A PRODUCTION OF BIOGAZ IS ON WASTES OF ALCOHOL INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

Copyright: © 2019 Samborska Oksana, Zubar Ivan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


Introduction.
Ukraine is a leader in Europe after the amount of wastes. The indexes of piling up of wastes testify to the threatening ecological situation in a country. Utilization of wastes in power aims will give an opportunity to decide an ecological problem and increase part of biogaz in a general energy consumption. Substituting of traditional fuel by the use of biogaz due to wastes of an alcohol industry, will give an opportunity to the enterprises to decrease the charges on power mediums -20 % using of fuel and energy resources on 9%. Results of our researches testify that a production of such type of fuel is contradictory: high cost of the use of technique and technologies, receipt of ecological and economic consequences of the use of resources of biomass. Thus, the production of biogaz on the basis of processing of post-alcohol bard waste obtained as a result of economic activity of enterprises of the alcohol industry of Ukraine becomes relevant.
Research results. One of the important sectors of renewable energy in the world is the production and use of biogaz. A biogaz it gas that ensues methane fermentation of biomass. Decomposition of biomass takes place under act of three types of bacteria: the first kind -bacteria are hydrolized; second kind -the bacteria of acid forming; the third kind is bacteria of methanogen class.
Not only methanogen class bacteria are involved in biogaz production, but all three species are listed above. This type of gas consists of methane, its content is 55-70%, and carbon dioxide content of 45-30%, also contains other inclusions that are released in the biogaz station. By its properties, biogaz is closest to natural gas, accounting for 80-98% methane, it has no color or odor. Biogaz can be used for incineration in boilers and internal combustion engines without enrichment table 1. The most common use of biogaz is electricity and heat production. Biogaz is purified by water from CO2 (carbon dioxide), and is brought to the properties of natural gas, such enriched gas is called biomethane. Table 1. Basic characteristics of biogaz Characteristics Indicators energy reserve in 1 m 3 of biogaz 6-6,5 KW calorific value 4500-6300 kcal/m 3 biogaz density 1,16-1,27 кg/m 3 combustion temperature 650 -750ºС biogaz pressure in the reactor 0,05 ATM pressure of biogaz before consumption rises to the specific Biogaz production will reduce methane emissions into the atmosphere, which has a greenhouse effect of 21 times stronger than CO2 in the atmosphere for 12 years. Reducing methane emissions will help prevent global warming and environmental catastrophe. Recycled manure, after alcohol bard (due to drying) is used as a fertilizer for farmland, which will reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, load on groundwater.
Biogaz plants can be used as treatment facilities on farms, poultry farms, alcohol, sugar factories, meat processing plants. Alcohol processing plants produce a post-alcohol bard that contains virtually all components of the feedstock except starch. In recent years, a large number of post-alcohol bards have not been used in any way, leading to contamination of surrounding areas. In addition, because of the rise in price of fuel, transportation of liquid bards (with a solids content of 5.5 -7.0%) over long distances is not profitable.
There are 41 of alcohol industry in Ukraine, which produce about 4 million m 3 of molasses and 3.6-3.8 million m 3 of grain bards per year, and about 8 million m 3 of contaminated wastewater. The molasses bard at most plants is not recovered and without treatment, together with sewage, gets to the sump where it decays, polluting the ground water, air. It should be noted that the most favorable conditions for the organization of biogaz production at alcohol factories are: availability of raw materials (wastes) with the required temperature of 40-50°C, as well as secondary sources of heat (condensates, Luther water). This contributes to the organization of biogaz production at no unnecessary cost, the bioenergy fuel produced to heat the environment in methane tanks.
As a result of the activity of 2017, Ukraine alcohol managed to increase the volume of commodity products. Thus, this figure amounted to UAH 1,964 million, which is UAH 141.6 million or 7.8% higher than in 2016, which amounted to UAH 1,822.4 million. According to the results 1st quarter of 2018, the volume of commodity products at current prices amounted to UAH 369 million. In 2017, ethyl alcohol was sold in the amount of 7 444 thousand decalitres. During the 12 months of 2017, 546.5 thousand dal. of alcohol were shipped for export against 317.9 thousand dal given in 2016. In 2017, the enterprise received tax profit of UAH 15,963 million [8]. During the 1st quarter of 2018, ethyl alcohol was shipped -1472.44 thousand dollars, including 136.02 thousand gave for export or 10.8%. UAH 65 million invested in modernization of bioethanol production and import substitution for the perfume industry. The total production capacity of Ukraine alcohol is over 36 million decaliters per year [7]. The capacity of the company, as well as the presence of waste after the production of the main product allows the use of new generation biogaz plants. Table 2. Biogaz output from various raw materials № The name of the raw material Indicator m 3 /tons 1 Grain bard (93% wet) 40 2 Production of alcohol, dal. 7444000 3 The output of the bards liter/1 dal. 115 4 Total output of the bards, liter 856,06 5 Biogaz output 1 tons/m 3 40 6 Potential for post-alcohol bard biogaz production, thousands/m 3 34242,4 We assume the average value of the output of the post-alcohol bard for 115 dal. at 1 dal. alcohol. Such highly concentrated wastewater is characterized by a high content of organic contaminants contained in the dissolved and undissolved state, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD) reach 40-150 g/dm 3 and 20-90 g/dm 3 , respectively. The creation of combined systems for the processing of waste data into biogaz with its further combustion would significantly improve the economic, environmental performance of alcohol production. Chemical composition of biogaz produced during methane digestion at alcohol plants table 3. The main gas in alcohol production is natural gas with this composition. The gas we replace is a mixture of biogaz and natural gas. If all biogaz is burned in one plant, it will be necessary to burn 0.096 m 3 /sec. of biogaz and 0.1697 m 3 /sec. of natural gas to provide the required burner heat capacity. The share of biogaz in the mixture is 0.361 the share of natural gas is 0.639. The mixture of gases in this case will have the following chemical composition: CH4cm = 88,21%; C2H6cm = 0.077%; C3H8cm = 0.00639%; C4H10cm = 0.00639%; CO2 cm = 10.94%; N2cm = 0.6473%; O2cm = 0.1083%, combustion heat Q = 31641.7 kJ /m 3 .
Estimation of greenhouse gas emission reductions in electricity and heat production (through the use of biogaz instead of carbon-intensive energy resources) will include an assessment of the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). We calculate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the replacement of natural gas by biogaz in heat generating installations. If use 1 TJ of natural gas is burned, 55350 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2), 1 kg of methane (CH4) and 0.1 kg of nitrous oxide (N2O) will be emitted. Utilization of natural gas in cogeneration units 413798 TJ (or 9.8834 million tons) of natural gas GHG emissions in the amount of 11.463 million/t. Use of 1TJ of natural gas in cogeneration units generates 55,405 tonnes of carbon dioxide. Thus, at one plant, with a capacity of 7,000 decalitres of ethanol per day, it is possible to produce 4.07 million m3 of biogaz and about 8000 tonnes of ecological fertilizer during the year. The use of biogaz in the boiler-house of the plant will save 2.4 million m3 of natural gas per year.
The total cost of running biogaz plants at Ukrainian alcohol beverages will be € 6.92 million table 4. The experiment was conducted on the installation of continuous biogaz with the volume of a reactor 4m 3 manufactured by «Kobza-Energy». The fermentation process was carried out under anaerobic conditions in the mesophilic regime at t° = 35 ± 2°C, the degree of filling of the reactor 80%. The postalcohol bard (PSB) of the Gaysin alcohol factory was used as raw material, the chicken manure (KP) was obtained from the LLC «Vinnytsia Poultry Factory» in Ladyzhyn and cattle manure (GVRH). The composition of biogaz was determined by standard method using a gas chromatograph brand LHM-8-MD.
The purpose of the experimental studies is to justify the optimal substrate ratio to maximize biogaz yield after the alcohol bard. In the table 5 the results of the study, with the aim of increasing the pH level for fermentation of post-alcohol bard, it is proposed to use chicken manure, which is a favorable substrate for microorganisms and is able to maximize biogaz yield up to 118.9 m 3 /1t and increase methane content up to 68%. The total biogaz output and the specific methane output are maximally ensured at the PSB/ KP/GVR ratio of 30:50:20.  At the thermal power plant of the plants where the experiment was conducted, steam generators DKVR-10-23 were installed where natural gas was the working fuel. In order to evaluate the possibility of burning the fuel mixture in existing burners, the gas interchangeability was estimated according to the calculations [6].
The interchangeability of gases means the possibility of burning them in burners without violating the passport characteristics. The calculations showed that in the case of burning of the mixture BG:PG = 13%:87% it is necessary to increase the pressure on the burners by 10%. Based on the obtained author's results, it is possible to substantiate the economic efficiency of the post-alcohol bard recycling project at selected distilleries. table 6. Source: Developed by the authors Strategic priorities for the revival of the alcohol industry should include the modernization and reorganization of all production sites of the enterprise. This is aimed at: • reduction of production costs due to the use of secondary energy resources; • comprehensive introduction of renewable fuel technology; • biogaz production after the alcohol bard; • Reducing the use of natural resources (artesian water).
Utilizing the unused capacities of the alcohol industry by converting it to bioethanol production will allow it to meet its needs and restore the work of a large number of enterprises of the alcohol industry, improve the financial situation of the alcohol industry, increase budget revenues at all levels. The main advantages of the Ukraine alcohol factory in the biofuel market are the availability of appropriate equipment, highly qualified professional staff, placement in the raw areas, well-developed infrastructure (domestic, transport), provision of the required amount of process water, considerable experience in the industry.
Conclusions. Biogaz production at the region's distilleries will have the following effect on the region's economy: increase the region's energy independence; reduce the cost of alcohol plants for energy; to improve the ecological status of water resources of the region; reduce greenhouse gas emissions; to provide livestock with protein feed.