ARABIC LINGUISTIC IN TRANSOXIANA (XI-XIII CENTURIES)

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1(13), January 2019
VIII -XII century on behalf of the great contribution to Arabic linguistics of the scientists who came from this land. [20,22]. It's essential to mention the work of scientists such as Avicenna, Abu Rakhon Beruni, Makhmud Koshgariy, Makhmud Zamakhshariy who contributed to Arabic linguistics.
Research results. After the independency of Somoni lands from the Central Asia from the X century, most of the big cities became central like Bukhara, Transoxiana, Nishopur and Urgench. I these centers the activity of poet, doctors, scientists and philosophers has been intensified.
As soon as Islam religion come to the territory of Transoxiana in the second half of the VII century, the interests of the scientists and local people to the learning Islam religion have been raised in IX century. Thus was the reason of publishing grammar books and brochures in which the main features of Arabic grammar was explained.
Moreover, Far and Near East countries led the development in the territory of Transoxiana. Many crafted scientists created their work about the theory of Arabic grammar in cities such as Fergana, Kharezm, Karshi, (Nasaf), Bukhara, Samarkand, Forob and Shosh. [14; 33-37].
It is important to mention the work of scientist Abu Raykhon Ibn Akhmad Beruni, who was greatly honored to world's culture in the forming of Arabic linguistic of Transoxiana. [15; 128-131]. He expressed his interest to language and linguistic in his work "Saydana". Well -known medicine man, scientist, poet, musician, great philosopher, physician as well as linguistIbn Sino created the work about phonetics of Arabic language "Asbobu khudud al -khuruf". In this period many scientists honored to the development the school of Arabic linguistic of Transoxiana like specialist of good manners Iskhok Bukhori (death 206/821), Mukhammad Khorazmi (235/850), Mukhammad Keshi (249/863), Mukhammad Shoshi (291-366/904-976), Akhmad Boysakari (death 320/932), Mukhammad Samarkandi (death 343/954). In this territory studying the issues of Arabic linguistic began from the second half of VIII century and got its peak in the XI century.
Arabic linguistics achieved good results in XII century which was developed in a big rate in the XI century in Transoxiana. After the taking over by Mongols, such impacts of development were still observed in XIII century. However, among the scientists, who worked in the XI century Makhmud Ibn Jarir Zabbi Isfakkhoni Abu Mudarteacher of Makhmud Zamakhshari's, created many works about the Arabic grammar but his works could not be reached to us yet. There is a work about morphology of Mukhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Ibrakhim Khorazmi's like "Kitab fi-t-tasrif". (death 425-1034). Nasr Iskhok Bukhori [16;22-26] (death 405/1014) who was from Bukhara wrote grammatical brochure about introduction to "Sibavaykhi".
Abulkosim Makhmud ibn Umar ibn Akhmad Zamakhshariy, who honored with his scientific heritage to the development of world subject and culture, in his entire life wrote about seventy priceless work in the sphere of linguistics, history of literature, lexicography, geography and logic. There ten research work of this scientist about linguistic and among them "Al mufassal" is considered one of the best in his research work. Zamakhshariy was the member of Bagdod School. It is clear that most of the researchers of Bogdod School were busy with the science, therefore, all their utterances led them to express clearly grammar rules of Arabic language [8,40].
That is why his work "Mufassal" is considered one of the best classical works with its meaning and clearness. After the work of Sibavaykhi Book it is found one of the famous work and important research work and its author was one of the best about grammar among them. [19,3]. "Mufassal" was one of the great work about grammar in Rome and Surry. At that period although there were many books about Arabic grammar, there was need to create grammatical complex, detailed research works. Thus, members of literature had to address to the scientist Zamakhshariy who was not Arabian but had good knowledge in Arabic language.
In Bukhara Khamiduddin Daririy Bukhoriy held on his activity and wrote some works about the grammar of Arabic language, aruz and fikh. (666/1267). K. Brokkelman mentioned in his work that Dariry's works "Muqaddima" "Kitabul-aphu" nowadays are still being kept in Berlin library, and there was written description to the work "Al Gaya" of Abu Bakr Nishopur. That is why, Daririy wrote his first description to the work of Burkhonuddin Marginoniy Khanafiy's (died in 593 year) ‫الهداية‬ "Al-Khidaya" which consist of two parts and called ‫الفوائد‬ "Al-Favaid" ("Useful thing"). [22,2]. This description consists of two parts which help to clarify complex parts of the work.
As we look though the research works which were done in Transoxiana in the XI and XIII century, we can be aware of those linguists, who were from Bukhara and Khorezm, worked effectively. Until this period and later on scientists, who were from Samarkand and did their research work, just did not work effectively during the period of culture civilization, but one of the crafted scientist Masud Taftazoniy (712-791,1312-1389) made his great contribution in grammar, morphology and the rights of Islam sphere in the XIV century.
It is clear from the analysis of scientific resources that not only linguists of Forob and Shosh were active in the XI century, but also in the XII century linguists of Nasaf and Fergana were active in explaining of Arabic grammar.
Research works, which were done about Arabic linguistics, can be divided into two types: theoretical and practical. Zamaxsharis's work "Mufassal" belongs to theoretical type. Most of the linguists address to this work to solve some complicated issues about grammar. We had mentioned before that scientist used the extraordinary way of expressing Arabic grammar in his work "Mufassal". This work consists of four sections; firstly, the author divided the words in Arabic language into three sections according its parts of speech (name, verb, auxiliary word) and in these sections he observed the grammatical issues which mainly specialized to the certain parts of speech; in the fourth section phonetics of Arabic language as well as phonology issues have been explained. In introduction part of the work it is mentioned that it is necessary to learn Arabic language grammar dividing it into name, verb and auxiliary words; firstlyin name section description is given to the situation of flexi.
In the second section of the work Zamaxshariy explained actions of verbs to its past, present and future tense, moods, active and passive voices, transitive and intransitive verbs, auxiliary verbs, insulting, surprising verbs and three or four syllable verbs. In the third section some issues about interjections, conjunctions, transitions and suffixes which show variety functions have been researched.
Other phonetic issues, which belonged to all three sectionsbut were not discussed yet, are described in the fourth section of the work. There stops of the sound, omitting the sound which is expressed with khamza, coming together of two consonant letters, reading of the words which began with the consonant letter, adding of the suffixes, interchanging of letters, gradations rules of sick letters, addition of the same letters' rules have been explained.
Thus expression of issues of Arabic grammar cannot express functional interchanges of parts of speech and mutual dependency which is only connected with this language. Therefore, Zamakhshariy used the style which was not used in the traditions of Arabian linguistics and for the first time he showed "Mukaddima" in his work as well as by means of dependency explanation between the parts of speech he honored greatly to the development of Arabic grammar. Because such kind of new approach was the reason of appearing new terminology and rules in Arabic language grammar. "Unmuzaj" by Zamakhshariy, "Miskhob" by Mutarriziy, and "Mukaddima" by Daririy's pamphlets are considered to have practical character.
"Unmuzaj" pamphlet is specialized for studying Arabic language, Zamakhshari created this pamphlet shorter and briefly than "Mufassal". "Miskhob" by Mutarriziy, and "Mukaddima" by Daririy'spamphlets are also specialized for studying and there expression of grammar style is different. Zamakhshariy divided the themes of Arabic grammar into name, verb and letter sections and studied them separately, but Daririy did not distinguish them into groups and explained them in its style. As we mentioned before Daririy in his book "Mukaddima" showed the parts of speech of the Arabic language, then explained one after another flexi, initial name (subject) and its attribute (predicate), however, verb and particle which impact to these parts, the usage of cases, subordinate words, grammar categories, abbreviation words, not completely declining themes. Such approaches of Daririy in explaining themes are also pursued in the work of "Al-Kitab" of Sibavakhi and in his followers work "Iydokh" of Abu Ali Khasan Farisiy (died in 987). [10;17]. Many of the navkh people also have used this type of style to show the specialty of Arabic grammar.
Nosir Mutarriziyalso wrote his pamphlet named "Misbokh", which was clear and briefly and consisted of five chapters, that was written by the help of used style in Jurjoniy's work called "Avamilulmi'a" and he followed the practice about education of baghdod linguists. Mutarriziy remembered the work "Avamilu-lmi'a"in the introduction part of the third chapter of "Misbokh" as following: ‫اصناف‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫على‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫عامال‬ ‫تسعون‬ ‫و‬ ‫احد‬ ‫جملتها‬ ‫و‬ ‫افعال‬ ‫و‬ ‫اسماء‬ ‫و‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫المائة‬ ‫في‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫رحمة‬ ‫محقق‬ ‫االمام‬ ‫ذكره‬ ‫ما‬ ‫لى‬ -They that reasons will be in three types: auxiliary words, names and verbs, as Imam (let Allah make him in peace) mentioned in his work named "Mi'a", there number is 91 almost. By the following this style, every grammatical issues in Arabic language has been studied according to certain facts. The first section of the work is devoted to the grammatical terms, the second one fact in criterions (that grammatical issues which occurs based on some rules), the third section oral factors (during the many years has been used in oral speech and became the certain one), the fourth section meaningful factors and the fifth section is dedicated to learn grammatical issues which were only specialized in Arabic language.
Conclusions. It is essential to say in conclusion that analyzing the research work which were done about Arabic linguistics in XI-XIII century in Transoxiana, especially, shows that lexicography of Arabic language, lexicology, theoretical basis of its grammar have been investigated.