RECENT ADVANCES IN UV SKIN PHOTOPROTECTION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF MODERN UV FILTERS, NANOPARTICLE SAFETY, AND SUNSCREEN EFFICACY (2023–2025)
Abstract
Sunscreen products represent a critical intervention in preventing ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage, including photoaging, DNA damage, and cutaneous malignancies. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence from 2023-2025 regarding sunscreen safety, efficacy, and technological innovations. A comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed articles reveals substantial progress in understanding both traditional and emerging UV filter technologies. Key findings include the development of novel inorganic nanoparticles with enhanced safety profiles, advancement of organic filter formulations with improved photostability, and innovative delivery systems including liposomal and nanocarrier-based approaches. Evidence demonstrates that two-dimensional titanium dioxide nanoparticles achieve over 99% visible light transmittance while maintaining UV protection efficacy, addressing aesthetic concerns that limit sunscreen adherence. Safety evaluations indicate that properly formulated inorganic filters exhibit minimal skin penetration and reduced reactive oxygen species generation compared to conventional formulations. Emerging concerns regarding endocrine disruption potential of organic UV filters warrant continued surveillance, particularly for benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, and octinoxate. Natural and bioinspired alternatives, including polydopamine nanoparticles and plant-derived compounds, demonstrate promising photoprotective properties with favorable safety profiles. DNA repair enzyme incorporation represents a paradigm shift toward active rather than passive photoprotection. Environmental considerations, particularly aquatic ecosystem impacts, increasingly influence formulation strategies. This review identifies critical knowledge gaps requiring further investigation, including long-term safety data for novel nanomaterials, standardized assessment methodologies for broad-spectrum protection including visible light and infrared radiation, and personalized photoprotection approaches. The synthesis of current evidence provides clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive understanding of contemporary sunscreen science to inform clinical recommendations and future research priorities.
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