2023). Comprehensive analysis of research related to rehabilitation and COVID-19, hotspots, mapping, thematic evolution, trending topics, and future directions. European Journal of Medical Research, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01402-1
Ahmed, I., Mustafaoğlu, R., Yeldan, İ., Yasacı, Z., & Erhan, B. (2022). Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Approaches on Dyspnea, Exercise Capacity, Fatigue, Lung Functions, and Quality of Life in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [Review of Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Approaches on Dyspnea, Exercise Capacity, Fatigue, Lung Functions, and Quality of Life in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis]. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 103(10), 2051. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2022.06.007
Al-Mhanna, S. B., Mohamed, M., Norhayati, M. N., Afolabi, H. A., Irekeola, A. A., Bello, K. E., Aldhahi, M. I., & Ghazali, W. S. W. (2022). Effectiveness of Pulmonary Rehabilitation among COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [Review of Effectiveness of Pulmonary Rehabilitation among COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis]. Healthcare, 10(11), 2130. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10112130
Alsharidah, A. S., Kamel, F. H., Alanazi, A. A., Alhawsah, E. A., Alharbi, H. K., Alrshedi, Z. O., & Basha, M. A. (2023). A Pulmonary Telerehabilitation Program Improves Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life in Young Females Post-COVID-19 Patients. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 47(6), 502. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.23060
Araya-Quintanilla, F., Sepulveda-Loyola, W., Cuyul-Vásquez, I., Alvarez-Bustos, A., Gutiérrez-Espinoza, H., Probst, V. S., Camp, P. G., & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2023). Recommendations and Effects of Rehabilitation Programs in Older Adults After Hospitalization for COVID-19 A Scoping Review. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000002183
Arienti, C., Lazzarini, S. G., Andrenelli, E., Cordani, C., Negrini, F., POLLINI, E., & Ceravolo, M. G. (2024). Rehabilitation and COVID-19: systematic review by Cochrane Rehabilitation. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 59(6). https://doi.org/10.23736/s1973-9087.23.08331-4
Barshikar, S., Laguerre, M., Gordon, P., & Lopez, M. (2023). Integrated Care Models for Long Coronavirus Disease [Review of Integrated Care Models for Long Coronavirus Disease]. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 34(3), 689. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2023.03.007
Bernal‐Utrera, C., Montero-Almagro, G., Anarte‐Lazo, E., González-Gerez, J. J., Rodríguez‐Blanco, C., & Saavedra-Hernández, M. (2022). Therapeutic Exercise Interventions through Telerehabilitation in Patients with Post COVID-19 Symptoms: A Systematic Review [Review of Therapeutic Exercise Interventions through Telerehabilitation in Patients with Post COVID-19 Symptoms: A Systematic Review]. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(24), 7521. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247521
Besnier, F., Bérubé, B., Malo, J., Gagnon, C., Grégoire, C., Juneau, M., Simard, F., L’Allier, P. L., Nigam, A., Iglésies, J., Vincent, T., Talamonti, D., Dupuy, E. G., Mohammadi, H., Gayda, M., & Bherer, L. (2022). Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation in Long-COVID-19 Patients with Persistent Breathlessness and Fatigue: The COVID-Rehab Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074133
Besnier, F., Malo, J., Mohammadi, H., Clavet, S., Klai, C., Martin, N., Bérubé, B., Lecchino, C., Iglesies-Grau, J., Vincent, T., Gagnon, C., Gaudreau-Majeau, F., Juneau, M., Simard, F., L’Allier, P., Nigam, A., Gayda, M., & Bherer, L. (2025). Effects of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Clinical Symptom Burden in Long COVID Results From the COVID-Rehab Randomized Controlled Trial. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000002559
Carpallo‐Porcar, B., Beamonte, E. del C., Jiménez‐Sánchez, C., Córdova-Alegre, P., Cruz, N. B. la, & Calvo, S. (2025). Multimodal Telerehabilitation in Post COVID-19 Condition Recovery: A Series of 12 Cases. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202503.0089.v1
Cerfoglio, S., Verme, F., Capodaglio, P., Rossi, P., Cvetkova, V., Boldini, G., Galli, M., & Cimolin, V. (2024). Motor and Respiratory Tele-Rehabilitation in Patients with Long COVID-19 after Hospital Discharge: An Interventional Study. Life, 14(7), 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070864
Chen, H., Shi, H., Liu, X., Sun, T., Wu, J., & Liu, Z. (2022). Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Patients With Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [Review of Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Patients With Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis]. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 837420. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.837420
Cheng, A. L., Herman, E., Abramoff, B. A., Anderson, J., Azola, A., Baratta, J. M., Bartels, M. N., Bhavaraju‐Sanka, R., Blitshteyn, S., Fine, J. S., Fleming, T. K., Verduzco‐Gutierrez, M., Herrera, J. E., Karnik, R., Kurylo, M., Longo, M., McCauley, M., Melamed, E., Miglis, M. G., … Niehaus, W. (2025). Multidisciplinary collaborative guidance on the assessment and treatment of patients with Long COVID: A compendium statement. PM&R. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.13397
Chowdhury, M. M. H., Fontaine, M., Lord, S.-È., Quenum, A., Limoges, M.-A., Rioux‐Perreault, C., Lucier, J., Cliché, D. O., Lévesque, D., Boisvert, F., Cantin, A. M., Allard‐Chamard, H., Menéndez, A., Ilangumaran, S., Piché, A., Dionne, I. J., & Ramanathan, S. (2023). Impact of a tailored exercise regimen on physical capacity, systemic oxidative stress and plasma proteomic profile in patients affected by post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC). Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3744463/v1
Chuang, H., Lin, C.-W., Hsiao, M., Wang, T., & Liang, H. (2023). Long COVID and rehabilitation [Review of Long COVID and rehabilitation]. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 123. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2023.03.022
Colas, C., Berre, Y. L., Fanget, M., Savall, A., Killian, M., Goujon, I., Labeix, P., Bayle, M., Féasson, L., Roche, F., & Hupin, D. (2023). Physical Activity in Long COVID: A Comparative Study of Exercise Rehabilitation Benefits in Patients with Long COVID, Coronary Artery Disease and Fibromyalgia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(15), 6513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156513
Daynes, E., Baldwin, M. M., Greening, N., Yates, T., Bishop, N. C., Mills, G., Roberts, M. J., Hamrouni, M., Plekhanova, T., Vogiatzis, I., Echevarria, C., Nathu, R., McAuley, H., Latimer, L., Glennie, J., Chambers, F., Penfold, R., Hume, E., Megaritis, D., … Singh, S. (2023). The effect of COVID rehabilitation for ongoing symptoms Post HOSPitalisation with COVID-19 (PHOSP-R): protocol for a randomised parallel group controlled trial on behalf of the PHOSP consortium. Trials, 24(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-023-07093-7
DeMars, J., Brown, D. A., Angelidis, I., Jones, F., McGuire, F. A., O’Brien, K. K., Oller, D., Pemberton, S., Tarrant, R., Verduzco‐Gutierrez, M., & Gross, D. P. (2022). What is Safe Long COVID Rehabilitation? Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 33(2), 227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-022-10075-2
Dillen, H., Bekkering, G. E., Gijsbers, S., Weygaerde, Y. V., Herck, M. V., Haesevoets, S., Bos, D. A. G., Li, A., Janssens, W., Gosselink, R., Troosters, T., & Verbakel, J. Y. (2023). Clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation in ambulatory care for patients with persisting symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review [Review of Clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation in ambulatory care for patients with persisting symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review]. BMC Infectious Diseases, 23(1), 419. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08374-x
Dumitrescu, A., Doroș, G., Lăzureanu, V. E., Septimiu-Radu, S., Bratosin, F., Roşca, O., Patel, H., Poroșnicu, T. M., Vitcu, G. M., Mirea, A., Oancea, C., Mihăicuță, Ștefan, Stoicescu, E. R., & Barata, P. I. (2023). Post-Severe-COVID-19 Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Study on Patient Features and Recovery Dynamics in Correlation with Workout Intensity. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(13), 4390. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134390
Elyazed, T. I. A., Al-Sharawy, L. A., Salem, S. E., Helmy, N. A., & El‐Hakim, A. A. E. A. (2024). Effect of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation on exercise capacity in post COVID-19 patients: a randomized controlled trail. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 21(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-024-01340-x
Fernández-Lázaro, D., Santamaría, G., Sánchez-Serrano, N., Caeiro, E. M. L., & Seco‐Calvo, J. (2022). Efficacy of Therapeutic Exercise in Reversing Decreased Strength, Impaired Respiratory Function, Decreased Physical Fitness, and Decreased Quality of Life Caused by the Post-COVID-19 Syndrome [Review of Efficacy of Therapeutic Exercise in Reversing Decreased Strength, Impaired Respiratory Function, Decreased Physical Fitness, and Decreased Quality of Life Caused by the Post-COVID-19 Syndrome]. Viruses, 14(12), 2797. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122797
Flannery, T., Lowery-Brady, H., Tarrant, R., Davison, J., Shardha, J., Halpin, S., Sivan, M., & Ross, D. (2022). A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of a Virtual Rehabilitation Program for Self-Management in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (Long COVID). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912680
Formica, V., Piccinni, A., Saraff, G., Zafar, A., Mayer, G., Hummel, S., Schultz, J., Losada, R., Muñoz, E. S., Domínguez, L. M., Almeida, R., Conotter, V., Sebastiani, M., Janssen, N., & Duits, A. (2024). COVID-19 prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation: a scoping review of key concepts for future pandemic preparedness [Review of COVID-19 prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation: a scoping review of key concepts for future pandemic preparedness]. Journal of Public Health. Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-024-02298-9
Frisk, B., Jürgensen, M., Espehaug, B., Njøten, K. L., Søfteland, E., Aarli, B. B., & Kvale, G. (2023). A safe and effective micro-choice based rehabilitation for patients with long COVID: results from a quasi-experimental study. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 9423. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35991-y
Frutos, M. de la P. S., Abuín‐Porras, V., Blanco‐Morales, M., Arrabé, M. G., Barranco, C. E., & Alonso, M. R. (2023). Telemedicine in pulmonary rehabilitation – benefits of a telerehabilitation program in post-COVID-19 patients: a controlled quasi-experimental study. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/17534666231167354
Fugazzaro, S., Contri, A., Esseroukh, O., Kaleci, S., Croci, S., Massari, M., Facciolongo, N., Besutti, G., Iori, M., Salvarani, C., & Costi, S. (2022). Rehabilitation Interventions for Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review [Review of Rehabilitation Interventions for Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5185. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095185
Gloeckl, R., Leitl, D., Schneeberger, T., Jarosch, I., & Koczulla, A. R. (2023). Rehabilitative interventions in patients with persistent post COVID-19 symptoms—a review of recent advances and future perspectives [Review of Rehabilitative interventions in patients with persistent post COVID-19 symptoms—a review of recent advances and future perspectives]. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 274(8), 1819. Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-023-01631-9
Gloeckl, R., Zwick, R. H., Fürlinger, U., Schneeberger, T., Leitl, D., Jarosch, I., Behrends, U., Scheibenbogen, C., & Koczulla, A. R. (2024). Practical Recommendations for Exercise Training in Patients with Long COVID with or without Post-exertional Malaise: A Best Practice Proposal. Sports Medicine - Open, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00695-8
Huang, J., Fan, Y., Zhao, K., Yang, C., Zhao, Z., Chen, Y., Yang, J., Wang, T., & Qu, Y. (2022). Do patients with and survivors of COVID-19 benefit from telerehabilitation? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [Review of Do patients with and survivors of COVID-19 benefit from telerehabilitation? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.954754
Incorvaia, C., Longo, L., Makrì, E., & Ridolo, E. (2022). Challenges in pulmonary rehabilitation: COVID-19 and beyond [Review of Challenges in pulmonary rehabilitation: COVID-19 and beyond]. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej, 132(11). Medycyna Praktyczna. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.16357
Jimeno‐Almazán, A., Franco‐López, F., Buendía‐Romero, Á., Martínez‐Cava, A., Sánchez‐Agar, J. A., Martínez, B. J. S.-Á., Courel‐Ibáñez, J., & Pallarés, J. G. (2022). Rehabilitation for post‐COVID‐19 condition through a supervised exercise intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 32(12), 1791. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14240
León-Herrera, S., Botaya, R. M., Oliván‐Blazquez, B., Sagarra‐Romero, L., Jaurrieta, C. M., & Méndez-López, F. (2023). Online multimodal rehabilitation programme to improve symptoms and quality of life for adults diagnosed with long COVID-19: a Randomised Clinical Trial protocol. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1222888
León-Herrera, S., Oliván‐Blazquez, B., Sánchez‐Recio, R., Méndez-López, F., Botaya, R. M., & Sánchez-Arizcuren, R. (2024). Effectiveness of an online multimodal rehabilitation program in long COVID patients: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of Public Health, 82(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-024-01354-w
Li, A., Li, W. X., & Li, J. (2024). Emerging trends in management of long COVID with a focus on pulmonary rehabilitation: A review [Review of Emerging trends in management of long COVID with a focus on pulmonary rehabilitation: A review]. The Clinical Respiratory Journal, 18(5). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13777
Li, S., Dai, B., Hou, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, J., Hou, H., Song, D., Wang, S., Li, X., Zhao, H., Wang, W., Kang, J., & Tan, W. (2025). Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with long COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [Review of Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with long COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, 19. SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/17534666251323482
McCarthy, A., Galvin, R., Dockery, F., McLoughlin, K., O’Connor, M., Corey, G., Whiston, A., Carey, L., Steed, F., Tierney, A., & Robinson, K. (2023). Multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation for older adults with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and process outcomes [Review of Multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation for older adults with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and process outcomes]. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1), 391. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04098-4
McGregor, G., Sandhu, H., Bruce, J., Sheehan, B., McWilliams, D., Yeung, J., Jones, C., Lara, B., Alleyne, S., Smith, J., Lall, R., Ji, C., Ratna, M., Ennis, S., Heine, P., Patel, S., Abraham, C., Mason, J., Nwankwo, H., … Underwood, M. (2024). Clinical effectiveness of an online supervised group physical and mental health rehabilitation programme for adults with post-covid-19 condition (REGAIN study): multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 384. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-076506
Meléndez-Oliva, É., Martínez‐Pozas, O., Cuenca‐Zaldívar, J. N., Villafañe, J. H., Jiménez-Órtega, L., & Romero, E. A. S. (2023). Efficacy of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [Review of Efficacy of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis]. Biomedicines, 11(8), 2213. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11082213
Mheiri, A. A., Girish, S., & Amaravadi, S. K. (2023). Effects of Six Weeks of Supervised Telerehabilitation on Pulmonary Function, Functional Capacity, and Dyspnoea among individuals with Long COVID. medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.27.23296254
Nasrullah, A., Virk, S. T., Javed, A., Shah, A., Ramanujam, D., Sharma, A., Gutiérrez, L., Nauer, K., Maggio, M., Yin, Y., Bajwa, Y., Cheema, T., & DiSilvio, B. (2023). Effects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Functional and Psychological Parameters in Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) Patients. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3722818/v1
Nopp, S., Moik, F., Klok, F. A., Gattinger, D., Petrovič, M., Vonbank, K., Koczulla, A. R., Ay, C., & Zwick, R. H. (2022). Outpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Long COVID Improves Exercise Capacity, Functional Status, Dyspnea, Fatigue, and Quality of Life. Respiration, 101(6), 593. https://doi.org/10.1159/000522118
O’Brien, K. K., McDuff, K., Chattu, V. K., Churchill, K., Colantonio, A., Davenport, T. E., Gross, D. P., Jaglal, S., Kho, M. E., Leighton, J., Premnazeer, M., Rendely, A., Scali, O., Skoretz, S. A., Wasilewski, M. B., & Cameron, J. I. (2024). A framework of research priorities in COVID rehabilitation from the Rehabilitation Science Research Network for COVID: an international consultation involving qualitative and quantitative research. Disability and Rehabilitation, 47(7), 1754. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2024.2382904
Ortiz-Ortigosa, L., Gálvez-Álvarez, P., Viñolo-Gil, M. J., Rodríguez-Huguet, M., Góngora-Rodríguez, J., & Martín‐Valero, R. (2024). Effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes and/or respiratory muscle training in patients with post-COVID conditions: a systematic review [Review of Effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes and/or respiratory muscle training in patients with post-COVID conditions: a systematic review]. Respiratory Research, 25(1). BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-024-02857-4
Ostrowska, M., Rzepka-Cholasińska, A., Pietrzykowski, Ł., Michalski, P., Kosobucka, A., Jasiewicz, M., Kasprzak, M., Kryś, J., & Kubica, A. (2023). Effects of Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Program in Patients with Long COVID-19: Post-COVID-19 Rehabilitation (PCR SIRIO 8) Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(2), 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020420
Pescaru, C. C., Crișan, A., Marc, M., Trușculescu, A. A., Marițescu, A., Pescaru, A., Sumenkova, A., Bratosin, F., Oancea, C., & Vaștag, E. (2023). A Systematic Review of Telemedicine-Driven Pulmonary Rehabilitation after the Acute Phase of COVID-19 [Review of A Systematic Review of Telemedicine-Driven Pulmonary Rehabilitation after the Acute Phase of COVID-19]. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(14), 4854. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12144854
Pietranis, K. A., Izdebska, W., Kuryliszyn-Moskal, A., Dakowicz, A., Ciołkiewicz, M., Kaniewska, K., Dzięcioł-Anikiej, Z., & Wojciuk, M. (2024). Effects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Respiratory Function and Thickness of the Diaphragm in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(2), 425. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020425
Pouliopoulou, D. V., MacDermid, J. C., Saunders, E., Peters, S., Brunton, L., Miller, E., Quinn, K. L., Pereira, T., & Bobos, P. (2023). Rehabilitation Interventions for Physical Capacity and Quality of Life in Adults With Post–COVID-19 Condition [Review of Rehabilitation Interventions for Physical Capacity and Quality of Life in Adults With Post–COVID-19 Condition]. JAMA Network Open, 6(9). American Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33838
Quintana, M. S. L., Alonso, A. C., Brech, G. C., Grecco, M. V., Rodrigues, F., Furtado, G. E., & Greve, J. M. D. (2024). Is telerehabilitation effective for treating infectious pulmonary diseases such as COVID-19 following late hospital discharge? A randomized blinded clinical trial. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5440481/v1
Rutkowski, S., Bogacz, K., Rutkowska, A., Szczegielniak, J., & Casaburi, R. (2023). Inpatient post-COVID-19 rehabilitation program featuring virtual reality—Preliminary results of randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1121554. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1121554
Sakai, T., Hoshino, C., Hirao, M., Nakano, M., Takashina, Y., & Okawa, A. (2023). Rehabilitation of Patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Narrative Review [Review of Rehabilitation of Patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Narrative Review]. Progress in Rehabilitation Medicine, 8. https://doi.org/10.2490/prm.20230017
Sánchez-García, J. C., Reinoso‐Cobo, A., Piqueras-Sola, B., Cortés‐Martín, J., Menor-Rodríguez, M. J., Alabau‐Dasi, R., & Rodríguez-Blanque, R. (2023). Long COVID and Physical Therapy: A Systematic Review [Review of Long COVID and Physical Therapy: A Systematic Review]. Diseases, 11(4), 163. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases11040163
Sari, D. M., & Wijaya, L. C. G. (2023). General rehabilitation for the Post-COVID-19 condition [Review of General rehabilitation for the Post-COVID-19 condition]. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 18(1), 10. Medknow. https://doi.org/10.4103/atm.atm_286_22
Saunders, E., Pouliopoulou, D. V., Miller, E., Billias, N., MacDermid, J. C., Brunton, L., Pereira, T., Quinn, K. L., & Bobos, P. (2025). Rehabilitation interventions and outcomes for post-COVID condition: a scoping review [Review of Rehabilitation interventions and outcomes for post-COVID condition: a scoping review]. BMJ Public Health, 3(1). BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2024-001827
Szarvas, Z., Fekete, M., Horváth, R., Shimizu, M., Tsuhiya, F., Choi, H. E., Kup, K., Fazekas‐Pongor, V., Pete, K. N., Cserjési, R., Bakos, R., Gőbel, O., Kovács, O. E., Gyongyosi, K., Pinter, R., Kováts, Z., Ungvári, Z., Tarantini, S., Horváth, G., … Varga, J. (2023). Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programme improves physical health and quality of life in post-COVID syndrome [Review of Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programme improves physical health and quality of life in post-COVID syndrome]. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 12(3), 548. AME Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-22-1143
Tamburlani, M., Cuscito, R., Servadio, A., & Galeoto, G. (2023). Effectiveness of Respiratory Rehabilitation in COVID-19’s Post-Acute Phase: A Systematic Review [Review of Effectiveness of Respiratory Rehabilitation in COVID-19’s Post-Acute Phase: A Systematic Review]. Healthcare, 11(8), 1071. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081071
Thomas, P., Baldwin, C., Beach, L., Bissett, B., Boden, I., Cruz, S. M., Gosselink, R., Granger, C. L., Hodgson, C., Holland, A. E., Jones, A., Kho, M. E., Lee, L. van der, Moses, R., Ntoumenopoulos, G., Parry, S. M., & Patman, S. (2021). Physiotherapy management for COVID-19 in the acute hospital setting and beyond: an update to clinical practice recommendations. Journal of Physiotherapy, 68(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2021.12.012
Vallier, J., SIMON, C., BRONSTEIN, A., DUMONT, M., JOBIC, A., PALEIRON, N., & Mély, L. (2023). Randomized controlled trial of home-based vs. hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation in post COVID-19 patients. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 59(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.23736/s1973-9087.22.07702-4
Valverde-Martínez, M. Á., López‐Liria, R., Martínez-Cal, J., Benzo‐Iglesias, M. J., Torres-Álamo, L., & Rocamora‐Pérez, P. (2023). Telerehabilitation, A Viable Option in Patients with Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome: A Systematic Review [Review of Telerehabilitation, A Viable Option in Patients with Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome: A Systematic Review]. Healthcare, 11(2), 187. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020187
Vian, B. S., Ratti, L. R., Resende, M. R., Conterno, L. de O., & Pereira, M. C. (2024). Fully remote versus hybrid supervision of pulmonary telerehabilitation in COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. https://doi.org/10.23736/s1973-9087.24.08634-9
Yang, J. Y., Li, H., Zhao, H., Xie, Y., Li, J., & Wang, M. (2024). Effectiveness of telerehabilitation in patients with post-COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials [Review of Effectiveness of telerehabilitation in patients with post-COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials]. BMJ Open, 14(7). BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074325
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamil Franczyk, Wojciech Machulski, Karolina Świerk, Damian Podkościelny, Jan Krzysztof Makulski, Adam Januszkiewicz, Wiktoria Januszkiewicz, Maria Gierasimiuk, Michał Górski, Martyna Ciarkowska

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles are published in open-access and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Hence, authors retain copyright to the content of the articles.
CC BY 4.0 License allows content to be copied, adapted, displayed, distributed, re-published or otherwise re-used for any purpose including for adaptation and commercial use provided the content is attributed.

