RECOMMENDED VACCINATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN POLAND: AN ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS
Abstract
Research objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a significant global public health challenge. The core of the disease is impaired carbohydrate metabolism, primarily manifesting as chronic hyperglycemia, which results from a relative or absolute deficiency in insulin secretion, accompanied by varying degrees of peripheral insulin resistance. Hyperglycemia is thought to impair immune function, thereby reducing the body's capacity to contain and eliminate invading pathogens effectively. Therefore, individuals with diabetes are more susceptible to infections. This article aims to provide an overview of adult vaccination recommendations, with a particular focus on modifications relevant to individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: The authors searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using phrases such as “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” “Vaccination,” “Recommendations,” and “Immunization”. Boolean operators such as “AND” and “OR” were applied to refine and optimize the search results. Articles published in English between January 2016 and June 2025 were considered. Additional articles were identified by screening the bibliographies of studies retrieved through the database searches.
Key findings and conclusions: T2D is a risk factor for severe infectious diseases, as well as infectious diseases can worsen the control of T2D. Therefore, patients burdened with this disease should be especially encouraged to receive immunizations during any contact with health care.
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