AGRICULTURAL OASIS EXPANSION AND URBAN GROWTH IN TOLGA SOUTHEASTERN ALGERIA: A GEOSPATIAL STUDY
Abstract
The assessment of land use and land cover (LULC) changes is crucial to understanding its impacts on the natural environment and resources. The dynamics of LULC might be a result of national legislation or unplanned development. This study utilizes remote sensing data to evaluate the LULC in Tolga Oasis resulting from the promulgation of agricultural development law in 1983. Four Landsat images from 1985, 2000, 2015, and 2023 were classified using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and ArcGIS Pro software. The findings showed a continuous change in the built-up area and vegetation area. The increase in built-up area was in conjunction with the rise in vegetation area. A spatial direction approach and concentric circle approach were used to assess the change in each direction and to identify the zone experiencing the most change in the built-up and agricultural oasis expansion. Shannon’s entropy model was used to measure the dispersion and the compactness of urban growth. The overall outcomes revealed that all directions showed an increase in built-up and vegetation area. Total Shannon’s entropy values showed compact urban growth in 1985, while, a dispersed development was recorded in 2000, 2015, and 2023. Statistical analysis demonstrated a high correlation between date palm plantations and vegetation area by 0,928%, as well as a significant correlation between built-up areas and population growth by 0,926%. These results can be helpful for the local authorities and planners in order to make a sustainable urban development and protect the fragile oasis ecosystem.
References
Abou Zaki, N., Kløve, B., & Torabi Haghighi, A. (2022). Expanding the Irrigated Areas in the MENA and Central Asia: Challenges or Opportunities? Water (Switzerland), 14(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162560
Aburas, M. M., Ho, Y. M., Ramli, M. F., & Ash’aari, Z. H. (2018). Monitoring and assessment of urban growth patterns using spatio-temporal built-up area analysis. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6522-9
Ahriz, A., Fezzai, S., & Mady, M. A. A. (2019). Predicting the limits of the oasis effect as a cooling phenomenon in hot deserts. Desert, 2, 255–266.
Ait Khandouch, M. (2000). L’eau, facteur limitant de l’espace oasien. Le cas des oasis de Skoura et Amkchoud au sud du Maroc (The water : limiting factor of the oasian space. The case of the oasis Skoura and Amkchoud in the south of Morocco). Bulletin de l’Association de Géographes Français, 77(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.3406/bagf.2000.2147
Al-Alola, S. S., Alkadi, I. I., Alogayell, H. M., Mohamed, S. A., & Ismail, I. Y. (2022). Air quality estimation using remote sensing and GIS-spatial technologies along Al-Shamal train pathway, Al-Qurayyat City in Saudi Arabia. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2022.100184
Al-khayri, J. M., Mohan, S., & Dennis, J. (2015). Date Palm Genetic Resources and Utilization. In Date Palm Genetic Resources and Utilization (Vol. 1). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9707-8
Al-Kindi, K. M., Alqurashi, A. F., Al-Ghafri, A., & Power, D. (2023). Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Aflaj Systems over a 36-Year Period. Remote Sensing, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071787
Al-sharif, A. A. A., & Pradhan, B. (2016). Spatio-temporal Prediction of Urban Expansion Using Bivariate Statistical Models: Assessment of the Efficacy of Evidential Belief Functions and Frequency Ratio Models. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 9(2), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-015-9147-1
Alkama, D. (2005). Pour une nouvelle approche d’urbanisation dans les zones arides. Cas du bas Sahara « les Ziban, le Souf et le Oued Rigr». Doctoral dissertation. Université Mohamed Keidar Biskra.
Amouzay, H., Chakir, R., Dabo-Niang, S., & El Ghini, A. (2023). Structural Changes in Temperature and Precipitation in MENA Countries. Earth Systems and Environment, 7(2), 359–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-023-00344-2
Amrouni, Y., Berrayah, M., Gelabert, P., Vega-Garcia, C., Hellal, B., & Rodrigues, M. (2022). Recent land cover trends in the transition region of Tiaret, Algeria. Catena, 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105861
Anandajayasekeram, P. . (2008). Concepts and practices in agricultural extension in developing countries : a source book. International Livestock Research Institute, IPMS Ethiopia.
Badapalli, P. K., Nakkala, A. B., Gugulothu, S., Kottala, R. B., & Mannala, P. (2024). Geospatial insights into urban growth and land cover transformation in Anantapur city, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05180-6
Bai, J., Chen, X., Li, L., Luo, G., & Yu, Q. (2014). Quantifying the contributions of agricultural oasis expansion, management practices and climate change to net primary production and evapotranspiration in croplands in arid northwest China. Journal of Arid Environments, 100–101, 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2013.10.004
Barman, S., Roy, D., Chandra Sarkar, B., Almohamad, H., & Abdo, H. G. (2024). Assessment of urban growth in relation to urban sprawl using landscape metrics and Shannon’s entropy model in Jalpaiguri urban agglomeration, West Bengal, India. Geocarto International, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2024.2306258
Bedrani, S. (1987). Algérie : une nouvelle politique envers la paysannerie? Revue de l’Occident Musulman et de La Méditerranée, 45(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.3406/remmm.1987.2170
Bendib, A. (2024). GIS-Based Multi-criteria Decision Analysis for the Optimal Location of Public Facility in Batna City, Algeria. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 52(5), 1073–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-024-01858-6
Bouzaher, S. L. born, & Alkama, D. (2013). The Requalification of the Palm Trees of Ziban as a Tool for Sustainable Planning. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 102, 508–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.767
Charles Riou. (1990). Bioclimatologie des oasis. Montpellier: CIHEAM, Options méditerannéenne : série A séminaire mediterannéens (n.11), 207–220.
Chevalier, J. M., & Geoffron, P. (2016). The new energy crisis: Climate, economics and geopolitics. In The New Energy Crisis: Climate, Economics and Geopolitics. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-02118-2
Chouari, W. (2024). Assessment of vegetation cover changes and the contributing factors in the Al-Ahsa Oasis using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Regional Sustainability, 5(1), 100111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2024.03.005
Cote, M. (2005). La ville et le desert. Le bas Sahara Algérien. (KARTHALA).
Das, S., & Angadi, D. P. (2021). Assessment of urban sprawl using landscape metrics and Shannon’s entropy model approach in town level of Barrackpore sub-divisional region, India. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 7(2), 1071–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00990-9
Dechaicha, A., & Alkama, D. (2020). A spatio-temporal cartography and landscape metrics of urbanization patterns in Algerian low-Sahara. The case of Ouargla City. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1235–1252. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v12i3.16
Din, S. U., & Yamamoto, K. (2024). Urban Spatial Dynamics and Geo-informatics Prediction of Karachi from 1990–2050 Using Remote Sensing and CA-ANN Simulation. Earth Systems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-024-00439-4
Dubost, D. (1992). Aridité , Agriculture et dévloppement dans les oasis algeriennes. Sécheresse, 85–96.
FAOSTAT. (2022).
FAO. (2023). Date palm in the Arab region.
Hadji, M., & Petrişor, A.-I. (2024). FROM AGRICULTURAL OASIS TO URBANIZATION: PATH OF OASIS GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES IN BISKRA, ALGERIA. Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol. LXVIII, No. 1.
Hamamouche, M. F., Kuper, M., Amichi, H., Lejars, C., & Ghodbani, T. (2018). New reading of Saharan agricultural transformation: Continuities of ancient oases and their extensions (Algeria). World Development, 107, 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.026
Hamamouche, M. F., Kuper, M., & Lejars, C. (2015). Émancipation des jeunes des oasis du Sahara algérien par le déverrouillage de l’accès à la terre et à l’eau. Cahiers Agricultures, 24(6), 412–419. https://doi.org/10.1684/agr.2015.0777
Hamed, M. M., Sobh, M. T., Ali, Z., Nashwan, M. S., & Shahid, S. (2024). Aridity shifts in the MENA region under the Paris Agreement climate change scenarios. Global and Planetary Change, 238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2024.104483
Hasnine, M., & Rukhsana. (2023). Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Change In and Around Kolkata City, India, Using Geospatial Techniques. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 51(5), 1037–1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-023-01669-1
Hong, Z., Jian-Wei, W., Qiu-Hong, Z., & Yun-Jiang, Y. (2003). A preliminary study of oasis evolution in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Arid Environments, 55(3), 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(02)00283-5
Huang, C., Feng, Y., Wei, Y., Sun, D., Li, X., & Zhong, F. (2024). Assessing Regional Public Service Facility Accessibility Using Multisource Geospatial Data: A Case Study of Underdeveloped Areas in China. Remote Sensing, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020409
Jamal, S., & Ali, B. (2023). Determining Urban Growth in Response to Land Use Dynamics using Multi-Layer Perceptron and Markov Chain Models in a Metropolitan city: Past and Future. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3132097/v1
Karmaoui, A., Moumane, A., El Jaafari, S., Menouni, A., Al Karkouri, J., Yacoubi, M., & Hajji, L. (2023). Thirty Years of Change in the Land Use and Land Cover of the Ziz Oases (Pre-Sahara of Morocco) Combining Remote Sensing, GIS, and Field Observations. Land, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122127
Khiari, A. (2018). Système oasien traditionnels, entre pérennité et abondon. Les cahiers d’EMAM. https://doi.org/10.4000/emam.1531
Knight, J., Merlo, S., & Zerboni, A. (2023). World Geomorphological Landscapes Landscapes and Landforms of the Central Sahara.
Kouzmine, Y., & Fontaine, J. (2018). Démographie et urbanisation au Sahara algérien à l’aube du XXIe siècle. Les Cahiers d’EMAM [En Ligne], 30. https://doi.org/10.4000/emam.1426
Kyriou, A., Mpelogianni, V., Nikolakopoulos, K., & Groumpos, P. P. (2023). Review of Remote Sensing Approaches and Soft Computing for Infrastructure Monitoring. Geomatics, 3(3), 367–394. https://doi.org/10.3390/geomatics3030021
Lasram, M. (1990). Les systèmes agricoles oasiens dans le Sud de la Tunisie. In D. V. & T. G. (Eds.), Les systèmes agricoles oasiens (Vol. 11, pp. 21–27). Montpellier : CIHEAM. http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a11/CI901480.pdf
Luqman, M., & Khan, S. U. (2021). Geospatial application to assess the accessibility to the health facilities in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 24(3), 699–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2021.02.005
MADR. (2019). Statistique agricole, Superficie et production, série “B”, 2019. https://madr.gov.dz/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/SERIE-B-2019.pdf
Mansour, S., Alahmadi, M., Atkinson, P. M., & Dewan, A. (2022). Forecasting of Built-Up Land Expansion in a Desert Urban Environment. Remote Sensing, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092037
Martínez-Valderrama, J., Gui, D., & Ahmed, Z. (2023). Oasification and Desertification under the Framework of Land Degradation Neutrality. 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecws-7-14238
Masmoudi, T., Benakcha, M., Abdennour, M. A., Bouzekri, A., Amrane, A., & Alcala, F. J. (2024). Groundwater quality evaluation for drinking and agricultural purposes. A case study in semi-arid region (Zab El-gharbi SE-Algeria). Desalination and Water Treatment, 319(April), 100476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100476
Matallah, M. E., Alkama, D., Teller, J., Ahriz, A., & Attia, S. (2021). Quantification of the outdoor thermal comfort within different oases urban fabrics. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(6), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063051
Mihi, A., Tarai, N., & Chenchouni, H. (2017). Can palm date plantations and oasification be used as a proxy to fight sustainably against desertification and sand encroachment in hot drylands? Ecological Indicators, 105(April 2017), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.11.027
Mohabey, D. P., Nongkynrih, J. M., & Kumar, U. (2023). Urban growth trend analysis of proposed Greater Silchar City, India, using landscape metrics and Shannon entropy model. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03681-4
Patra, P. K., Behera, D., & Goswami, S. (2022). Relative Shannon’s Entropy Approach for Quantifying Urban Growth Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Cuttack City, Odisha, India. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 50(4), 747–762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-022-01493-z
Rodríguez-Caballero, E., Cantón, Y., Moussa, M., & Solé-Benet, A. (2017). Irrigated land expansion since 1985 in Southern Tunisia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 129, 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.12.019
Rubio, J. L. (2007). Desertification and Water Scarcity as a Security Challenge in the Mediterranean (pp. 75–92). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2526-5_4
Sahana, M., Hong, H., & Sajjad, H. (2018). Analyzing urban spatial patterns and trend of urban growth using urban sprawl matrix: A study on Kolkata urban agglomeration, India. Science of the Total Environment, 628–629, 1557–1566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.170
Schober, P., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 126(5), 1763–1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
Song, W., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Expansion of agricultural oasis in the Heihe River Basin of China: Patterns, reasons and policy implications. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 89–90, 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.08.006
Tamirat, H., Argaw, M., & Tekalign, M. (2023). Support vector machine-based spatiotemporal land use land cover change analysis in a complex urban and rural landscape of Akaki river catchment, a Suburb of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Heliyon, 9(11), e22510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22510
UN-Habitat. (2022). Envisaging the Future of Cities. In World City Report 2022.
UN. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects. In Demographic Research (Vol. 12). https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf
Wilson, S. A., & Wilson, C. O. (2016). Land Use/Land Cover Planning Nexus: a Space-Time Multi-Scalar Assessment of Urban Growth in the Tulsa Metropolitan Statistical Area. Human Ecology, 44(6), 731–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-016-9857-2
Xie, Y., Wang, G., & Wang, X. (2015). Spatio-temporal process of oasification in the middle-Heihe River basin during 1368–1949 AD, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(4), 1663–1678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3519-8
Xue, J., Gui, D., Lei, J., Sun, H., Zeng, F., Mao, D., Jin, Q., & Liu, Y. (2019). Oasification: An unable evasive process in fighting against desertification for the sustainable development of arid and semiarid regions of China. In Catena (Vol. 179, pp. 197–209). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.03.029
Yagoub, M. M., AlSumaiti, T., Tesfaldet, Y. T., AlArfati, K., Alraeesi, M., & Alketbi, M. E. (2023). Integration of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Remote Sensing to Assess Threats to Preservation of the Oases: Case of Al Ain, UAE. Land, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071269
Yousefi, S., Mirzaee, S., Almohamad, H., Dughairi, A. A. Al, Gomez, C., Siamian, N., Alrasheedi, M., & Abdo, H. G. (2022). Image Classification and Land Cover Mapping Using Sentinel-2 Imagery: Optimization of SVM Parameters. Land, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/land11070993
Zhu, H., Du, M., & Yin, X. (2023). Oasification in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of China: New Changes and Re-Examination. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043335
Views:
72
Downloads:
34
Copyright (c) 2024 Amina Zatout, Krimo Dahmani, Rahul Gawai, Tarig Ali
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles are published in open-access and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Hence, authors retain copyright to the content of the articles.
CC BY 4.0 License allows content to be copied, adapted, displayed, distributed, re-published or otherwise re-used for any purpose including for adaptation and commercial use provided the content is attributed.
