ASSESSING THE SUITABILITY OF SCHOOL SURROUNDINGS FOR CHILDREN'S MOBILITY USING A PARTICIPATORY MULTI-CRITERIA APPROACH: THE CASE OF A PRIMARY SCHOOL IN GUELMA, ALGERIA
Abstract
The surroundings of the school are sensitive spaces that play an integral role in the sustainability of children's mobility on their journeys to school. Indeed, this vulnerable category is in daily interaction with an urban environment that must be friendly and suitable. This work is based on the synthetic criteria and indicators of UNICEF and Its agencies, which are appropriate for the children’s needs. The study presented here will evaluate the suitability of the school surroundings for children's mobility through a participatory multi-criteria analysis that focuses on the child as an inseparable actor in the analysis process. The case study for this field of investigation is a primary school located in the centre of Guelma, a city in the Northeast of Algeria. A survey questionnaire was conducted to collect quantitative and qualitative data on their experience of mobility, from a sample of 169 pupils (5 to 12 years old). The synthetic criteria were weighted by frequency analysis using SPSS according to the surveyed population. The data shows that 23 % of the participants ranked the stability of the social structure criterion in the first position. The suitability of multi-criteria approach will be tested by applying it to the synthetic criteria ranked first. The results show that the majority of social indices with a direct influence on children's mobility have negative performance values, synonymous with non-suitability. Other indicators have low values of positive performance, synonymous with an average suitability level, which still needs to be improved. Overall, this participatory multi-criteria analysis shows that the school environments studied do not satisfactorily meet the safety and well-being requirements that are essential for sustainable school mobility adapted to children's needs.
References
Aerts, J. (2018). Shaping urbanization for children: A handbook on child-responsive urban planning (United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Vol. 3). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23748834.2018.1549968
Ahmadi, E., & Taniguchi, G. (2007). Influential Factors on Children′s Spatial Knowledge and Mobility in Home–School Travel A Case Study in the City of Tehran. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 6(2), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.6.275
Alexandrie, G. (2017). Surveillance cameras and crime: A review of randomized and natural experiments. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 18(2), 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2017.1387410
Ali, M. S., Adnan, M., Muhammad Noman, S., & Syed, F. A. B. (2014). Estimation of Traffic Congestion Cost-A Case Study of a Major Arterial in Karachi. Procedia Engineering, 77, 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.07.030
Asrun, A. M., Said, I., & Rusli, N. (2020). Friendliness of route along the home-school journey for less privileged children in old city zone of Makassar. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 419(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/419/1/012094
Babb, C., Olaru, D., Curtis, C., & Robertson, D. (2017). Children’s active travel, local activity spaces and wellbeing: A case study in Perth, WA. Travel Behaviour and Society, 9(4), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2017.06.002
Bao, Y., Gao, M., Luo, D., & Zhou, X. (2021). Effects of children’s outdoor physical activity in the urban neighborhood activity space environment. Front Public Health, 9(631492).
Bazizi, Y. (2021). LES PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS DU SECTEUR DE L’EDUCATION NATIONALE - Année scolaire 2019-2020 (915; p. 20p). la Direction Technique chargée des Statistiques Régionales et de la Cartographie Direction des publications et de la Diffusion. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/education_nationale2019_2020.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi__aLI4J6HAxW8fKQEHe5-AGIQFnoECBEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1yMa11T4TTw4AI8Vg5ntQz
Ben Taiba, S. (2018). The phenomenon of child abduction in Algeria: Its dimensions and a strategy to combat it. Journal of the Annals of the University of Guelma for Social and Human Sciences, 10(5), 21–38.
Ben-Arieh, A., Kaufman, N. H., Andrews, A. B., Goerge, R. M., Lee, B. J., & Aber, J. L. (2001). Measuring and Monitoring Children’s Well-Being (Vol. 7). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2229-2
Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T., & Grimes, J. M. (2010). Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies. Government Information Quarterly, 27(3), 264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2010.03.001
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Harvard University Press, JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv26071r6
Caro, P., Checcaglini, A., & Lepetit, A. (2021). Chapitre 14. L’accessibilité aux établissements scolaires: Les injustices spatiales en cartes, un levier pour les politiques de lutte contre le décrochage ? In T. Aguilera, F. Artioli, L. Barrault-Stella, E. Hellier, & R. Pasquier (Eds.), Les cartes de l’action publique (pp. 321–342). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.septentrion.127302
CCYP-WA. (2011). Building spaces and places for children and young people (p. 27). Commissioner for Children and Young People WA. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ccyp.wa.gov.au/media/1407/report-built-environment-building-spaces-and-places-for-children-and-young-people-july-2011.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj59KyvxqmHAxU0VKQEHcANDaEQFnoECBAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw03xIybWFLq_1q4D5CCFfNd
CECOM-CIRTA, & DTW Guelma. (2015). Synthèse de l’étude révisée du nouveau plan de circulation de la ville de Guelma (p. 53). Direction de transport Guelma.
Che Soh, R. S., & Ahmad, N. (2019). The Implementation of Video Surveillance System at School Compound in Batu Pahat, Johor. In Foresight Studies in Malaysia (pp. 119–134). Penerbit UTHM. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342901491_The_Implementation_of_Video_Surveillance_System_at_School_Compound_in_Batu_Pahat_Johor
Cheniki, K., Baziz, A., & Bougdah, H. (2020). MEASURING THE CAPACITY OF LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES TO ADOPT AN URBAN E-GOVERNANCE POLICY USING A SMART SYNTHETIC MODEL. Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, 12(2), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.37043/JURA.2020.12.2.5
Choi, J.-H., & Kim, A.-Y. (2019). Analysis of Child-Friendly Environment in a Neighborhood Park in Child-Friendly City—Focused on the Moraetmal Neighborhood Park of Seongbuk-gu -. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture, 47(6), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.9715/KILA.2019.47.6.087
CONSTITUTION OF THE POPULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA, N°82 1 (2020). https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FConsti.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjclqCMyJ-HAxX5APsDHfDoCHYQFnoECBAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw29n4etyirzHWxXhlX8Hxyu
Education Directorate of the Wilaya of Guelma. (2021a). Les statistiques relatives aux enfants scolarisés à l’école ‘CHRAIT AMMAR’ 2020-2021. Programming and Monitoring Service, Guelma, Algeria.
Education Directorate of the Wilaya of Guelma. (2021b). Tableau statistique du transport scolaire 2020-2021. Programming and Monitoring Service, Guelma, Algeria.
Evenson, K. R., Neelon, B., Ball, S. C., Vaughn, A., & Ward, D. S. (2008). Validity and reliability of a school travel survey. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 5 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), S1-15. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.5.s1.s1
Fares, R. B., & Bougdah, H. (2023). Cognitive Mapping and Wayfinding in Children’s Home- School Itinerary. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 11(3), 132–151. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.11.3_132
Feldstein, S. (2020). State surveillance and implications for children. Office of Global Insight and Policy, UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/media/1136/file/UNICEF-Global-Insight-data-governance-surveillance-issue-brief-2020.pdf
Frost, J. L., & Klein, B. L. (1979). Children’s Play and Playgrounds. Allyn and Bacon. https://www.amazon.com/Childrens-Play-Playgrounds-Joe-Frost/dp/0205065880
Gandini, P., Marchionni, G., Studer, L., & Maja, R. (2019). Sustainable and Aware Mobility Explained to Children. Sustainability, 11, 6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236668
Garau, C., Annunziata, A., & Yamu, C. (2024). A walkability assessment tool coupling multi-criteria analysis and space syntax: The case study of Iglesias, Italy. European Planning Studies, 32(2), 211–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2020.1761947
Gencer, T. E., & KARAGÖZ, D. (2017). The relationship between child and urban safety: Child-friendly safe cities. The Online Journal of Science and Technology, 7(4), 211–216.
Gorza, M., & Bolter, F. (2012). Indicateurs de bien-être de l’enfant, une déclinaison en protection de l’enfance est-elle possible ? Journal du droit des jeunes, 312(2), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.3917/jdj.312.0026
Gruenewald, D. A., & Smith, G. A. (Eds.). (2007). Place-Based Education in the Global Age: Local Diversity. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315769844
Hadfield-Hill, S. (2019). Children and Sustainable Cities—Childhood Studies. Childhood Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199791231-0218
Hadji, L. (2012). Méthode d’évaluation de la qualité des espaces publics dans un projet d’aménagement durable à Alger. Revue d’Économie Régionale & Urbaine, 5, 857–874. Cairn.info. https://doi.org/10.3917/reru.125.0857
Hervé, A. (2007). Z -scores”. https://personal.utdallas.edu/~herve/Abdi-Zscore2007-pretty.pdf.
Hino, K., Ikeda, E., Sadahiro, S., & Inoue, S. (2021). Associations of neighborhood built, safety, and social environment with walking to and from school among elementary school-aged children in Chiba, Japan. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(152), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01202-y
International Institute for Educational Planning. (1977). Planning the Location of Schools: Bensalah, K. La Daïra de Bouïra, Algérie (UNESCO, Vol. 11). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000070018
Jacobs, J. (1992). The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Reissue edition). Vintage. https://www.amazon.com/Death-Life-Great-American-Cities/dp/067974195X
Jahromi, G. R. Z. (2020). Investigating and evaluation of the indicators affecting development of child-friendly cultural complexes with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces (case study: Shiraz). Nexo Scientific Journal, 33(02), Article 02. https://doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v33i02.10803
Jayasooriya, S. A. C. S., & Bandara, Y. M. M. S. (2017). Measuring the Economic costs of traffic congestion. 2017 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon), 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1109/MERCon.2017.7980471
Kaufmann, V., & Widmer, É. D. (2005). L’acquisition de la motilité au sein des familles. 1(120–121), 199–217. https://doi.org/10.3917/esp.120.0199
Kim, E.-H., & Ryu, S.-H. (2017). A Study on the Development of Design Indicator and User Participation Design for Green Remodeling of School Facilitiess. Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities, 24(3), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.7859/kief.2017.24.3.003
LAMARI, M., & LAZRI, Y. (2021). Mobility Practice, What Solutions to Ensure the Safety of The Surroundings of Schools? Case Study: Tarek Ibn Ziad School, Guelma. Proceedings of the International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism-ICCAUA, 4(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.38027/ICCAUA2021205N1
Lamari, M., & Lazri, Y. (2023). Assessment of children’s mobility by means of urban school furniture in the surroundings of a primary school. The case of tarek ibn ziad school—Guelma city (algeria). PERIODICO Di MINERALOGIA, 92(6), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.37896/pd92.6/92613
Larousse, É. (n.d.). Définitions: Socio-économique - Dictionnaire de français Larousse. Retrieved 11 July 2024, from https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/socio-%C3%A9conomique/73163
Lee, J. S. (2020). Urban Form, Children’s Active Travel to/from School, and Travel related Physical Activity. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 8(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.8.1_21
Liu, Y., Ji, Y., Shi, Z., He, B., & Liu, Q. (2018). Investigating the effect of the spatial relationship between home, workplace and school on parental chauffeurs’ daily travel mode choice. Transport Policy, 69, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.06.004
Matusiewicz, M. (2020). Resistance in adapting to sustainable mobility and new Sustainable Mobility Indicator – case study of a Polish agglomeration. Transport Geography Papers of Polish Geographical Society, 23(4), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.4467/2543859XPKG.20.026.13128
Mendoza, M. (2019). To mix or not to mix? Exploring the dispositions to otherness in schools. European Educational Research Journal, 18(4), 426–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904119830846
Mousavi, M., Jahangirzadeh, J., Bayramzadeh, N., Omidvarfar, S., Kamelnia, E., Roya, Jahangirzadeh, J., Bayramzadeh, N., Omidvarfar, & Kamelnia, R. (2023). An analysis of the prioritization of indicators of a child-friendly city (Case study: 5 Regions of Urmia). Urban Social Geography, 10(1), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.22103/JUSG.2023.2093
Nafisa, D., Syaom Barliana, M., & Rahmannullah, F. (2022). Evaluation of The Facilities and Infrastructure in UPI Kindergarten Lab School based on The Principles of Child-Friendly School Design. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Teknik Dan Kejuruan, 15(2), 118–129. https://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v15i2.67728
Nordbø, E. C. A., Nordh, H., Raanaas, R. K., & Aamodt, G. (2020). Promoting activity participation and well-being among children and adolescents: A systematic review of neighborhood built-environment determinants. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 18(3), 370–458. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00051
Novella-Cámara, A.-M., Romero-Pérez, C., Melero, H.-S., & Noguera-Pigem, E. (2021). Children’s participation, local policy and the digital environment: Visions and uses among Spanish municipalities. Comunicar, XXIX(69), Article 69. https://doi.org/10.3916/C69-2021-03
Özdemir, A. (2019). An approach on children’s experiences of participatory planning. Cities, 93, 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.005
Pattnaik, S. (2019). MANUAL ON COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL SAFETY AND SECURITY PROGRAMME (CSSSP).
Pizzol, B., Giannotti, M., & Tomasiello, D. B. (2021). Qualifying accessibility to education to investigate spatial equity. Journal of Transport Geography, 96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103199
Poswayo, A., Kalolo, S., Rabonovitz, K., Witte, J., & Guerrero, A. (2019). School Area Road Safety Assessment and Improvements (SARSAI) programme reduces road traffic injuries among children in Tanzania. Injury Prevention: Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 25(5), 414–420. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042786
Purwohandoyo, J., Reinhart, H., Saputra, E., Kurniawan, A., Rachmawati, R., Widiyastuti, D., Retnowati, A., Isnaini Sadali, M., & Adriadi Ghiffari, R. (2023). Spatial Multi-Criterion Analysis (SMCA) to Determine the Suitability of Green Open Space (GOS) at Kalurahan Wonokromo, Special Region of Yogyakarta. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, B: Planning Analysis and Simulation, 11(1), 158–175. http://dx.doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.11.1_158
Rebouha, F., & Pochet, P. (2011). Pauvreté et accès à l’éducation dans les périphéries d’Oran. Autrepart, 59(3), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.3917/autr.059.0181
Rohmantoro, D., Januariyansah, S., & Nuchron, N. (2018). Improving The Safety Driving Awareness Of Student’s Parents In Indonesia. 370–372. http://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/handle/11617/10278
Salleh, S. S. (2023). RANKING PARENTS CONCERNS ABOUT ROAD SAFETY AT SCHOOL USING AN ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS. Planning Malaysia Journal, 21(4), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i28.1320
Schulze, S. S., Fischer, E. C., Hamideh, S., & Mahmoud, H. (2020). Wildfire impacts on schools and hospitals following the 2018 California Camp Fire. Natural Hazards, 104(1), 901–925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04197-0
Semerci, P. U., & Erdoğan, E. (2015). Defining and Evaluating Child Well Being Domains and Indicators Through The Eyes of Children in Turkey. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/turkiye/media/5311/file/Defining%20and%20Evaluating%20Child%20Well%20Being%20Domains%20and%20Indicators%20Through%20The%20Eyes%20of%20Children%20in%20Turkey.pdf
Siouane, Z. (2019, March 21). Guelma: Lancement des travaux de réhabilitation de 250 écoles primaires. Algerie 360°. https://www.algerie360.com/guelma-lancement-des-travaux-de-rehabilitation-de-250-ecoles-primaires/
Sulaiman, N., & Ibrahim, F. I. (2019). Children in Urban Space: An Overview. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 4(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i11.1734
Sutiamah, T., Ravena, D., & Yusdiansyah, E. (2022). Implementation of Local Government Policies in Realizing Child-Friendly Districts to Increase Welfare. Journal La Sociale, 3(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v3i3.632
Teqwa Bechaa, Krimo Dahmani, Djamel Alkama, & Assoule Dechaicha. (2024). THE ROLE AND IMPACT OF VEGETATION ON THE URBAN FABRIC. CASE OF GUELMA CITY. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, (3(43). https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/30092024/8262
UNICEF. (n.d.). Education. https://www.unicef.org/education
UNICEF. (2008). It’s About Ability—An explanation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. https://www.unicef.org/media/85746/file/Its_About_Ability_final.pdf
UNICEF. (2012). The State of the World’s Children 2012 Children in an urban world. (p. 142). https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2012
UNICEF. (2013). Disaster Risk Reduction in Education: Knowledge and Learning Resources Building Resilience With and For Children. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/eca/media/951/file/Report_DRR_in_education.pdf
UNICEF. (2019). Annual Report 2018—For Every Child, Every Right (p. 71). https://www.unicef.org/media/55486/file/UNICEF-annual-report-2018%20revised%201.pdf
UNICEF. (2022). Child Friendly Cities Initiative Guidance Note. https://www.unicef.org/media/133746/file/ChildFriendly_Cities_Initiative_Guidance_Note.pdf
UNICEF. (2023). Press release. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/37-million-children-earthquake-affected-syria-face-catastrophic-combination-threats
UNICEF, & WHO. (2018). Annual Results Report 2017—Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. https://www.unicef.org/media/47746/file/Annual_Results_Report_2017_WASH.pdf
United Nations. (n.d.). Child Rights and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://www.plateformedroitsdelenfant.be/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/092019-ODD-DE-FR.pdf
United Nations Conference on Environment & Development Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992 - AGENDA 21 (1992). https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf
United Nations Sustainable Development Group. (2019). United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework Guidance. https://unsdg.un.org/resources/united-nations-sustainable-development-cooperation-framework-guidance
Vilhelmson, B., Johnston, R. J., Gregory, D., & Smith, D. M. (1995). [Review of The Dictionary of Human Geography, by R. J. Johnston, D. Gregory, & D. M. Smith]. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, 77(2), 152–154. https://doi.org/10.2307/490490
Voce, A. (2018). Cities Alive: Designing for Urban Childhoods. Children, Youth and Environments, 28(2), 78–81. https://doi.org/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.28.2.0078
Wang, J.-J. (2016). Study on the context of school-based disaster management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 19, 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.08.005
WHO. (2022). Obesity and Overweight [Dataset]. https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
Wilhelmsen, T., Øvreås, S., Roll-Hansen, H., Bjerknes, A.-L., & Thorrud, S. (2023). Developing child-friendly cities: Young children’s participation in urban planning. Journal of Childhood, Education & Society, 4(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.37291/2717638X.202343290
Winder, N., & Yablonski, J. (2012). Integrated Social Protection Systems: Enhancing equity for children. UNICEF.
Wright, H., Williams, S., Hargrave, J., & Zu Dohna, F. (2017). Cities Alive: Designing for Urban Childhoods (p. 71). https://www.arup.com/insights/cities-alive-designing-for-urban-childhoods/
Yelles-Chaouche, A., Boudiaf, A., Djellit, H., & Bracene, R. (2006). La tectonique active de la région nord-algérienne. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 338(2006), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2005.11.002
Zhang, R., Yao, E., & Liu, Z. (2017). School travel mode choice in Beijing, China. Journal of Transport Geography, 62(C), 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.06.001
Views:
100
Downloads:
38
Copyright (c) 2024 Meryem Lamari, Youcef Lazri, Hocine Bougdah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles are published in open-access and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Hence, authors retain copyright to the content of the articles.
CC BY 4.0 License allows content to be copied, adapted, displayed, distributed, re-published or otherwise re-used for any purpose including for adaptation and commercial use provided the content is attributed.
