REINTEGRATING PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES IN URBAN SPACES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING IN BRUSSELS AND VIENNA

Narimene Boutemine; Meriem Chabou-Othmani

doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(44).2024.3087

Narimene Boutemine Ecole polytechniques d'architecture (EPAU), Laboratoire Ville, Urbanisme et Développement Durable (VUDD), Algeria
Meriem Chabou-Othmani École polytechniques d'architecture et d'urbanisme(EPAU), Equipe de recherche mixte Urbanisme Stratégique Architecture et Développement Intégré (USADI) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7681-5503

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.4(44).2024.3087

Keywords: Productive City, Mixed-Use, Comparative Analysis, Urban Planning, Productive Activities

Abstract

Since the 2007 financial crisis, the strategic role of industrial manufacturing in urban economies has been increasingly recognized in the United States and Europe. The concept of the productive city represent a new vision for urban development that integrates living and production spaces. The integration of productive activities into urban areas poses a significant challenges, but also offers opportunities to foster more resilient and sustainable urban models. This paper examines the urban and economic policies implemented in two European cities, Brussels and Vienna, by conducting a comparative analysis as a research method, with a focus on the types of activities defined by urban production and the spatial perspective. The findings of our analysis enabled us to develop recommendations for public authorities concerning the implementation of the productive city. Our results further illustrate that the productive city is not solely determined by the spatial distribution or classification of activities; rather, it represents a strategic approach aimed at establishing a development framework responsive to the specific economic dynamics of each context. Achieving this requires a clear articulation of objectives, the deployment of suitable regulatory instruments, and the adoption of participatory governance mechanisms.

References

Antalovsky, E., & Löw, J. (2019). Vienne: Les clés d’un succès (La ville se transforme). Banque européenne d’investissement, 28.

Aspern – the seestadt of vienna. (2019). www.aspern-seestadt.at/

Bathen, A., Bunse, J., Gärtner, S., Meyer, K., Lindner, A., Schambelon, S., Schonlau, M., & Westhoff, S. (2019). Handbuch Urbane Produktion.

BMI - Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat (2020) : Die Neue Leipzig Charta. on line : https://www.bmi.bund.de

Brixy, U., Gärtner, S., Guth, M., Hackenberg, K., Jonas, A. & Meyer, K. (2023): Urbane Produktion in Deutschland. Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten empirischen Datenanalyse. In: pnd - rethinking planning No. 1, p. 23-39., accepted on April 06, 2023. DOI:10.18154/RWTH-2023-04038

Bonello, V., Faraone, C., Leoncini, R., Nicoletto, L., & Pedrini, G. (2022). (Un)making space for manufacturing in the city : The double edge of pro-makers urban policies in Brussels. Cities, 129, 103816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103816

Borret, K. (2016). Note d’orientation 2015—2019. www.maitrearchitecte.brussels

Borret, K. (2021). Building Better Brussels: Production Urbanism as a Policy. Architectural Design, 91(5), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.2741

Bost, F. (2018). Les fondamentaux de la géographie. In Chapitre 13. Industries et services (Vol. 4, pp. 323–337). Armand Colin. https://www-cairn-info.sndl1.arn.dz/les-fondamentaux-de-la-geographie--9782200621223-page-323.htm

Brandt, M., Gärtner, S., & Meyer, K. (2017). Urbane Produktion : Ein Versuch einer Begriffsdefinition (Research Report 08/2017). Forschung Aktuell. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/167659

Bryson, J.R., Daniels, P.W. (2010). Service Worlds. In: Maglio, P., Kieliszewski, C., Spohrer, J. (eds) Handbook of Service Science. Service Science: Research and Innovations in the Service Economy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1628-0_6

Carroué, L. (2013). Chapitre 1 - Système productif: Enjeux épistémologiques, méthodologiques et conceptuels. In U (pp. 7–28). https://www-cairn-info.sndl1.arn.dz/la-france-les-mutations-des-systemes-productifs--9782200287962-page-7.htm

Carroué, L. (2013). La France: Les mutations des systèmes productifs. Armand Colin. https://doi.org/10.3917/arco.carro.2013.01

THE NEW LEIPZIG CHARTER. (2020).

Chemetoff, lexandre, & associés. (2013). PLAN-CANAL [Synthése]. Region De Bruxelles-Capitale Brussels. https://docplayer.fr/55925008-Plan-canal-synthese-alexandre-chemetoff-associes-idea-consult-ecorem-sept-region-de-bruxelles-capitale-brussels-hoofdstedelijk-gewest.html

Chemetoff, Alexandre & & Associés. (2014). PLAN CANAL- KANAAL PLAN. Region De Bruxelles-Capitale.

Christopherson, S., Martin, R., Sunley, P., & Tyler, P. (2014). Reindustrialising regions: Rebuilding the manufacturing economy? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 7(3), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu023

City of Vienna. (s. d.). STEP 2025—Urban Development Plan Vienna (p. 145). www.step.wien.at

COMMISSION EUROPÉENNE. (2010). EUROPE 2020,Une stratégie pour une croissance intelligente, durable et inclusive (p. 40) [Communication de l’union européenne].

Cotter, D. (2012). Integrating Light Industry into Mixed-Use Urban Development. GEORGIA TECH ENTERPRISE INNOVATION INSTITUTE, 56.

Crague, G., & Levratto, N. (2022). « Au-delà de la relocalisation de l’industrie : La ville productive ». https://metropolitiques.eu/Au-dela-de-larelocalisation-de-l-industrie-la-ville-productive.html.

Curran, W. (2007). “From the Frying Pan to the Oven”: Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn—Winifred Curran, 2007. Urban Studies, 44(8). https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701373438

Curran, W. (2010). In Defense of Old Industrial Spaces: Manufacturing, Creativity and Innovation in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34(4), 871–885. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00915.x

Damette, F., & Scheibling, J. (1995). La France: Permanences et mutations, Paris, Hachette.

De Boeck, S., Bassens, D., & Ryckewaert, M. (2017). Easing spatial inequalities? An analysis of the anticipated effects of Urban Enterprise Zones in Brussels. European Planning Studies, 25(10), 1876–1895. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1333577

De Boeck, S., & Ryckewaert, M. (2020). The Preservation of Productive Activities in Brussels: The Interplay between Zoning and Industrial Gentrification. Urban Planning, 5. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i3.3092

(Designing) Urban Production. (2021). Metrolab.Bruxelles. https://www.metrolab.brussels/publications/designing-urban-production

Euronews (en français) (Director). (2012, October 15). euronews interview - Antonio Tajani: “l’industrie doit être au centre de l’économie.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtHMyP3Up9c

Ferm, J. (2016). Preventing the displacement of small businesses through commercial gentrification: Are affordable workspace policies the solution? Planning Practice & Research, 31(4), 402–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2016.1198546

Ferm, J., & Edward, J. (2016). Beyond the post-industrial city: Valuing and planning for industry in London—Jessica Ferm, Edward Jones, 2017. Urban Studies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016668778

Ferm, J., Jones, E., & Edwards, M. (2017). Revealing local economies in London: Methodological challenges, future directions. In Jessica (pp. 1–55) [Report]. UCL (Bartlett School of Planning). http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1566799/

Gagnon, Y.-C. (2011). L’ étude de cas comme méthode de recherche, 2e édition (p. 142). https://www.puq.ca/catalogue/livres/etude-cas-comme-methode-recherche-edition-2271.html

Gazibo, M. (2002). La démarche comparative binaire : Éléments méthodologiques a partir d’une analyse de trajectoires contrastées de démocratisation. Revue internationale de politique comparée, 9(3), 427-449. https://doi.org/10.3917/ripc.093.0427

Grodach, C., & Gibson, C. (2019). Advancing Manufacturing?: Blinkered Visions in U.S. and Australian Urban Policy. Urban Policy and Research, 37(3), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2018.1556633

Grodach, C., & Martin, D. (2020). Zoning in on urban manufacturing: Industry location and change among low-tech, high-touch industries in Melbourne, Australia. Urban Geography, 0(0), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1723329

Halimi, S. (1987). Steve Cohen et John Zysman. Manufacturing Matters, the Myth of the Post-Industrial Economy. Politique étrangère, 52(2), 485–486.

Hansen, T., & Winther, L. (2014). Competitive low-tech manufacturing and challenges for regional policy in the European context—Lessons from the Danish experience. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 7(3), 449–470. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu015

Hasan, N. A. (2020). The spatial organization strategies of productive cities. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 881(1), 012021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/881/1/012021

Hill, Adrian V (ed.). (2020).Foundries of the Future: A Guide For 21st Century Cities of Making.TU Delft Open.

Hoda ElMaraghy, Laszlo Monostori, Guenther Schuh, & Waguih ElMaraghy. (s. d.). Evolution and future of manufacturing systems—ScienceDirect. Consulté 1 décembre 2024, à l’adresse https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0007850621001244

IMPULSE.BRUSSELS. (2017). Plan NextTech Brussels.

Ijassi, W., Evrard, D., & Zwolinski, P. (2022). Characterizing urban factories by their value chain : A first step towards more sustainability in production. Procedia CIRP, 105, 290-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.02.048

Jacobs, K., 2006. Discourse analysis and its utility for urban policy research. Urban policy and research, 24 (1), 39-52.

Juraschek, M. (2022). Existing Approaches for Urban Production Systems. In Analysis and Development of Sustainable Urban Production Systems (p. 39-61). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76602-3_3

Klaus, S. (2017). La quatrième révolution industrielle (Dunod).

Krehl, A., & Weck, S. (2020). Doing comparative case study research in urban and regional studies: What can be learnt from practice? European Planning Studies, 28(9), 1858–1876. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1699909

Kreuz, F., Juraschek, M., Bucherer, M., Söfker-Rieniets, A., Spengler, A., Clausen, U., & Herrmann, C. (2020). Chapter 3—Urban factories—Interdisciplinary perspectives on resource efficiency. In R. Elbert, C. Friedrich, M. Boltze, & H.-C. Pfohl (Éds.), Urban Freight Transportation Systems (p. 41-52). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817362-6.00003-3

Läpple, Dieter (2016): Produktion zurück in die Stadt. Ein Plädoyer. In: Bauwelt 35.2016, S. 22–29.

Leigh, N. G., & Hoelzel, N. Z. (2012). Smart Growth’s Blind Side. Journal of the American Planning Association, 78(1), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2011.645274

Levet, J.-L. (2012). Réindustrialisation, j’écris ton nom (Fondation Jean-Jaures 12 cité Maleshers).

Louise, C., Marine, D., Christian, D., Marco, R., Corentin, S. T., Romina, C. E., Mathilde, R., Pauline, V., Sara, C., Louise, P., Jean-Michel, D., & Geoffrey, G. (s. d.). (Designing) Urban Production. 145. https://www.metrolab.brussels/publications/designing-urban-production

Meyer, K., & Schonlau, M. (2024). Heterogeneity of urban manufacturing – a statistical analysis of manufacturing companies in three German cities. European Planning Studies, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2024.2337305

Nischwitz, G., Chojnowski, P., & von Bestenbostel, M. (2021). Urbane Produktion für eine Produktive Stadt Bremen: Eine Chance für mehr Beschäftigung? (Research Report No. 34). Reihe Arbeit und Wirtschaft in Bremen. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/232605

Observatoire des activités productives. (2013). Terrains pour Etreprises. https://perspective.brussels/sites/default/files/documents/obsactprod_2.pdf

Orban, A., & Scohier, C. (2022, September 25). Ré-industrialiser la ville: Une question politique ! Inter Environnement Bruxelles. https://www.ieb.be/Re-industrialiser-la-ville-une-question-politique-37998

Paquin, S. (2011). Bouchard, Durkheim et la méthode comparative positive. Politique et Sociétés, 30(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.7202/1006059ar

Pedro Correa, P. (2020). PERMIS D’URBANISME 2018 ET 2019: Chiffres, tendances et localisation mise en oeuvre du PRAS (p. 46). perspective.brussels.

Piotr Stanek, & Krzysztof Wach. (2015). Conceptualizing Europeanization: Theoretical Approaches and Research Designs (pp. 11–23). The Cracow University of Economics.

Putschögl, I. / M. (2021, mars 28). Wiens Planungsdirektor Madreiter : « Naiv sein ist in unserem Job nicht gut ». DER STANDARD. https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000125415318/wiens-planungsdirektor-madreiter-naiv-sein-ist-in-unserem-job-nicht

Région Bruxelles-Capitale. (2016). PROGRAMME RÉGIONAL EN ECONOMIE CIRCULAIRE 2016 – 2020. be.brussels.

Région Bruxelles-Capitale. (2018). PLAN RÉGIONAL DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE PRDD (p. 176). https://perspective.brussels/sites/default/files/documents/prdd_2018_fr.pdf

Region Bruxelles-Capitale. (2018). PRAS- Plan Régional d’Affectation du Sol (GBP Gewestelijk Bestemmingsplan) (p. 77). be.brussels.

Région Bruxelles-Capitale. (2019). PLAN INDUSTRIEL Vision et Stratégie pour les activités productives en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (p. 84). be.brussels. https://didiergosuin.brussels/sites/default/files/documents-articles/plan_industriel_fr.pdf

Ryckewaert, M., Zaman, J., & De Boeck, S. (2021). Variable Arrangements Between Residential and Productive Activities : Conceiving Mixed-Use for Urban Development in Brussels. Urban Planning, 6, X-X. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i3.4274

Schultheis, F. (2003). Le Play: La méthode comparative au service d’une vision normative du monde social. Revue européenne des sciences sociales. European Journal of Social Sciences, XLI–126, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.4000/ress.537

Sirkin, H., Zinser, M., & Hohner, D. (2011). Made in America, Again: Why Manufacturing Will Return to the U.S. (p. 19). Boston Consulting Group.

Stadt Wien. (2017). FACHKONZEPT PRODUKTIVE STADT. https://www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/strategien/step/konzep-te/fachkonzept-produktive-stadt.html

Stadt Wien. (2019). Strategie WIEN 2030 Wirtschaft & Innovation 2030 (p. 39). Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Statistik.

Stadt Wien & Magistratsabteilung 18 Stadtentwicklung und Stadtplanung. (2015). Perspektiven einer smarten Stadtentwicklung Smart City Wien. www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/projekte/smartcity

Tsui, T., Peck, D., Geldermans, B., & van Timmeren, A. (2021). The Role of Urban Manufacturing for a Circular Economy in Cities. Sustainability, 13(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010023

Wien 2030 Wirtschaft & Innovation Executive Summary. (2019). Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Statistik.

Werrer, Stefan (2019): Neue Räume für die produktive Stadt. In: BBSR (Hrsg.), BBSRBerichte Kompakt 01/2019. S. 12–14.

WIEN STADT. (s. d.). Flächenwidmung—Bauland. https://www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/flaechenwidmung/