LoRaWAN AS PART OF A SMART CITY STRATEGY

  • Aik Wirsbinna Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
Keywords: LoRaWAN, Smart City, SWOT, Urban Studies, Urbanism, Network, Connectivity

Abstract

The LoRaWAN technology is repeatedly mentioned in connection with smart city initiatives, as it moves in the field of connectivity and IoT environment. This paper examines the role of LoRaWAN in smart city strategy and what vulnerabilities are known in the project using LoRaWAN. With help of a concrete use case of the city of Pforzheim (Germany), a SWOT model is set up and tested with experts. From this it can be deduced that the LoRaWAN technology is currently undergoing an interesting development but also has to overcome any hurdles in the urban environment.

References

Abbas, Hosny et al. 2018. “Systems Thinking for Developing Sustainable Complex Smart Cities Based on Self-Regulated Agent Systems and Fog Computing.” Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 19: 204–13.

Abdelfadeel, Khaled Q., Dimitrios Zorbas, Victor Cionca, and Dirk Pesch. 2020. “FREE - Fine-Grained Scheduling for Reliable and Energy-Efficient Data Collection in LoRaWAN.” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7(1): 669–83.

Al-Samman, Ahmed M et al. 2022. “A Survey on LoRaWAN Technology: Recent Trends, Opportunities, Simulation Tools and Future Directions.” Electronics 2022, Vol. 11, Page 164 11(1): 164. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/1/164/htm (July 17, 2022).

Albino, Vito, Umberto Berardi, and Rosa Maria Dangelico. 2015. “Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, and Performance.” Journal in Urban Technology.

Aras, Emekcan et al. 2017. “Selective Jamming of LoRaWAN Using Commodity Hardware.” ACM International Conference Proceeding Series: 363–72. https://doi.org/10.1145/3144457.3144478 (July 17, 2022).

Basford, Philip J. et al. 2020. “LoRaWAN for Smart City IoT Deployments: A Long Term Evaluation.” Sensors 2020, Vol. 20, Page 648 20(3): 648. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/648/htm (July 17, 2022).

Butun, Ismail, Nuno Pereira, and Mikael Gidlund. 2018. “Analysis of LoRaWAN v1.1 Security *.” Proceedings of the 4th ACM MobiHoc Workshop on Experiences with the Design and Implementation of Smart Objects - SMARTOBJECTS ’18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3213299.3213304 (July 17, 2022).

Cabrera, Derek et al. 2018. “Applying Systems Thinking Models of Organizational Design and Change in Community Operational Research.” European Journal of Operational Research 268(3): 932–45.

Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. 2011. “Smart Cities in Europe.” Journal of Urban Technology: 65–82.

Caragliu, Andrea, Chiara del Bo, and Peter Nijkamp. 2011. “Smart Cities in Europe.” Journal of Urban Technology 18(2): 65–82.

Dameri, Renata Paola, and Camille Rosenthal-Sabroux. 2014. “Smart City How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space.” Smart City How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space (June 2014): VIII, 238. http://www.springer.com/series/10440.

Dönmez, Tahsin C.M., and Ethiopia Nigussie. 2018. “Security of LoRaWAN v1.1 in Backward Compatibility Scenarios.” Procedia Computer Science 134: 51–58.

Eldefrawy, Mohamed, Ismail Butun, Nuno Pereira, and Mikael Gidlund. 2019. “Formal Security Analysis of LoRaWAN.” Computer Networks 148: 328–39.

Van Es, Eef, Harald Vranken, and Arjen Hommersom. 2018. “Denial-of-Service Attacks on LoRaWAN.” ACM International Conference Proceeding Series.

Fan, Chun-I, Er-Shuo Zhuang, Arijit Karati, and Chun-Hui Su. 2022. “A Multiple End-Devices Authentication Scheme for LoRaWAN.” Electronics 2022, Vol. 11, Page 797 11(5): 797. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/5/797/htm (July 17, 2022).

Giffinger, Rudolf; et al. 2007. “Smart Cities: Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities.” Centre of Regional Science (SRF), Vienna University of Technology.

Gil-Garcia, J. Ramon, Theresa A. Pardo, and Taewoo Nam. 2015. “What Makes a City Smart? Identifying Core Components and Proposing an Integrative and Comprehensive Conceptualization.” Information Polity 20(1): 61–87.

Hassmiller Lich, Kristen, Jennifer Brown Urban, Leah Frerichs, and Gaurav Dave. 2017. “Extending Systems Thinking in Planning and Evaluation Using Group Concept Mapping and System Dynamics to Tackle Complex Problems.” Evaluation and Program Planning 60: 254–64.

Haughton, Graham, Dave Counsell, and Geoff Vigar. 2008. “Sustainable Development in Post-Devolution UK and Ireland.” https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400802360444 42(9): 1223–36. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00343400802360444 (October 2, 2021).

Ismagilova, Elvira, Laurie Hughes, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, and K. Ravi Raman. 2019. “Smart Cities: Advances in Research—An Information Systems Perspective.” International Journal of Information Management 47: 88–100.

Jonathan de Carvalho Silva; Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues; Antonio M. Alberti; Petar Solic; Andre L. L. Aquino. 2017. “LoRaWAN — A Low Power WAN Protocol for Internet of Things: A Review and Opportunities | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore.” In 2017 2nd International Multidisciplinary Conference on Computer and Energy Science (SpliTech), Split: IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8019271 (June 20, 2022).

Kevin Lindauer. 2022. “SmartCity: Smart City Pforzheim.” https://www.smartcity-pforzheim.de/ (June 16, 2022).

Khayut, Ben, Lina Fabri, and Maya Avikhana. 2014. “Modeling of Intelligent System Thinking in Complex Adaptive Systems.” Procedia Computer Science 36(C): 93–100.

Kim, Jaehyu, and Jooseok Song. 2017. “A Simple and Efficient Replay Attack Prevention Scheme for LoRaWAN.” ACM International Conference Proceeding Series: 32–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3163058.3163064 (July 17, 2022).

Kitchin, Rob. 2014. “The Real-Time City? Big Data and Smart Urbanism.” GeoJournal 79(1): 1–14.

Krutwig, Michael C., Bernhard Kölmel, Adrian D. Tantau, and Kejo Starosta. 2019. “Standards for Cyber-Physical Energy Systems—Two Case Studies from Sensor Technology.” Applied Sciences 2019, Vol. 9, Page 435 9(3): 435. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/3/435/htm (July 17, 2022).

Lacinák, Maroš, and Jozef Ristvej. 2017. “Smart City, Safety and Security.” In Procedia Engineering, Elsevier Ltd, 522–27.

Le, Duc Tran et al. 2021. “A Combined Attack Scenario to Exploit the Join Procedure of LoRaWAN.” International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops 2021-October: 188–93.

Lombardi, Patrizia, Silvia Giordano, Hend Farouh, and Wael Yousef. 2012. “Modelling the Smart City Performance.” Innovation 25(2): 137–49.

Lopes, Isabel Maria, and Pedro Oliveira. 2017. “Can a Small City Be Considered a Smart City?” Procedia Computer Science 121: 617–24.

Marzouk, Mohamed, and Ahmed Othman. 2020. “Planning Utility Infrastructure Requirements for Smart Cities Using the Integration between BIM and GIS.” Sustainable Cities and Society 57: 102120.

Miki, Yuta, Tomoko Kojiri, and Kazuhisa Seta. 2015. “‘If Thinking’ Support System for Training Historical Thinking.” Procedia Computer Science 60(1): 1542–51.

Mohanty, Saraju P., Uma Choppali, and Elias Kougianos. 2016. “Everything You Wanted to Know about Smart Cities.” IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 5(3): 60–70.

Moustaka, Vaia, Athena Vakali, and Leonidas G. Anthopoulos. 2019. “A Systematic Review for Smart City Data Analytics.” ACM Computing Surveys 51(5): 1–41. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3239566 (July 2, 2020).

Na, Seungjae, Dongyeop Hwang, Woonseob Shin, and Ki Hyung Kim. 2017. “Scenario and Countermeasure for Replay Attack Using Join Request Messages in LoRaWAN.” International Conference on Information Networking: 718–20.

Odendaal, Nancy. 2003. “Information and Communication Technology and Local Governance: Understanding the Difference between Cities in Developed and Emerging Economies.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 27(6): 585–607.

Omotayo, Temitope, Ayokunle Olanipekun, Lovelin Obi, and Prince Boateng. 2020. “A Systems Thinking Approach for Incremental Reduction of Non-Physical Waste.” Built Environment Project and Asset Management 10(4): 509–28.

El Rachkidy, Nancy, Alexandre Guitton, and Megumi Kaneko. 2019. “Collision Resolution Protocol for Delay and Energy Efficient LoRa Networks.” IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking 3(2): 535–51.

Ruhlandt, Robert Wilhelm Siegfried. 2018. “The Governance of Smart Cities: A Systematic Literature Review.” Cities 81: 1–23.

Silva, BN, M Khan, K Han - Sustainable Cities and Society, and undefined 2018. 2018. “Towards Sustainable Smart Cities: A Review of Trends, Architectures, Components, and Open Challenges in Smart Cities.” Elsevier 38: 697–713. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670717311125 (October 2, 2021).

Song, Yonghua, Jin Lin, Ming Tang, and Shufeng Dong. 2017. “An Internet of Energy Things Based on Wireless LPWAN.” Engineering 3(4): 460–66.

Townsend, Anthony. 2017. “Smart Cities Book Summary.” Futures Group Presentations.

Townsend, Anthony M. 2013. Townsend, A.M. (2013): Smart Cities. Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Washburn, D et al. 2010. Forrester Research Helping CIOs Understand “Smart City” Initiatives. Cambridge.

Webster, Jane, and Richard T Watson. 2002. “Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review Reproduced with Permission of the Copyright Owner. Further Reproduction Prohibited without Permission.” MIS Quarterly 26(2): xiii–xxiii. http://gent.uab.cat/diego_prior/sites/gent.uab.cat.diego_prior/files/mis_quarterley_webster_watson.pdf (April 19, 2020).

Wirsbinna, A, and L Grega. 2021. “Assessment of Economic Benefits of Smart City Initiatives.” cude.es 44: 45–56. https://cude.es/submit-a-manuscript/index.php/CUDE/article/view/206 (March 5, 2022).

Woodhead, Roy. 2018. “Building a Smarter City.” International Journal of Technology 9(7): 1509–17.

Wu, Yuting, Yigang He, and Luqiang Shi. 2020. “Energy-Saving Measurement in LoRaWAN-Based Wireless Sensor Networks by Using Compressed Sensing.” IEEE Access 8: 49477–86.

Yang, Xueying, Evgenios Karampatzakis, Christian Doerr, and Fernando Kuipers. 2018. “Security Vulnerabilities in LoRaWAN.” Proceedings - ACM/IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things Design and Implementation, IoTDI 2018: 129–40.

Zheng, C. et al. 2020. “From Digital to Sustainable: A Scientometric Review of Smart City Literature between 1990 and 2019.” Journal of Cleaner Production 258.

Zulian, Simone. 2016. “Security Threat Analysis and Countermeasures for LoRaWANTM Join Procedure.” https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/27531 (July 17, 2022).

Views:

465

Downloads:

317

Published
2022-08-11
Citations
How to Cite
Wirsbinna, A. (2022). LoRaWAN AS PART OF A SMART CITY STRATEGY. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy, (3(39). https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/30092022/7841